城乡规划学术论文怎么写

城乡规划学术论文怎么写

1、题目2、摘要3、关键词4、正文5、参考文献 这是一般论文的格式要求，具体的论文如本硕博毕业论文或者给某学术刊物投稿的论文等，都要看他们相关的具体规定。

论文写作，先不说内容，首先格式要正确，一篇完整的论文，题目，摘要（中英文），目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，参考文献。规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱，将内容放进去，写好了就。参考文献去中国知网搜索，校园网免费下载。 研究生小论文没有标准格式，都是根据要投稿的期刊的格式要求来定的城市规划的小论文无非就是城市规划的实证研究

毕业论文格式1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

城市规划的发展历程随着社会经济的发展、城市的出现、人类居住环境的复杂化，产生了城市规划思想并得到不断发展。特别是在社会变革时期，旧的城市结构不能适应新的社会生活要求的情况下，城市规划理论和实践往往出现飞跃。中国古代的城市规划学说散见于《考工记》、《商君书》、《管子》、《墨子》等典辅之中。《考工记》确定了“都”、“王城”和“诸侯城”的三级城邑制度，用地的功能分区和道路系统等；《商君书》论述了某一地域内山陵丘谷、都邑道路和农田土地分配的适当比例，以及建城、备战、人口、粮食，土地等相应条件。中国古代城市规划强调战略思想和整体观念，强调城市与自然结合，强调严格的等级观念。这些城市规划思想和中国古代各个历史时期城市规划的成就，集中体现在作为“四方之极”、“首善之区”的都城建设上。战国时期，列国都城采用了大小城制度，反映了“筑城以卫君，造郭以守民”的要求。西汉长安城将宫室与里坊结为一体 ；三国时曹魏邺城采用城市功能分区的规划方式；南北朝时代的洛阳城加强了全面规划，都为中国古代前期城市建设的高峰——隋唐长安城的建设起了先导作用。长安城的建设成就是唐代灿烂文化的重要组成部分，影响及于日本、朝鲜等国的都城建设。宋开封城在中国都城建设史上的重要性在于 ，它是按照五代周世宗柴荣颁发的诏书，有规划地进行扩建的要例。后来，商品经济的发展使延绵千年的城市里坊制逐渐废弛。北宋中叶，开封城走向较为开放的街巷制体系，形成了中国封建社会后期的城市结构形态。元大都的规划汲取了春秋战国时期理想都城的规划思想，而又作了因地制宜的处理。由大都城演变而成的明北京城，可说已集中国古代都城城市规划之大成。清代在北京城远近郊区大力经营园林和离宫别馆，使北京成为中国封建时代都城规划和建设的最辉煌实例。在西方，在古希腊城邦时期 已出现了希波丹姆规划模式。古罗马建筑师维特鲁威的《建筑十书》阐述了城市选址、环境卫生、坊际建设、公共建筑布局等方面的基本原则，并提出了当时的“理想”城市模式。中世纪社会发展缓慢，城市多以教堂为中心。到了文艺复兴时期，建筑师阿尔伯蒂、帕拉第奥、斯卡摩锡等也提出了一些反映当时商业兴盛和城市生活多样化的城市理论和城市模式。产业革命前的欧洲城市，除罗马等少数城市外，一般规模较小。多数城市是自然形成的，城市功能和基础设施都比较简单，卫生条件也差。城市规划多侧重于防御功能和政治需要，封闭性强。城市规划的内容主要着眼于道路网和建筑群的安排，因而是建筑学的组成部分。产业革命导致世界范围的城市化，大工业的建立和农村人口向城市集中促使城市规模扩大。城市的盲目发展，贫民窟和混乱的社会秩序造成城市居住环境的恶化，严重影响居民生活。人们开始从各个方面研究对策，现代城市规划学科就是在这种情况下形成的。现代城市规划学科主要由城市规划理论、城市规划实践、城市建设立法三部分组成。现代城市规划理论始于人们从社会改革角度对解决城市问题所作的种种探索。19世纪上半叶，一些空想社会主义者继空想社会主义创始人莫尔等人之后提出种种设想，把改良住房、改进城市规划作为医治城市社会病症的措施之一。他们的理论和实践对后来的城市规划理论颇有影响。19世纪和20世纪之交，霍华德倡导“田园城市”，1915年格迪斯提出区域原则，倡导城市规划与区域规划相结合的学说。他们的学术思想对城市规划思想的发展影响深远。同时代的恩文所著《城市规划实践——城市和郊区设计艺术概念》一书，总结城市发展的史例和他本人的规划实践经验，可视为建筑师对城市规划领域的开拓。随后，越来越多的建筑师以及社会学家、地理学家、经济学家等投入城市规划理论的研究。在19世纪，影响最广的城市规划实践是法国官吏奥斯曼1853年开始主持制定的巴黎规划。尽管巴黎的改建，有镇压城市人民起义和炫耀当权者威严权势的政治目的，但巴黎改建规划将道路、住房、市政建设、土地经营等作了全面的安排，为城市改建做出有益的探索。影响所及，科隆和维也纳等城市也纷纷效法。这一时期还出现了另一种建设实践：英国一些先进工业家在建设工厂的同时，建设新的工人镇。例如1851年工业家萨尔特建设了萨泰尔工人镇，1887年利威尔建设了日光港工人镇，形成所谓“企业城镇”。这些实践无疑促进了霍华德的“田园城市”等城市规划理论的形成。至今，城市规划仍是采取上面所说的旧城改建和新城建设两种基本形式。19世纪90年代，西欧各国已逐渐形成以公共投资改进市政建设同控制私人用地相结台的城市发展战略概念。在德国有城镇发展规划工作的传统，也有雏形的分区制规划方法。这些都为城市规划工作提供了有用经验。制定城市建设法规最初的目的是维持整齐、清洁、安定的城市环境，以保障居民健康。英国1848年制定《公共卫生法》，其中规定了住宅的卫生标准，1906年颁布《住宅与城市规划法》。瑞典1907年制定了有关城市规划和土地使用的法律。美国纽约1916年颁布了控制土地利用和建筑高度的分区区划法规，后来在1961年为适应新情况，修改成为区划决议。实践证明，城市建设和管理要有相应的法律体系，严格的城市建设法规可以提高城市规划和建设的质量。20世纪以来，人类经历了两次世界大战，国际政治、经济、社会结构发生巨大变革，科学技术长足发展，人文科学日益进步，价值观念起了变化，这一切都对城市规划产生深刻的影响。1933年的《雅典宪章》概述了现代城市面临的问题，提出了应采取的措施和城市规划的任务，是现代城市规划理论发展历程中的里程碑。第二次世界大战以后，城市规划家没有舍弃《雅典宪章》的基本原则，而在一些重大问题上给予更新和补充，这就出观了1977年的《马丘比丘宪章》。这两个宪章是两个不同历史时期的城市规划理论的总结，对全世界城市规划都有相当的影响。产业革命后，城市内部结构发生了根本的变化，促使人们从理论上研究城市的结构和形态，寻求最佳模式。有人认为城市宜集中建设。法国建筑师勒·柯布西耶1922年在《明日的城市》中主张充分利用技术成就，建造高层高密度的建筑群，使城市集中发展，以求得最好的生活环境和最高的工作效率，这种思想被称为城市集中主义。有人主张城市宜分散建设。