英语毕业论文提纲模板
紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板，希望能够帮助到大家。
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
Significance of the study 29-30
Organization of the study 30-31
A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
Defining coherence 32-33
T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
Training in T/TP 47-49
Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
Theme and thematic progression 55-70
Theme 56-62
Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
The participants and the educational context 70-73
Background of the participants and the participating school 70
The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
The sample sizes 71-72
The pilot study 72-73
The interventional procedures 73-74
The questionnaire 74-75
The training 75-80
Considerations behind the training 75-76
The training material 76-79
The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
Data analysis 80-86
Analysis of the writing 80-86
Analysis of the questionnaire 86
Ethical considerations 86-88
Informed consent 86-87
Anonymity 87
Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
Interpersonal Themes 100-102
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
Interpersonal Themes 126-129
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
Interpersonal Themes 145-147
Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
Findings from closed questions 155-160
EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
Findings from open questions 160-164
The changes that occurred 161-162
The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
Implications 190-194
Pedagogical implication 190-193
Methodological implication 193-194
Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
Summary 195-197
Putting everything together 197-199
Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
Motivation of the present study 7-8
Significance of this study 8
Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
Language production 10-14
L1 Production 10-11
L2 Production 11-12
Dimensions of language production 12-14
Theories on oral output 14-15
Skehan’s dual-model system 14
Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
Task Repetition 15-17
Task 15-16
Task repetition 16-17
Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
Research justification and questions 19
Hypothesis 19-20
Methods 20-25
Participants 20-21
Material 21
Research design 21-23
Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
Results and Analysis 25-34
Quantitative analysis 25-27
Qualitative analysis 27-34
Discussion 34-41
Fluency 34-36
Complexity 36-38
Accuracy 38-39
interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
Conclusion and implication 41-43
Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Research Background
Significance of the Study
Research Goals and Questions
Data Collection and Methodology
Analysis Procedures
Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Introduction to Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad
Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home
Studies on Personal Statements
Introduction to Personal Statement
Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
An Overview of Attitude System
Affect Resources
Judgment Resources
Social Esteem
Social Sanction
Appreciation Resources
Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Summary
Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies
Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study
References
Acknowledgements
英语论文 提纲
英语论文的提纲也有格式的要求，规范的'格式能保证论文的顺利进行。
Acknowledgements 4-5
Abstract 5
摘要 6-9
Chapter One Introduction 9-16
Introduction 9
Background of the Study 9-12
Purpose of the Study 12-13
Significance of the Research 13-14
Thesis Structure 14-16
Chapter Two Literature Review 16-25
Introduction 16
Theoretical Background of Communicative Language Teaching 16-19
Concept of Communicative Competence 16-17
Hymes'Idea on Communicative Competence 17-18
Canale and Swain's Theory 18-19
Overview of Communicative Language Teaching 19-22
Development of Communicative Language Teaching in China 19-20
Features of Communicative Language Teaching 20-22