美国建筑师赖特提出的“广亩城市”认为城市应与周围的乡村结合在一起，平均每公顷居住人，被称为城市分散主义，这两种城市模式影响甚广。此外，有人从城市功能要求出发提出各种城市布局形态，如“带形城市”、同心圆式的环状城市、楔状结构城市、多核心城市等；有人则从城市中各种系统的组织出发，宏观地研究城市所在的地区的空间结构与城市形态的关系；也有人从微观上对构成城市的单元细胞进行剖析来研究城市的形态。近年来，从系统观念出发研究城市结构和形态的学者日益增多。浅议现代城市规划思想演变区域与经济浅议现代城市规划思想演变孙强柳松(长安大学陕西西安710064)摘要:该文通过对现代城市规划思想演变和发展的探讨,试图从中把握城市规划整体思想方法和行动发展变化的脉络,以期对今后的城市规划实践能有所借鉴.关键词:城市规划;物质空间;社会文化;系统方法l,引言 2O世纪6O年代中期后,英国等人在运输一土地使用城市规划思想是以认识城市和改造城市为起始和终结,对城市规划 规划研究中发展起来的思想和方法的基础上,在理论和实践上不断地探的对象,内容,作用及具体方法进行综合认识,并通过城市规划实践引 索,形成了城市规划运用系统方法论的高潮.导和指导城市的发展. 1968年英国通过了新的城乡规划法,提出了结构规划和地方规划两2 物质空闻思想 种规划形式.并成功地将系统方法运用于结构规划.到了2O世纪8O年物质空间决定论是在空想主义和理性主义思想的双重影响下,在建 代中期,系统方法在城市规划中的应用被其最积极的倡导者M,cloughlin筑学的基础上形成的" ,这一思想认为建筑空间形态是影响社会变化的(1985年)宣布为彻底失败.尽管如此,系统思想和方法在城市规划中工具,在城市规划中的实质是通过对物质空间变量的控制,就可以形成 的运用为城市规划的发展注入了新的方向和动力,在此后城市规划发展良好的环境. 的历史上留下了深刻的影响.这一方法论思想在2O世纪5O年代以前一直是城市规划领域的主流 5.后现代的城市规划思想思想,在此时期,城市规划的最主要形式就是物质空间的规划,最具代 后现代的城市规划方法论思想,实质上是一种多元论的思想,其思表性的,如英国的霍华德及其追随者的"田园城市理论"和"卫星城市 想的确立与整个社会所弥漫的所谓"后现代文化"思潮直接相关.理论".在美国以D..Burnham为代表的建筑师,运用在城市美化运动中 在城市研究中,人们又发现城市面对的现实问题极为复杂,变量多且形成的思想和方法,形成了以总体规划为主的规划形式和方法;在法国, 变幻莫测,已经没有一种理论,方法论能够被运用来整体地认识城市和改现代建筑运动的主将和最杰出的代表人物柯布西埃,在城市规划上有着 造城市.因此在各自的范围内针对现实的实际问题选取最有效的方法,以完整的理论思想,他的思想就是奠基于物质空间决定论,他于1922年推 实用主义的态度进行研究,开始了所谓后现代的城市规划方法论的实践.出了"明天的城市",1933年推出"光辉城市"方案,1933年国际现代 在对城市土地使用的处置上,后现代的城市规划方法论认为:在以建筑协会通过的《雅典宪章》,是对当时的城市发展,城市问题和城市 功能主义和空想主义思想为指导的现代城市规划中,强调功能分区和土规划工作进行的总结,其内容基本上反映了现代建筑运动对城市规划问 地使用的均质性,使每一块土地使用纯粹化的做法,是割裂了城市生活题的认识. 的连续性,歪曲了城市生活的实际状况.3.社会文化思想 此外在城市规划机制上,改变过去由规划师来设计,政府来决策的社会文化论认为,物质空间只是影响城市生活的一项变量,而且这 自上而下的过程,提出了"规划选择理论",其基本思想就是从社会价值一变量并不能起决定性的作用,真正起决定性作用的应该是城市中各人 观的多样性提出规划选择的可能,规划师就是要表达不同的价值判断并类群体的文化,社会交往模式和政治结构. 为不同的利益集团提供技术帮助,在此基础上建立的倡导性规划,以及在2O世纪初由"芝加哥学派"所创立的"人文生态学"成为现代 在2O世纪6O年代末开始形成的城市规划的公众参与机制,形成了自下社会文化论的最初努力.他们着力于探讨城市的空间—社会环境,提出 而上的规划过程.了有关城市空间结构的三种描述理论:同心圆理论,扇形理论和多核理 6.结语论.这些理论成为城市空间布局的基础理论,而其有关城市土地使用分 我们可以看到,现代城市规划的发展主要经历了两个阶段:第一阶段化和动态过程的论述,成为认识城市空间演变的经典. 是从霍华德的田园城市开始,以《雅典宪章》为代表到年英国城乡在2O世纪上半叶,社会文化论对当时和以后的城市规划起了重要 规划法达到巅峰,其实践活动主要集中在战后城市重建和快速发展阶段;作用.1939年美国的佩里提出了邻里单位理论,这一理论不仅植根于社 第二阶段自20世纪5O年代末起,经过teaml0l,.雅各会文化论思想,而且引发为一种社会工程,它帮助居民对所居住的社区 布斯,1968年英国城乡规划法等过程,以《马丘比丘宪章》为代表,建和地方产生一种乡土观念. 立了新的规划思想和规划方法:这一阶段现在仍在持续着.2O世纪5O年代以后,国际现代建筑会议第十小组批评了CIAM的旧 从第一阶段到第二阶段可以称为一次现代城市规划的革命,一次全思想,提出了以人为核心的人际结合思想,认为城市的形态必须从生活本 面的范型转换,这一转变其意义是深刻而长远的.城市规划仍处在"准身的结构中发展起来,城市和建筑空间是人们行为方式的体现,他们提出 科学"的阶段,因此,城市规划的进一步发展,就需要推进科学化的进的流动,生长,变化的思想为城市规划的新发展提供了新的起点. 程,城市规划的对象,范围,方法及发展方向都需要一个再认识的过程.几乎与此同时,希腊学者c,A..Doxiadis提出人类聚居学概念,强调对人类居住环境的综合研究.提出自然界,人,社会,建筑物和联系 参考文献:网络为人类聚居学的五个要素,以及通过它们相互作用的关系来研究人 [1]昊良镛 展望中国城市规划的构成一从西方近代城市规划的发类居住环境.它为2O世纪6O年代后的城市研究提供了理论框架. 展与困惑谈起.城市规划,1991,15(5).1960年的《城市意象》一书,从认知心理和环境感受出 [2]孙施文.城市规划哲学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997,5发,认为人类的行为并不是依据于物质空间环境而进行的,而是依据于 [3]沈玉麟.外国城市建设史.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989.他对环境的感知和评价J.雅各布斯在1961年出版的《美国大城市的生 [4】王建国.现代城市设计理论和方法.南京:东南大学出版社,1991.与死》一书中,通过对人类行为的观察和研究,提出城市空间和城市形 [5]王凤武译.系统方法在城市和区域规划中的应用.北京:中国建态应当与城市生活相一致,城市规划应当以增进城市生活的活力为目的. 筑工业出版社,～78.城市规划中生态思想的发展与演变