Relationship between Language Testing and Language Teaching 22
Summary 22-25
Chapter Three Analysis of IELTS Speaking Test and Questionnaire 25-36
Introduction 25
Analysis of IELTS Speaking Test 25-28
Structure of IELTS Speaking Test 25-27
Communicative Approach Embodied in IELTS Speaking Test 27-28
The Questionnaire 28-34
Design 28-29
Participants 29-32
Methods 32
General Results 32-34
Summary 34-36
Chapter Four Findings and Discussion 36-54
Introduction 36
Chinese Candidates'Performance in IELTS Speaking Test 36-38
IELTS Candidates'Attitude towards Oral English Teaching 38-43
Explanations for the Situation 43-45
Implications for College Oral English Teaching 45-52
Teaching Goal 46-47
Teaching Content 47-48
Teaching Methods 48-51
Make Use of Modern Teaching Equipment 51
Establish an Extracurricular Supervision System 51-52
Improve Oral English Testing and Evaluation 52
Summary 52-54
Chapter Five Conclusion 54-57
Summary of the Findings 54-55
Limitations and Suggestion for Further Study 55-57
Appendix Questionnaire 57-58
Bibliography 58-62
中文摘要 4-6
Abstract 6-8
Chapter One Introduction 12-15
Research Background 12-13
Purpose and Significance of the Study 13-14
Organization of the Thesis 14-15
Chapter Two Literature Review 15-34
Definitions of Affect 15-17
Classifications of Affect 17-23
Individual Factors 17-21
Co-relative Factors 21-23
Relevant Theories of Affect 23-30
Krashen’s Monitor Model 24-28
Piaget’s Constructivist Theory 28-30
Relevant Studies Abroad and at Home 30-34
Relevant Studies Abroad 31-32
Relevant Studies at Home 32-34
Chapter Three Methodology 34-37
Research Questions 34
Research Subjects 34-35
Research Instruments 35
Research Procedures 35-36
Research Methods 36-37
Chapter Four Data Analysis and Discussion 37-54
Application on Students’ Learning 37-45
Fostering Students’ Positive Attitude 37-38
Stimulating Students’ Motivation 38-40
Enhancing Students’ Self-esteem and Self-confidence 40-42
Developing Students’ Empathy 42-43
Lowering Students’ Anxiety 43-45
Application on Teachers’ Teaching 45-48
Getting a Better Understanding to their Students 46-47
Identifying Teachers’ Attitude to the Students 47-48
Discussions on the Results 48-54
Differences between Traditional Teaching and ScaffoldingInstruction 48-50
Applications on Affective Teaching Methods 50-54
Chapter Five Conclusion 54-59
Implications 54-58
Stimulating Students’ Learning Process 54-56
Improving Teachers’ Affective Qualities 56-58
Limitations and Suggestions 58-59
Bibliography 59-64
Appendix 64-67
作者简介 67-68
Acknowledgements 68
摘要 4-6
Abstract 6-7
Chapter One Introduction 10-13
Background of the Research 10-11
Significance of the Research 11-12
Structure of the Research 12-13
Chapter Two Literature Review 13-19
General Review of Researches on the Translation of Puns in English Advertisements in China4 13-15
Review of Previous Studies on Pun Translation Abroad 15-16
Review of Research on the Functional Equivalence Translation of Rhetorical Devices 16-17
Problems in Current Researches 17-19
Chapter Three Puns in English and Its Application in English Advertisements 19-27
Definition of Puns 19-20
Constitutive Elements 20-21
Classification and Application of Puns in English Advertisements 21-27
Chapter Four Theoretical Explanations-Functional Equivalence Theory 27-31
Background of the Emergence of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory 27
Main Ideas of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory 27-28
Contribution of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory 28-31
Chapter Five the Feasibility of Adopting Functional EquivalenceTheory in Translation of English Advertisements 31-38
Equivalence 31-33
Language Function 33-35
Readers' Response 35
Cultural Level 35-38
Chapter Six Translation Strategies of Puns in English Advertisements under the Guidance ofFunctional Equivalence Theory 38-44
Word for Word Translation 38-39
Division 39-40
Borrowing 40-42
Focused Translation 42-43
Annotation 43-44
Conclusion 44-47
Summary of the Research 44-45
Limitations of the Research 45
Suggestions for Further Studies 45-47
Bibliography 47-49
攻读硕士学位期间取得的科研成果 49-50
Acknowledgements 50
英语论文提纲 格式
英语论文的论文提纲应该怎样编写呢?让我们看看建议以及论文的提纲范文吧!