城乡规划期刊

不是。《城乡规划》是省级期刊，不是核心期刊。由上海世纪出版集团主管，复旦大学、上海文化出版社主办的科技类优秀期刊。核心期刊是某学科的主要期刊。是指所含专业情报信息量大，质量高，能够代表专业学科发展水平并受到本学科读者重视的专业期刊。

《城市情报》省级万方，3版5400字符征集2022年2~3月版面，预计2022年08月下旬出刊

《城市建设理论研究》国家级万方，3版5600字符征集2022年7月版面，预计2022年09月下旬出刊

《城市周刊》省级万方，3版5200字符征集2022年38期版面，预计2022年10月中旬出刊

《城市建筑》省级知网，3版5700字符，上旬刊4版起发征集2023年8月版面，预计2023年09月下旬出刊

《智能城市》省级知网，3版5000字符，含图表征集2023年1~2月版面，预计2023年02月下旬出刊

《城市建筑空间》省级万方，3版5100字符，计空格征集2023年1月版面，预计2023年02月下旬出刊

《城市道桥与防洪》省级知网，1篇约5000字符征集2023年2月版面，预计2023年02月下旬出刊，周期约为10个月，以录用为准

《智能建筑与智慧城市》国家级知网，3版5200字符征集2023年4月版面，预计2023年05月下旬出刊

《城市勘测》省级知网，3版6000字符征集2022年4期版面，预计2022年08月下旬出刊

《中国城市规划知识仓库》国家级龙源，1版2500字符，图表另外收费，征集2022年4月版面，预计2022年06月下旬出刊

城乡规划研究生要写论文么

初试是统考，政治、英语、高数+一门专业课（由学校定，一般是城市规划原理），复试两门专业课（由学校定）。

课程设置：城市规划硕士的课程设置要充分反映城市规划实践领域对专门人才的知识与素质要求，注重分析能力和创造性解决实际问题能力的培养。教学方法要重视运用团队学习、案例分析、现场研究、模拟训练等方法。

学位授予：

修满规定学分、完成城市规划专业实习并通过论文答辩者，授予城市规划硕士专业学位。根据国务院学位委员会、教育部颁布的《学位证书和学位授予信息管理办法》（学位18号）》。

自2016年1月1日起，学位证书由各学位授予单位自行印制，国务院学位委员会办公室印制的学位证书不再使用。

论文要求：

学位论文须与城市规划实践紧密结合，体现学生运用城市规划及相关学科的理论、知识和方法分析、解决城市规划实际问题的能力。论文类型可以是理论研究、调研报告、案例分析、毕业设计等。

学位论文答辩形式可多种多样，答辩成员中须有城市规划实践领域具有专业技术职务的专家。

以上内容参考 百度百科—城市规划硕士

论文写作，先不说内容，首先格式要正确，一篇完整的论文，题目，摘要（中英文），目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，参考文献。规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱，将内容放进去，写好了就。参考文献去中国知网搜索，校园网免费下载。 研究生小论文没有标准格式，都是根据要投稿的期刊的格式要求来定的城市规划的小论文无非就是城市规划的实证研究