Acknowledgements 4-5
Abstract 5
摘要 6-9
Chapter One Introduction 9-16
Introduction 9
Background of the Study 9-12
Purpose of the Study 12-13
Significance of the Research 13-14
Thesis Structure 14-16
Chapter Two Literature Review 16-25
Introduction 16
Theoretical Background of Communicative Language Teaching 16-19
Concept of Communicative Competence 16-17
Hymes'Idea on Communicative Competence 17-18
Canale and Swain's Theory 18-19
Overview of Communicative Language Teaching 19-22
Development of Communicative Language Teaching in China 19-20
Features of Communicative Language Teaching 20-22
Relationship between Language Testing and Language Teaching 22
Summary 22-25
Chapter Three Analysis of IELTS Speaking Test and Questionnaire 25-36
Introduction 25
Analysis of IELTS Speaking Test 25-28
Structure of IELTS Speaking Test 25-27
Communicative Approach Embodied in IELTS Speaking Test 27-28
The Questionnaire 28-34
Design 28-29
Participants 29-32
Methods 32
General Results 32-34
Summary 34-36
Chapter Four Findings and Discussion 36-54
Introduction 36
Chinese Candidates'Performance in IELTS Speaking Test 36-38
IELTS Candidates'Attitude towards Oral English Teaching 38-43
Explanations for the Situation 43-45
Implications for College Oral English Teaching 45-52
Teaching Goal 46-47
Teaching Content 47-48
Teaching Methods 48-51
Make Use of Modern Teaching Equipment 51
Establish an Extracurricular Supervision System 51-52
Improve Oral English Testing and Evaluation 52
Summary 52-54
Chapter Five Conclusion 54-57
Summary of the Findings 54-55
Limitations and Suggestion for Further Study 55-57
Appendix Questionnaire 57-58
Bibliography 58-62
首先英语论文提纲页应当包括论题句和提纲本身。
其次英语论文的格式规范是怎样的:
第一、要在第一行，也就是在与打印纸顶端的距离约为处，第一行的始端打上“Thesis”一词以及冒号,然后空一格后再打上论题句,接着回行时要注意左边要和论题句的第一个字母保持上下对齐，否则就会出问题(至少你也希望自己长得标致吧，那么那样不标致的论文你看得应该也不顺眼吧)。
第二、论文的主要纲目要用大写的.罗马数字标出，而次要纲目就要依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字以及小写英文字母标出。这里要注意的是各数字或者字母后面都要是一个句点,然后空出一格再打上这一项内容的第一个字母;对于处于同一等级的纲目,一定要注意它的上下行左边都必须保持对齐。另外，同等重要的纲目要在两个以上，也就是说有A应有B，有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ类似这样的。
最后，需要说明的是要是英文论文的提纲比较长的话，那就要用上两页纸，而且第二页应该在右上角用上小写罗马数字标出其页码来，即是ii，这里要注意的是那第一页就可以不用标页码了。
英语专业的论文提纲模板
导语：在毕业论文的.写作过程中，指导教师一般都要求学生编写提纲。从写作程序上讲，它是作者动笔行文前的必要准备；从提纲本身来讲，它是作者构思谋篇的具体体现。下面我整理了英语专业的论文提纲模板，欢迎参考借鉴！
Chapter One Influencing Factors of Creative Treason
Background of Gone with the Wind
Author's Life and Emotional Experience
Development of the Feminist Movement
Influence of Economic Crisis
Background of the Translator
Reader's Expectations and the Ability to Accept
Chapter Two Creative Treason and Translator Style
Selection and Use of Words
Symbolthe Usage of Idioms
Symbolthe Usage of Reduplication
Structure and Modalitythe Usage of Parallel Construction
' Logic and Combination
's Device and Style
's Transition
, Slangs and Fixed Collocations
Identity
of Narrative Style
Chapter Three The Limitation of Translator Style
Chapter Four The Sociality of Creative Treason
Significance
Significance
' Effort
Conclusion
This article conclusion
Creative treason develops a new domain for literary translation. In this thesis, thebackground of main factors was taken as the entry point. Through analyzing thebackground of tiie original, translator and readers we got the result that affected byvarious factors especially different background the creative treason in literary translationis objective and inevitable. By reason of existence of creative treason, it is possible toform the unique translation style in the translation process. Based on parsing FuDonghua's version of Gone with the Wind,this study analyzes translator style from sixaspects and has proved the existence of translator style. Retoning to the ultimate purposemotivation of translation, we should affirm that the translation work which is in theframework of the original and makes recreations for the need of target readers is thehigh-quality one.