不可以。其中城市规划研究生毕业论文，在进行编写时，像建筑专业，是不可以的因为，毕业论文是具有严格要求的，并且不能出现严重的跑题，会导致得分降低等问题。

城乡规划sci论文

自己写的可以给你城乡规划论文3000字

1 defers to "the State Council about To strengthen City and countryside To plan Management by supervision Notice" (country to send the [2002]13 number) and "the Ministry of construction Notice" (constructs the gauge [2002]204 number) the request, for the standard our province each kind of urban planning compulsory content, the basis ministry of construction "Urban planning Compulsory Content Temporary provisions", formulates this regulation. establishes the urban planning compulsory content the guiding ideology is: The realization science development view, the implementation “four insistences”, namely the insistence economic development is a center, persisted serves for the most general populations, persisted the sustainable development, persisted realistic, emphasizes the actual effect, does what one and stops each kind effectively the construction development behavior which does not adapt with “four insistences”, guaranteed city each kind of resources the reasonable use, guides our province urbanization the healthy urban planning compulsory content, is refers to in the cities system plan, the city overall plan, the city detailed plan involves the region coordinated development, the resources use, the environmental protection, scenery scenic spot aspect and so on resource management, nature and cultural heritage protection, public benefit and public security contents. The urban planning compulsory content is the cities system plan, the city overall plan, the city detailed plan necessary content. urban planning compulsory content must conform to the country, province each kind of related standard, the union local urban planning management technology stipulation research formulation. cities system plan, the overall plan already authorized, had to supplement consummated the compulsory new establishment plan, specially the detailed plan and the near future will construct the plan, will have to be clear about the compulsory have the accurate mark on the blueprint, has in the text is clear about, the standard indication. The urban planning compulsory content is carries on the surveillance inspection to the urban planning implementation the basic plan definite compulsory content needs to announce to the society. 2 cities system plan compulsory content: needs to protect strictly region and control development region and control nature protection areas: Is clear about the nature protection area branching location, the protectorate rank and the main protection object, delimits the nature protection area scope demarcation natural conservation regionalization divides into the core area, the buffer and the experimental plot, is clear about the limit and the prohibition development construction content, the plan control standard as well as the management measure correspondingly. In the core area the strict prohibition each kind of engineering construction and production management which has nothing to do with with the resources conservation. In the buffer may be engaged in by the authorization, the non-destructive scientific research, the teaching practice and specimen not have to construct any production facilities. In the experimental plot may be engaged in by the authorized scientific experiments, the teaching practice, the visit inspects, the traveling, as well as the domestication, the reproduction rare and precious, is in imminent danger activities and so on wild animals and not have to construct the pollution environment, the destruction resources and the landscape production facilities. scenery scenic spot area: Is clear about the scenery scenic spot area branching location, the nature, the main function and the scenery scenic spot area rank, delimits the scenery scenic spot area scope demarcation the core protectorate (including ecology protectorate, natural landscape protectorate and historical site protectorate) the extent of protection, is clear about the protection key and the protective to “the strict protection, the unification management, the reasonable development, continues forever uses” the principle, is clear about in the scenery scenic spot area the limit and the prohibition development construction content and the management request. In the core protectorate the strict prohibition each kind of engineering construction which has nothing to do with with the resources the scenic area, the classical botanical garden and in the periphery control area, does not have to construct the industry and mining enterprise, the warehouse, the hospital and so on has nothing to do with and the destruction landscape with the scenery and the tour, the pollution environment, the hindrance tour project and the facility. Delimits in the scenic area scope and the plan in the natural environment retention region, does not have the newly built guesthouse, the boarding house, the country club, the sanatorium organization, the management structure, the quarters and other big-scale work facility. If any new items of basic construction nature, the layout, the building modelling, the amount of space occupied, highly and the color and so on, should locate the environment coordinates. other ecology sensitive areas: Is clear about the large-scale lake, the wetland, the water source protectorate, divides the flood detention area, takes back from agriculture also the forest (also grass, also lake) the area, the basic farmland protectorate, the underground mineral resource distributes the area and so on each kind of protection and controls the region the position and the clear about the related local protection and the government goal, the control target, the limit and the prohibition development construction content. In the region development, avoids the ecology sensitive area as far as possible, reduces to the wild animals and plants destruction, completes the conservation of water and soil work, enhances the afforested coverage fraction, guaranteed certain water surface rate, the enhancement wetland protection, does not have to reduce the ecology sensitive area the area. Should take the protection measure to the water resources, the control shore water district construction, carries out aspect the strictly and so on water pollution preventing and controlling and water source water quality protection stipulations. Does not have to destroy the ecology sensitive area the flood prevention, drains waterlogged land ability and from only ability, does not have to destroy the biological resources and the ecological environment. In ecology sensitive area any construction, must control severely, maintains the natural style environment, the maintenance ecological equilibrium. regional characteristic significant infrastructure layout: Is clear about the regional characteristic significant infrastructure the position and moves towards, the corresponding control standard. The regional characteristic significant infrastructure must be clear about the coordinated request with each related city relation, controls the correlation to is clear about the highway, the level road, the second-class road, the region track transportation (city border railroad, region passenger transportation track transportation) the trend; Is clear about the harbor, the airport, the physical distribution center position. is clear about the large-scale hydro-junction project, the region flood prevention, the flood detention backbone project position, the region water supply, the accent water project trend; Is clear about position which the regional power plant, 500KV (or 300KV) the transformer substation, the natural tire valve stand, 500KV (or 300KV) high tension grid and natural gas branch tube trend; Is clear about the regional information key position the position, the communication line trend. is clear about the neighboring city to be connected the waters the water environment function control request and the related target; Is clear about the city intake, the city sewage discharge outlet controls the waters scope, the regional characteristic altogether constructs the water works, the sewage treatment plant, the large-scale garbage disposal plant position; Is clear about the regional characteristic each kind of infrastructure the protection request. 3 city overall plan compulsory content: is clear about the limits to have to protect and the control development region : Scenery ecology sensitive areas and so on scenic spot area, large-scale lake, wetland, water source protectorate, basic farmland protectorate, underground mineral resource distributed area. urban constructions use: is clear about in the plan time the urban construction with the place development scale, the development direction, in the limits plan time the urban construction uses the place the scope; uses according to the construction to appraise the determination land use restrictive regulations, delimits the land use restrictive district demarcation line; is clear about city each kind of park and the green space position, the scope and the index of correlation and the plan request. city infrastructure and public service facilities: is clear about the city primary and secondary yang or male principle trend, the city track transportation line trend; Is clear about the railroad and the station yard, the harbor, the airport, the mass transit key position, the large-scale parking lot is clear about the city intake and the protectorate scope, the power plant, the 110KV above transformer substation, the natural tire valve stands, the large-scale fuel gas gas storage stands as well as facility and so on trash and sewage treatment positions; Is clear about for the water and the draining water branch tube, the natural gas branch tube trend, the position, the underground utilities common ditch moves towards and the influence scope, the high-pressured power line corridor, the microwave channel and receives the sending a letter area extent of protection. is clear about the culture, the information, the education, the health, the sports and so on each kind of public service key facility scale, the position and the related technical specification and the plan request. historical city protection: determination historical city protection general goals and protection considered the old city the protection, manifests specifically in the historical river lake river system, the traditional spool thread, the old city city gallery, the building highly, city aspect and so on landscape line, old tree famous wood protection requests and the concrete control target, the stipulation. is clear about all levels of key cultural relic preservation organ, the historical culture protectorate, the historical architectural complex, the important underground cultural relic disposal area concrete position, the demarcation the extent of protection, the construction control region, is clear about the protective measures, the control target and the stipulation. city disaster prevention project: is clear about the city flood control standard, the flood-dam trend. is clear about the city earthquake resistance and the fire prevention disperses the backbone channel. city main civil air defense facility, fire facility position. is clear about the geological disaster to protect the stipulation. cities will construct the plan in the near future: will be clear about the city to construct key and the development in the near future uses the scale. will be clear about the near future to construct uses the place the concrete position and the scope. is clear about controls and guides the urban development the stipulation. delimits the land use restrictive district demarcation line and historical control areas and so on culture protectorate, scenery scenic spot area, is clear about the corresponding plan city detailed plan compulsory content: controllability detailed plans is clear about the division to be possible to use in developing the construction directly the land parcel, stipulated various land parcels use the nature, the building density, the building control highly, the volume fraction, the green areas coverage rate, the parking berth and other need disposition targets and so on public utility; Carries out the city “four” the plan control content, proposes maintenance main public space aspect and so on environment quality, visual landscape control as well as historical culture protection in view of the specific land sector plan requests. construction detailed plan concrete determination plan construction, green space, path, square, parking lot, river lake water surface position and scope; Is clear about the road junction coordinates, the elevation, each kind of municipal administration public facility pipeline position, caliber, major control point elevation, as well as related facility and construction position. 5 plan planning board when establishes various levels urban planning must rest on the ministry of construction "Urban planning Compulsory Content Temporary provisions", the standard compulsory content, and to plans the achievement to take the comprehensive technical responsibility. 6 urban planning administration department responsible for the work provides the plan design conditions, the examination items of basic construction, the no violation whatsoever will permitted urban planning compulsory adjusts the urban planning compulsory content, must organize to prove, the adjustment necessity to the plan examination and approval institution proposed the report on a special topic, in which involves the public rights and interests, must carry on male shows, only then carries on the adjustment after the examination the adjustment plan must defer to the stipulated procedure to examine and approve.中文版他们要钱.....对不住了

Settlements Ecological Ereas Design Abstract : ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban settlements. Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, intelligent buildings and building life should be widely Use artificial environment and the natural environment integration. It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies characteristics. Key word: Ecological house design 1 The ecological characteristics of small content Ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban settlements. Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, the widespread application of smart buildings and the construction of life, artificial environment and the natural environment integration. It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies characteristics. Compared with the traditional areas of ecological areas was essentially different from the following features: cohesion D symbiotic ecological areas within the natural and human, human to natural, intimate nature, natural into the residential areas into natural; At the same time, to create the environment to meet human needs of their own development, a human face, full of strong cultural atmosphere, mutual assistance groups have strong attractive, showing a prosperous, vigor and vitality. Area D ecological sustainability guided by sustainable development, and thus it can achieve small social, economic and environmental development, to achieve social and environmental benefits at the same time promoting economic development, and achieve rapid economic growth of high quality; Natural resources as a small public area can be used for a long, long time. Area D is not simply the pursuit of the overall ecological environment or Own prosperity, but also a social, economic, environmental overall coordination among development, nor is a small ecologicalization the ecologicalization, but overall the area of ecological and achieve overall ecological civilization. Therefore, the ecological residential building our cities will gradually change the current building environmental pollution, lack of effective environmental protection unreasonable status quo and achieve energy savings, and section, water conservation, pollution, and the effective management of the property to improve the environment of cities and areas have their own powerful dynamic. 2 Ecological planning content areas (1) Ecological district planning objectives UN Man and the Biosphere Programme No. 57 report pointed out: "It is natural ecological planning ecological and social psychological aspects of the two to create a fully integrated technology and natural human activity optimal environment induced human creativity and productivity in high material and cultural standard of living. "According to this description, We ecological areas can be understood as planning objectives : to ecology "as a whole, coordination, circulation, renewable" principle as a guide, through the promotion of eco-design methodology Habitat improvement of the quality of the environment and people in harmony with the natural, artificial and natural facilities coordination, and achieve small social-economic-natural complex system as a whole to achieve a coordinated and stable, balanced, orderly state of evolution. (2) ecological district planning methods The use of eco laws aiming at sustainable development, to engineering measures and technical means to support the traditional sense small design planning to become a real estate ecological areas to areas of ecological civilization advance the sustainable development of cities. (3) the content of the ecological area planning Including small ecological planning, economic planning and social ecological ecological planning. 1, ecological planning! Green indicators: The indicators are measured Ecological district level building the most important indexes. Green belts (including node and surface) to more than 50%, the per capita public green spaces in more than 28 square meters. Ground water indicators : indicators that the water seepage capacity building bases to minimize concrete coverage, the use of natural drainage systems to facilitate rainwater infiltration, the ideal target is 80% of the surface area of flooding to properties. Water-saving targets the targets for the development of alternative water resources (revenue) and the provincial water apparatus use (cut), as the main water-saving methods. The former refers to the design of residential buildings or use force rain water purification system design, which means that rain, life-pooling processed, the required water quality standards, duplication in the use of non-potable water and non-physical contact with the complex water. Energy conservation targets : to design energy-efficient buildings through air-conditioning systems, lighting, night-ray use, the use of solar energy and other means. CO2 and waste reduction targets : the application of indicators to encourage Qinglianghua architectural structures, such as the use of steel construction to reduce construction sand Stone, brick and other building materials; Promote home simple interior designers, building materials recycling to achieve energy conservation, provincial resources, reduce waste and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Sewage treatment indicators: the former for construction of storm water, sewage diversion pipeline systems, on the one hand facilitate the recycling of rainwater, on the other hand, could reduce the volume of sewage treatment. The latter refers to refuse collection and classification of resources recycling. Green traffic indicators: a clean, suitable for the urban environment, health useful means of transport to complete socio-economic exchanges. According to Taiwan with the use of green transport assessment, foot, bicycle, Light Rail, trams, etc. score 40 or more, and ordinary buses, trucks, motorcycles, scored in the following hours. Therefore, ecological areas green transport planning should encourage residents to use green transport. 2, economic ecological planning! The overall objective is to resource consumption and environmental pollution to the light of the rapid economic growth and cultivating scientific civilization consumption patterns. For this purpose, the application of green technology and green consumption production technology, and gradually change the energy structure, accelerate renewable energy alternative to fossil energy, applications hydropower, wind, biomass, solar and other green energy; Using natural ventilation and natural lighting and reduce energy consumption; In the area of production of green, green consumption. 3, the social ecology planning to enhance the sense of belonging and a small landmark, a center of the square and the charm of the inhabitants frog space; Supporting the establishment of complete, rationally ecological infrastructure, the creation of various age groups to facilitate crowd living environment; Area provide diversity, individuality residential, to ensure that all economic income people and people of various age levels demand; small commercial activities, public services, cultural activities, recreational activities, the center concentrated areas. In short, ecological planning of new residential areas is a concept and a vision for the future of urban targets will be the ideal leisure parks and sustainable urban development trend of the future residential area. It is a magnificent building integrated engineering; we need long-term and unremitting 、The ecological residential contents Ecological residential has a strict technical standard, developers can not arbitrarily self-styled. Ecological residential demand in the energy and water, gas, sound, light, heat and the green environment, waste disposal, building materials and other aspects of the nine national standards. 1, in the energy system, should avoid multiple pipelines into people's homes, the wall structure of residential energy-efficient design and reversal system and encourage the use of solar, wind, geothermal, maintaining appropriate indoor temperature, indoor temperature in the winter. 2, the system called for the establishment of outdoor aquatic environment sewage reuse rainwater collection system and use the system, indoor and outdoor use of water saving devices, the use of water-saving landscape water systems. 3, gas environment to the secondary system for the outdoor air quality standards, indoor ensure natural ventilation, ventilation ventilation facilities with bathrooms, kitchens have gas emission concentration system to the larger national air quality standards. 4, sound environmental systems, Architectural designs have noise Jiangzao measures for outdoor daytime noise 50dB, less than 40dB noise at night, less than 35dB noise indoor day, night noise less than 30 , optical environmental systems meet the requirements of interior design sunshine hours, try using natural light; indoor, avoid light pollution, such as glare advertising, curtain walls; indoor application of energy-saving lamps, and promote the use of solar green lighting. 