Behind two literary works are two different languages, behind two languages are twodifferent cultures,after discussing the translator style which is based on the languageexchange we should see the most fundamental factor is the cultural differences, which isone of the social significance of creative treason. Just as Escarpit states, all thetranslations are the result of creative treason. So the social significance of translation isalso creative treason V In the process of social development the role of translation can notbe replaced and the creative treason's function should be paid more attention to. For theexistence of creative treason, we can not ignore the hard work and efforts the translatorsdo,it should be folly admitted and respected.
In addition to translation activities, in the field of other social life, we can still findthe creative treason. There are some subjective factors which are mixed into theunderstanding and judgment of object,that's why different people have differentcognitions for the same thing. Therefore, in the process of recognizing the world creativetreason always exists- This can be the new point of creative treason's socialization, enrichthe connotation of the concept and extend the social significance of creative treason.
英语毕业论文提纲模板
紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板，希望能够帮助到大家。
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
Significance of the study 29-30
Organization of the study 30-31
A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
Defining coherence 32-33
T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
Training in T/TP 47-49
Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
Theme and thematic progression 55-70
Theme 56-62
Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
The participants and the educational context 70-73
Background of the participants and the participating school 70
The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
The sample sizes 71-72
The pilot study 72-73
The interventional procedures 73-74
The questionnaire 74-75
The training 75-80
Considerations behind the training 75-76
The training material 76-79
The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
Data analysis 80-86
Analysis of the writing 80-86
Analysis of the questionnaire 86
Ethical considerations 86-88
Informed consent 86-87
Anonymity 87
Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
Interpersonal Themes 100-102
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
Interpersonal Themes 126-129
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
Interpersonal Themes 145-147
Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
Findings from closed questions 155-160
EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
Findings from open questions 160-164
The changes that occurred 161-162
The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
Implications 190-194
Pedagogical implication 190-193
Methodological implication 193-194
Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
Summary 195-197
Putting everything together 197-199
Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
Motivation of the present study 7-8
Significance of this study 8
Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
Language production 10-14
L1 Production 10-11
L2 Production 11-12
Dimensions of language production 12-14
Theories on oral output 14-15
Skehan’s dual-model system 14
Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
Task Repetition 15-17
Task 15-16
Task repetition 16-17
Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
Research justification and questions 19
Hypothesis 19-20
Methods 20-25
Participants 20-21
Material 21
Research design 21-23
Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
Results and Analysis 25-34
Quantitative analysis 25-27
Qualitative analysis 27-34
Discussion 34-41
Fluency 34-36
Complexity 36-38
Accuracy 38-39
interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
Conclusion and implication 41-43
Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Research Background
Significance of the Study
Research Goals and Questions
Data Collection and Methodology
Analysis Procedures
Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Introduction to Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad
Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home
Studies on Personal Statements
Introduction to Personal Statement
Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
An Overview of Attitude System
Affect Resources
Judgment Resources
Social Esteem
Social Sanction
Appreciation Resources
Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Summary
Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies
Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study
References
Acknowledgements
英文论文提纲范文
在各领域中，大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧，论文是讨论某种问题或研究某种问题的`文章。你知道论文怎样写才规范吗？以下是我精心整理的英文论文提纲范文，希望能够帮助到大家。
论文的规格：正文长度5,500-8,500单词。
使用的语言：英语
论文分题目、引言、正文、参考文献、致谢等部分。
引文要注明出处。直接引用要加引号，间接引文要以转述的方式出现。然后以括号把引文来源写清楚：(作者名，年份，引文所在页码)
论文正文部分：
1、题目大写，三号字，新时代罗马字，大写下面可写一个附标题，4号字;
2、作者名，5号字，班级，学号
3、指导教师名，5号字，职称
4、摘要：用300词，5号字，英文一页，中文一页
5、关键词：不能用专有名词，词与词之间空四格(或一个tab键)，不加标点符号
6、正文：用5号字，
大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。大部分用罗马字，小不分用一般数字符号：
引言：引入正题，不超过2段
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.