6, ecological residential use has also requested approval of the National Environment Commission approved the award of the environment and surrounded by the signs of building materials to meet the non-toxic, harmless, non-polluting, non-radioactive, non-volatile requirements, the use of 3R (reusable, recyclable use, renewable use) materials. Small green environment is an important theme of ecological residential, while living in the garbage disposal is a major part of a . For residential ecology, ecological areas of life to the full bag of garbage collection, enclosed containers stored the collection rate 100% classification rate of 50%.4、The types and characteristics of the ecological residential (a) the type of ecological residential 1, ecological residential categories : main advocate for the arts in origin, the maximum residential development ecological functional art, and art to such convergence of ecological art to be created as residential to create, whether such residential look from the outside or from within is a piece of art. 2, ecological wisdom categories: ecological wisdom mainly to highlight various features to maximize residential wisdom. Any person living on possible devices capable of providing intelligent services have been placed in the appropriate part, the owner can rely on imagination and simple operation can achieve a special enjoyment. 3, in addition to other types of more! Species, there are eco-religious groups, lived a primitive tribal group, and some of the ecological category, ecological deficit tribunal Residential category. (2) the ecological health of the residential characteristics Ecological residential called "health residential." Not only ecological residential green, and from the planning point of view, the overall ecological area layout, monomer space portfolio, housing construction, natural energy use, energy efficiency measures, green systems and life support services in the design, must be to improve and enhance the ecological environment, the quality of life as a starting point and the goal. Moreover, in actual design, layout on the green level, style and building mutual shine; Focus on different aspects of the complementary integration of plants, such as, inter ordinary plants, flowers and trees to watch, leafy trees, edible fruit trees, medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation; Green throughout the area to play while the other deeper ecological role, such as insulation, wind-proof, dust-proof and anti-noise, the elimination of poison material, adult bacterial virus, or even elimination from the visual sensory and mental fatigue, psychological role. And the housing construction, will consider the ecological and social ecology needs to save energy, to occupants of natural space and interpersonal needs. Ecological residential to health conscious. Real estate not to sell land for the ultimate goal, nor is selling steel, cement house for the ultimate purpose is not to sell the concept and the environment as the ultimate goal, but to create a line with the development of human society and human needs of a healthy and civilized new home for the final goal. It can be said that real estate is selling a lifestyle, a subculture is sold, the sale of a new society and a new trend. Owners as a community, to really enjoy the community healthy and civilized new life, is not only reflected in the design of the real estate business, not only in the real estate area matching hardware facilities, but on community service software, people really enjoy the physical and mental pleasure. This is a healthy and civilized into the 、Ecological design and construction of residential Since China's reform and opening up, economic development has made remarkable achievements, but at the same time was accompanied by a waste of resources and environmental pollution. Since the backward production technologies, our average construction energy is developed 2~3 times, pollution was also very serious, our cities were the World Health Organization as a "serious pollution" in cities. Real estate development and use of a large consumption of resources, produce large quantities of industrial waste. To people hygiene, health, comfortable living, and environmental protection must be put in an important position. (1) The full use of solar energy Solar energy is the most important green energy is inexhaustible, widespread natural energy, and its advantage is extremely rich, clean, safe and cheap. Currently, the use of solar energy in residential areas, there are three main areas : solar water heaters, solar air conditioning and solar cells. According to information on, for the installation of a 300 year by the solar hot water massage central hot water system will require an investment of about 15 million, the annual energy cost about 80,000 yuan, 2a can recover the full investment, and solar water heating systems for 15~20a useful life, then the costs of energy-saving equipment on the high 100~140 million. In recent decades, many countries are active in research, development, the use of solar energy, and achieved encouraging results. The most notable of which Australia and Israel, the prevalence of solar water heaters are 30% and 50%. Our research and development of solar late, and achieved certain results, but only about 6% coverage, and development is uneven and more concentrated in the western region, the highest rate of Yunnan, 10%. My solar abundant sunshine hours for 2500h years, the region accounted for more than 2/3 land area, some areas up to 3000h. This use of solar energy for the development of our country provided a good condition. With scientific and technological progress, the scope will be broader use of solar energy and energy conversion efficiency will be higher. (2) rational use of water resources My country is a lack of water in some places, on the one hand, serious water shortages, on the other hand, wasted. Water is the key measures or "new." Residents primarily drinking water consumption and use, including restaurants use about 5% of total consumption, while the remaining 95% for washing, sewage. In the residential area, according to applications of A, B two water systems. A system specifically for drinking water (including milk, river, village, cooking). The system must be consistent with the water clean water drinking water standards. B system exclusively for the use of water. The water system should be recycling. Household will tell, laundry, water and roofing rain, the ground water within a reservoir, filtration, purification, decontamination of physical, chemical processing, and then imported household "use water" for washing, car washing, forestation, features, flushing, sewage and other use. Water cycle use of the system can save a lot of water. (3) Planning for with the fast-paced economic development, land resources have diminished. Residential areas on the section to the problem, from three aspects 1, the volume of control at a reasonable level, not lower ;2, garage or into the overhead to the construction of three-dimensional multi-storey car park or underground, semi-underground car park ;3, with the section from the energy into two factors, are advised to the construction of multi-storey and high-level incomparable data small apartment, control building door independence households alone villa, particularly yard, beautiful landscape "auspicious treasure-house" should not build luxury villas and private gardens for a handful of people enjoy, and the construction of small parks and other public facilities should be for public enjoyment. (4) strong rectification, the promotion of environmental protection Housing construction and use of the existence of environmental problems. Contaminated environment harms human health, which is well known reason. On the environmental pollution problems in the past only to "waste" (waste, emissions, waste residue) pollution, and now increased pollution and light pollution and sound content. This is the realistic situation. There are problems that electromagnetic pollution. With the improvement of people's living conditions, household appliances and usage is also increasing coverage, electromagnetic pollution has emerged, and the growing tendency. The content of this proposal into water plans and 、Concluding remarks China Environmental Sciences Professor Xia Qing, a real sense of ecological residential areas should be from the design, construction until use, abandoned throughout the life cycle are harmless to the environment, not simply of little grass. Because many of the latest technologies and building materials to be used, in order to build refuse and water treatment devices, the general real estate developers simply can not bear. Now these may be environmental residential advance, but it is our residential development direction.

城乡规划法规论文3000

城市规划与土地规划虽然是两个不同领域的规划，但是，在国民经济发展大背景下，二者却是统一的，土地的合理规划是城市规划的重大前提，城市的合理规划为土地的优化设定了格局。因此，在城市经济的发展中，应该将城市规划和土地规划统筹起来，从发展思路、发展途径、制度创新等方面统筹两个规划，实现双赢。 在现行的国民经济发展体系中，城市规划和土地规划分别由不同的行政主管部门进行编制。两大主管部门在行政级别上旗鼓相当，有各自独立的行政管理体制，这样的分管体制造成两个主管部门缺乏有效的沟通，各行其是，这使得两种规划相互间不协调、存在很大的差异性，产生严重的脱节现象。一方面，有的地方偏重于城市规划忽略土地规划，导致城市用地不合理，城市用地吃紧，土地价格波动，城市出现畸形发展。另一方面，有的地方特别注重土地规划看轻城市规划，从城市发展局部出发，惜土如金，该发展住宅用地的都用来发展商业，无视城市发展的总体布局，使得土地的规划脱离城市规划，相互间格格不入的困境。所以，要实现城市的现代化发展，必须从国民经济发展的大局出发，统筹城市规划和土地规划，形成互补协调、互利共赢的格局。 一、 统筹两种规划的整体思路。 区域规划是国民经济和社会发展规划的深化，而城市规划和土地规划又是区域规划必不可少的两个方面。在时间上，两个规划要统筹编制，城市规划的编制要兼顾土地规划，因为土地规划是否合理直接影响到城市总体发展，土地规划是城市规划的重要内容；土地规划也要兼顾城市规划，城市的土地规划是否有效要看是否符合城市发展的总体标准。在空间上，两个规划要互补互利，在城市区域的发展中，必须要坚持城市规划指导与土地规划，必须要坚持土地规划服务于城市规划，即前者的发展是为后者的发展做铺垫，后者的发展是为了前者的更进一步发展。为此必须做到以下几点：第一，做到弹性规划。无论是城市规划，抑或土地规划都要具有可量化性，要留有一定的空间。而弹性规划能够有效适应变化的市场环境，根据不同地点、不同时期做出适时调整，避免规划失灵以及出现重复规划。第二，做到协调规划。在整个城市区域规划中，不能片面强调城市规划，也不能一贯重视城市规划。两个规划不是彼此独立的，城市规划必须要做好土地规划，土地规划的好坏又取决于城市规划大局，在城市发展中必须注重二者的协调关系，实现互助发展。第三，做到多元规划。规划的目标不是单一的，在两个规划的具体编制中，对规划的目标要明确，不能只片面追求经济效益，还要注重环境效应和社会效应，最终实现多重效应叠加，实现社会的全面发展。第四，做到效益规划。没有价值的规划是没有意义的规划，特别是在市场经济环境中，效益高低决定市场成败，为此，在两个规划的编制中，一定要注重规划的效益性，实现经济社会生态效益的大一统。第五，做到整体规划。在两个规划的实施中必须从国民经济发展大局出发，从城市区域经济发展大局出发，做好整体布局，既要搞好物质方面的规划，也要搞好非物质方面的规划，既要做好整体规划，又要做好局部规划。第六，做到实用规划。任何规划都是用来指导发展实践的，所以在两个规划的编制过程中，要注重规划的可操作性和实用性，使得制定的规划能够落实到城市经济发展中去，为城市的发展搞好理论铺垫。 二、 统筹两个规划的发展途径 两个规划受制于不同行政主管部门，这种分离的管理体制使得两个规划的侧重点、标准、目标往往出现较大差距，两个主管部门不能及时进行相关信息的交流，以及在规划过程中相互借鉴、相互吸收、共同发展。这对这一现状，要统筹两个规划，必须将两个部门进行合并，制定统一的规划，形成自上而下与自下而上相结合的规划管理体制。这种管理体制能够充分体现城市体系规划是一种基于整体利益的协调规划的实质，能够较好地统一行政指令，加强规划的实施效果；也能够充分考虑地方区域发展实际，立足于区域发展的具体情况，进行深入分析，广泛征求各利益主体意见后的综合协调；也有利于规划管理体制从上级的集权制转化为公平合理的民主制。这样制定出的规划更能适应城市发展实际，更能为解决规划问题献计献策，这样的规划透明度高、可信度强、可满足全社会的发展愿望。自上而下与自下而上的双向结合有以下优势：首先，从国民经济发展总体出发，统筹城市规划和土地规划，避免在两个规划的编制过程中相互脱节、各自为战的现象。其次，这样的结合既能够满足上级规划实施的执行力，加快城市建设和土地利用，也能充分发挥地方优势，利用特色资源。再次，这种结合对于在规划的实施过程中出现的任何问题可以进行及时纠正和处理，避免出现重复建设造成资源的浪费。最后，这种结合途径既兼顾了城市经济发展的大局，有考虑了局部土地的优化利用，提高了经济效益和社会效益 。 三、 统筹两个规划，做到制度创新。 从法律制度上讲，就目前的法律体系而言，城市规划已有相关领域的法规——《城市规划法》作保障，而我国到现在都还没有为土地规划制定相关的法律法规，这就导致在规划的实施进程中城市规划比土地规划更加严肃、更加科学、更有可操作性。而从管理角度看，城市规划和土地规划分别由两个行政级别对等的管理部门加以编制，这必然导致两个部门各行其是，缺乏有效的沟通，行政指令措施无法进行统一，效率低下、浪费资源。另外，我国已经是市场经济国家，规划的行政属性 还相当浓厚，在规划的编制和实施中 常常忽略市场经济规律，不考虑客观的供求状况，主观行事，造成规划与经济规律不服，与市场经济脱轨的严重后果。基于以上的种种制度诟病，要统筹两个规划必须进行制度创新。一、要创新法律制度，完善相关法律制度，特别是要尽快制定《土地规划法》来为土地的实际规划保驾护航，使得两个规划都有相关法律制度的庇护，为统筹战略提供法律保障。二、要创新管理制度，将两个制定规划的部门合二为一，统一政令，增强规划的执行力度和社会经济效应，为统筹战略提供管理保障。三、要创新环境制度，要打破长期以来形成的行政主导，市场为次的管理方法，坚持市场运行为基础行政干预为辅助的管理，尊重客观经济规律，尊重市场规律，为统筹战略提供环境保障。 综上所述，城市规划和土地规划虽然在概念上各不相同，但是，站在国民经济发展的大局上，而这却是可以统筹的，它们是相互弥补、相互促进的，城市规划离不开土地规划，后者是前者的重要组成部分；土地规划也离不开城市规划，前者需要以后者作为坐标，为其前进明确方向。在今后的实际工作中，为了更好地统筹两个规划，不论是在发展思路上，还是在发展途径、制度创新上，都要进行行之有效的改革，将城市规划和土地规划共同纳入城市经济的发展中，城市规划兼顾土地规划，土地规划参照城市规划。统筹两种规划才能提高经济效益，才能提高社会效益，才能提高环境效益。