ii. , , , , …
iii. , , , , , / . …
结论
7、参考文献(bibliography)：先英文，后中文
作者名，出版年月，文章名/书刊名，出版社，地点
8、致谢(acknowledgement)
英语毕业论文提纲范例：
题目：基于语料库的英语不规则动词过去式的社会语言学变异研究
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 Literature Review
General Studies of English Irregular Verbs
Studies of the Variations of Irregular Verbs
Summary
Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework
Foundational Studies of Variationist Sociolinguistics
Variationist Sociolinguistics: Key Concepts and the Principle of Accountability
Analytical Methods in Variationist Sociolinguistics
Summary
Chapter 3 Diachronic Change of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in COHA
Methodology and Data Visualization
Data Analysis
Discussion and Conclusions
Summary
Chapter 4 Synchronic Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs
Introduction and Data
Principle Components Analysis
Register Variation of PTF of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb
User-related Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb
Discussion and Conclusions
Summary
Conclusion
Bibliography
Acknowledgements
英语专业的论文提纲模板
导语：在毕业论文的.写作过程中，指导教师一般都要求学生编写提纲。从写作程序上讲，它是作者动笔行文前的必要准备；从提纲本身来讲，它是作者构思谋篇的具体体现。下面我整理了英语专业的论文提纲模板，欢迎参考借鉴！
Chapter One Influencing Factors of Creative Treason
Background of Gone with the Wind
Author's Life and Emotional Experience
Development of the Feminist Movement
Influence of Economic Crisis
Background of the Translator
Reader's Expectations and the Ability to Accept
Chapter Two Creative Treason and Translator Style
Selection and Use of Words
Symbolthe Usage of Idioms
Symbolthe Usage of Reduplication
Structure and Modalitythe Usage of Parallel Construction
' Logic and Combination
's Device and Style
's Transition
, Slangs and Fixed Collocations
Identity
of Narrative Style
Chapter Three The Limitation of Translator Style
Chapter Four The Sociality of Creative Treason
Significance
Significance
' Effort
Conclusion
This article conclusion
Creative treason develops a new domain for literary translation. In this thesis, thebackground of main factors was taken as the entry point. Through analyzing thebackground of tiie original, translator and readers we got the result that affected byvarious factors especially different background the creative treason in literary translationis objective and inevitable. By reason of existence of creative treason, it is possible toform the unique translation style in the translation process. Based on parsing FuDonghua's version of Gone with the Wind,this study analyzes translator style from sixaspects and has proved the existence of translator style. Retoning to the ultimate purposemotivation of translation, we should affirm that the translation work which is in theframework of the original and makes recreations for the need of target readers is thehigh-quality one.
Behind two literary works are two different languages, behind two languages are twodifferent cultures,after discussing the translator style which is based on the languageexchange we should see the most fundamental factor is the cultural differences, which isone of the social significance of creative treason. Just as Escarpit states, all thetranslations are the result of creative treason. So the social significance of translation isalso creative treason V In the process of social development the role of translation can notbe replaced and the creative treason's function should be paid more attention to. For theexistence of creative treason, we can not ignore the hard work and efforts the translatorsdo,it should be folly admitted and respected.
In addition to translation activities, in the field of other social life, we can still findthe creative treason. There are some subjective factors which are mixed into theunderstanding and judgment of object,that's why different people have differentcognitions for the same thing. Therefore, in the process of recognizing the world creativetreason always exists- This can be the new point of creative treason's socialization, enrichthe connotation of the concept and extend the social significance of creative treason.
英语专业论文提纲范文
英语专业论文提纲怎么写呢?随着社会的发展，英语在人们生活中的比重逐渐加大，成为运用非常广泛的语言。下面是我分享的英语专业论文提纲的范文，欢迎阅读!
Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-ChineseChinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要: 著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，
因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说，翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱，专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来，习语翻译大多强调语际的'交流，而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异，进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法，并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文，选择与原文风格，意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式，文化在变化，出现新的习语，习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词：习语;文化;翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......" Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
History
The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
Colours
Numbers
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
Literal Translation
Free Translation
Translation with Notes
Replacement with Similar Idioms
The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地：)出版社，年份：参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地：)出版社，年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xian: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京：世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京：科学出版社, 2006
[12] 孙致礼(Sun Zhili).《新编英汉翻译教程》. 上海：上海外语教学出版社, 2008
[13] 王宗炎(Wang Zongyan).《英汉语文问题面面观》. 北京：北京高等教育出版社, 2006
英文论文提纲范文
在各领域中，大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧，论文是讨论某种问题或研究某种问题的`文章。你知道论文怎样写才规范吗？以下是我精心整理的英文论文提纲范文，希望能够帮助到大家。
论文的规格：正文长度5,500-8,500单词。
使用的语言：英语
论文分题目、引言、正文、参考文献、致谢等部分。
引文要注明出处。直接引用要加引号，间接引文要以转述的方式出现。然后以括号把引文来源写清楚：(作者名，年份，引文所在页码)
论文正文部分：
1、题目大写，三号字，新时代罗马字，大写下面可写一个附标题，4号字;
2、作者名，5号字，班级，学号
3、指导教师名，5号字，职称
4、摘要：用300词，5号字，英文一页，中文一页
5、关键词：不能用专有名词，词与词之间空四格(或一个tab键)，不加标点符号
6、正文：用5号字，
大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。大部分用罗马字，小不分用一般数字符号：
引言：引入正题，不超过2段
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.
ii. , , , , …
iii. , , , , , / . …
结论
7、参考文献(bibliography)：先英文，后中文
作者名，出版年月，文章名/书刊名，出版社，地点
8、致谢(acknowledgement)
英语毕业论文提纲范例：
题目：基于语料库的英语不规则动词过去式的社会语言学变异研究
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 Literature Review
General Studies of English Irregular Verbs
Studies of the Variations of Irregular Verbs
Summary
Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework
Foundational Studies of Variationist Sociolinguistics
Variationist Sociolinguistics: Key Concepts and the Principle of Accountability
Analytical Methods in Variationist Sociolinguistics
Summary
Chapter 3 Diachronic Change of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in COHA
Methodology and Data Visualization
Data Analysis
Discussion and Conclusions
Summary
Chapter 4 Synchronic Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs
Introduction and Data
Principle Components Analysis
Register Variation of PTF of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb
User-related Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb
Discussion and Conclusions
Summary
Conclusion
Bibliography
Acknowledgements
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板精选3篇
论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要，以便读者一翻提要就知道书的`大概内容，下面是我为大家推荐的3篇英语教学毕业论文的提纲模板，希望大家喜欢!
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板一
Abstract 5-6
摘要 7-9
1. Introduction 9-11
Background of the Research 9
Significance of the Research 9-10
Structure of the thesis 10-11
2. Literature Review 11-19
Some Attempts to Define expert and novice teacher 11-13
An overview of studies on teaching behaviors 13-16
An overview of the characteristics of expert teachers' teaching behaviors 16
Limitations of the Previous Studies 16
Theoretical bases 16-19
3. Research Design 19-25
Subjects 19-20
Observed teaching tasks 20-21
Classification of English teachers’ teaching behaviors 21-22
Research method 22-24
Research Procedures 24-25
4. Data Analysis and Discussion 25-51
Diversity in Speech Presentation behavior 25-33
Diversity in Text Presentation 33-38
Diversity in Action Presentation (body language) 38-40
Diversity in interaction behavior 40-51
5. Conclusions and Implications 51-55
Conclusions 51-53
Pedagogical Implications 53-54
Limitations and recommendations for the Further Research 54-55
Acknowledgments 55-56
References 56-59