自己写的可以给你城乡规划论文3000字

一、中西方古代和近现代城市规划的思想和理论体系随着社会经济的发展、城市的出现、人类居住环境的复杂化，产生了城市规划思想并得到不断发展。中国古代的城市规划学说散见于《考工记》①、《商君书》②、《管子》③、《墨子》④等典故之中。《考工记》确定了“都”、“王城”和“诸侯城”的三级城邑制度，用地的功能分区和道路系统等。中国古代城市规划强调战略思想和整体观念，强调城市与自然结合，强调严格的等级观念。战国时期，列国都城采用了大小城制度；西汉长安城将宫室与里坊结为一体；南北朝时代的洛阳城则加强了全面规划；宋开封城是按照五代的周世宗柴荣颁发的诏书，有规划地进行扩建的要例；北宋中叶，开封城已走向较为开放的街巷制体系，形成了中国封建社会后期的城市结构形态；清代在北京城远近郊区大力经营园林和离宫别馆，使北京成为中国封建时代都城规划和建设的最辉煌实例。在西方，在古希腊城邦时期已出现了希波丹姆规划模式。古代罗马建筑师马可·维特鲁威(Marcus Vitruvius Pollio)的《建筑十书》⑤阐述了城市选址、环境卫生、纺机建设、公共建筑布局等方面的基本原则。中世纪社会发展缓慢，城市多以教堂为中心。到了文艺复兴时期，建筑师阿尔伯蒂（A'er bo di）、安德烈亚·帕拉第奥（Andrea Palladio）、斯卡摩锡（Sikamoxi）等也提出了一些反映当时商业兴盛和城市生活多样化的城市理论和城市模式。产业革命前的欧洲城市城市规划多侧重于防御功能和政治需要，封闭性强。19世纪上半叶，一些空想社会主义者提出设想，把改良住房、改进城市规划作为医治城市社会病症的措施之一。19世纪和20世纪之交，霍华德倡导“田园城市”；1915年盖迪斯提出区域原则，倡导城市规划与区域规划相结合的学说。这一时期还出现了另一种建设实践：英国一些先进工业家在建设工厂的同时，建设新的工人镇。至今，城市规划仍是采取上面所说的旧城改建和新城建设两种基本形式。19世纪90年代，西欧各国已逐渐形成以公共投资改进市政建设和控制私人用地相结台的城市发展战略概念。制定城市建设法规最初的目的是维持整齐、清洁、安定的城市环境，以保障居民健康。城市建设和管理要有相应的法律体系，严格的城市建设法规可以提高城市规划和建设的质量。产业革命后，城市内部结构发生了根本的变化，促使人们从理论上研究城市的结构和形态，寻求最佳模式。1922年法国建筑师勒·柯布西耶（Le Corbusier）主张充分利用技术成就，建造高层高密度的建筑群，使城市集中发展，以求得最好的生活环境和最高的工作效率，这种思想被称为城市集中主义。美国建筑师赖特（Frank Lioyd Wrignt）提出的“广亩城市”认为城市应与周围的乡村结合在一起，平均每公顷居住人，被称为城市分散主义，这两种城市模式影响甚广。从城市功能要求出发提出各种城市布局形态，如带形城市、同心圆式的环状城市、楔子状结构城市、多核心城市等；从城市中各种系统的组织出发，宏观地研究城市所在的地区的空间结构与城市形态的关系；从微观上对构成城市的单元细胞进行剖析来研究城市的形态。二、我国近现代城市规划的编制阶段、编制任务、工作内容（一）城市规划编制层次根据《中华人民共和国城市规划法》规定，我国目前的城市规划编制层次，是在省（自治区）域城镇体系规划的指导下，编制城市总体规划和详细规划。大、中城市根据需要在城市总体规划的基础上可以编制分区规划，用以指导详细规划的编制。为了适应由计划向市场体制的转变，满足城市规划编制体系可以概括为“两阶段、五层次”的体系：两阶段是指城市总体规划阶段和城市详细规划阶段。五层次是指总体规划阶段的城市规划纲要、总体规划、分区规划三个层次和详细规划阶段的控制性详细规划、修建性详细规划两个层次。（二）城镇体系规划编制的任务和主要内容1.城镇体系规划编制的任务城镇体系规划编制的主要任务包括：综合评价城镇发展条件，制定区域城镇发展战略，预测区域人口增长和城市化水平，拟定各相关城镇的发展方向与规模，协调城镇发展与产业配置的时空关系，统筹安排区域基础设施和社会设施，引导和控制区域内城镇的合理发展与布局，指导区域内城市总体规划的编制。2．城镇体系规划的主要内容城镇体系规划一般包括下列主要内容：（1）综合评价区域和城市发展、开发建设的条件；（2）预测区域人口增长，确定城市化目标；（3）确定本区域内的城镇发展战略，划分城市经济区；（4）提出城镇体系的功能结构和城镇分工；（5）确定城镇体系的等级和规模结构；（6）确定城镇体系的空间布局；（7）统筹安排区域内基础设施和社会设施；（8）确定保护生态环境、自然和人文景观、历史文化遗产的原则和措施；（9）确定一个时期重点发展的城镇，提出近期重点发展城镇的规划建议；（10）提出实施规划的政策和措施。三、城市规划的法规体系、行政体系以及调整和审批程序一个国家的城市规划体系包括城市规划法规体系、城市规划行政体系和城市规划运作（规划编制和开发控制）体系三个基本组成部分。其中，城市规划法规体系是现代城市规划体系的核心，为城市规划行政和城市规划运作提供法理依据。（一）城市规划法规体系现代城市规划作为政府行政管理的法定职能，遵循依法行政的原则。与政府行政管理的其他法定职能一样，城市规划的法规体系包括主干法及其从属法规、专项发和相关法。（二）城市规划行政体系中国的城市规划行政体系体现了中央集权和地方自治的结合。根据《城市规划法》，城市规划的编制和审批实行分级体制。各级城市的人民政府负责组织编制城市规划。县级人民政府所在地镇的城市规划由县级人民政府负责组织编制。直辖市的城市总体规划由直辖市人民政府报国务院审批。省和自治区人民政府所在地城市、城市人口在一百万以上的城市以及国务院指定的其它城市的总体规划，经省、自治区人民政府审查同意后，报国务院审批。除此而外的其他城市的总体规划和县级人民政府所在地镇的总体规划，报省、自治区和直辖市人民政府审批，其中市管辖的县级人民政府所在地镇的中提规划，报市人民政府审批。分区规划和详细规划一般由市人民政府城市规划行政主管部门审批。（三）城市规划的审批城市规划实行分级审批：1. 全国城镇体系规划报国务院审批。2. 省、自治区城镇体系规划经国务院审查同意后，由建设部批复。3. 直辖市的城市总体规划，有直辖市人民政府报国务院审批。4. 省和自治区人民政府所在地的城市、城市人口在100万以上的城市及国务院指定的其他城市的总体规划由省、自治区人民政府报国务院审批。5. 其他设市城市和县级人民政府所在地镇的总体规划报省、自治区、直辖市人民政府审批，其中市管辖的县级人民政府所在地的总体规划报市人民政府审批。6. 其他建制镇的总体规划报县级人民政府审批。城市人民政府和县级人民政府向上级人民政府报批城市整体规划前，须经同级人民带包大会或者其常务委员会审议同意。四、城市规划与其他相关规划的关系（一）城市规划与区域规划的关系区域规划和城市规划都是在明确长远发展方向和目标的基础上，对特定地域的各项建设进行综合部署。区域规划可为城市规划提供有关城市发展方向和生产力布局的重要依据。区域的经济发展决定着城市的发展，城市的发展也会促进地区的发展。区域规划与城市规划要和相配合，协同进行，在城市规划具体落实过程中，有可能需对区域规划做某些必要的调整和补充。（二）城市规划与国民经济和社会发展计划的关系国民经济和社会发展中长期计划是城市规划的重要依据之一，而城市规划同时也是国民经济和社会发展的年度计划及中期计划的依据。国民经济和社会发展中与城市规划关系密切是有关生产力布局、人口、城乡建设以及环境保护等部门的发展计划。城市规划依据国民经济和社会发展计划话所确定的有关内容，合理确定城市发展的规模、速度和内容等。（三）城市总体规划与土地利用总体规划的关系我国城市总体规划和土地利用总体规划的规划目标是一致的，都是为了合理使用土地资源，促进经济、社会与环境的协调和可持续发展。土地利用总体规划以保护土地资源特别是耕地为主要目标，在比较宏观的层面上对土地资源及其使用功能进行划分和控制。而城市总体规划则重于城市规划区内土地和空间资源的利用。两者应该是相互协调和衔接的关系。（四）城市规划与城市环境保护规划的关系城市环境保护规划是对城市环境保护的未来行动进行规范化的系统筹划，视为有效地实现预期环境目标的一种综合性手段。城市环境保护规划属于城市规划中的专项规划范畴，是在宏观规划初步确定环境目标和策略指导下，具体指定的环境建设和综合整治措施。（五）城市规划行政部门与其他相关部门的关系城市规划行政主管部门与其他行政主管部门是平行的职能机构。各个机构依据法律授权或城市人民政府的指定，各有其主管的事务范畴，互不覆盖。各部门应当各司其职，互不越权。但是，城市规划与计划、土地、交通、房产、环保、环卫、防疫、文化、水利等许多方便的工作都是有密切的关系。各行政部门的工作需要相合衔接和配合。

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