Appendix I Classroom observation worksheet of teaching behavior 59-61
Appendix II 唐卫海提问行为类别观察表 61-62
Appendix III 攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文 62
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板二
Abstract 3-4
摘要 5-7
Tables 7-10
1. Introduction 10-14
Research Questions 11
The purpose and significance of this research 11-12
Layout of thesis 12-14
2. Literature Review 14-24
The concept and connotation of teaching journal 15-17
The Content of teaching journal 17-20
Reflective level 20
The styles of teaching journal 20-24
Design 24-26
Purpose of Research 24
Subjects 24
Instruments 24-25
Procesures of research 25
Data collection 25-26
4. Results and Discussions 26-52
Results and discussions of quesionnaire 26-32
The writing differences between teachers of differnet professional ranks on reflective content and reflective level 32-45
The writing differences between teachers of different genders on reflective content and reflective level 45-52
5. Methods to Improve Teachers' Reflective Ability 52-56
Problems in the process of reflection 52-53
The ways to improve teachers' reflective ability 53-56
6. Conclusion 56-58
Present findings 56
Limitations 56-57
Suggestions for future research 57-58
Acknowledgements 58-60
Bibliography 60-64
Appendix 64-65
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板三
Abstract 3-4
摘要 5-8
1. Introduction 8-12
Research background 8
Significance of the study 8-10
Organization of thesis 10-12
2. Literature Review 12-22
Language learning strategies 12-15
Definition of the language learning strategies 12-13
Classification of learning strategies 13-14
Studies on learning strategies 14-15
Language learning styles 15-18
Definition of language learning style 15
Classification of language learning style 15-17
Studies on language learning style 17-18
Learning strategies training 18-19
. Review of the relationship of learning strategies and learning styles 19-22
3. Methodology 22-33
Purposes 22
Hypotheses 22
Research participants 22-23
Instruments of the research 23-24
Questionnaire 23
Observation 23-24
Procedures 24-33
Pre-treatment questionnaire 24-25
Language learning strategy training instruction 25-30
Post-treatment questionnaire 30-33
4. Results and Discussion 33-47
Results of the questionnaire 33-43
The results of the T-test in pre-treatment questionnaire 37-40
The results of the T-test in post-treatment questionnaire 40-43
Discussion 43-47
The senior high school students’ learning styles were expanded with the help of learning strategy training 44
The variety of learning styles helps the students to learn better with different learning tasks 44-45
The learning strategies help the students learn better, more easily and actively33 45-47
5. Conclusion 47-49
Major findings 47-48
The learning styles of the senior high students were tended to be various 47-48
The language learning strategy training can expand or even changethe language learning styles 48
Limitations and recommendations for further study 48-49
Acknowledgements 49-51
Bibliography 51-55
Appendix 55-61
AppendixA 关于英语学习风格的问卷调查 55-59
AppendixB 英语学习策略培训观察量表 59-60
AppendixC Listening Material 60-61
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板
所谓论文提纲，是指论文作者动笔行文前的必要准备，是论文构思谋篇的具体体现。构思谋篇是指组织设计毕业论文的篇章结构，以便论文作者可以根据论文提纲安排材料素材、对课题论文展开论证。下面我以英语教育专业毕业论文提纲为例，为大家介绍论文提纲的写法。
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板一
摘要 2-3
Abstract 3
引言 6-13
一、研究的背景 6-7
二、文献综述 7-11
(一) 国外研究状况 7-9
(二) 国内研究状况 9-11
三、研究方法 11-12
四、创新之处 12-13
第一章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论思考 13-22
一、相关概念的界定 13
二、小学高年级实施英语语篇整体性教学的必要性 13-14
(一) 小学高年级学生心理发展的特点 13
(二) 小学高年级英语语篇的特点 13-14
三、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论基础 14-18
(一) 心理学中的整体性原则 14-15
(二) 心理学中的认知理论 15-16
(三) 三种阅读教学模式 16-18
四、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的主要类型 18-22
(一) 对话类语篇整体性教学要素 18-19
(二) 故事类语篇整体性教学要素 19-22
第二章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂模式实施的现状调研 22-38
一、调研设计 22-23
(一) 调研对象 22
(二) 调研方法 22
(三) 调研内容 22-23
二、对小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学推进情况的调研 23-38
(一) 对语篇整体性教学实施态度的调研 23-25
(二) 对语篇整体性教学实施过程的调研 25-27
(三) 对语篇整体性教学实施效果的调研 27-34
(四)对语篇整体性教学实施困惑的调研 34-38
第三章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学调研的问题及原因分析 38-46
一、在实施语篇整体性教学过程中存在的问题 38-41
(一) 过于重视“整体”，完全放弃了 “局部”知识点学习 38-39
(二)为了体现“学生主体”，大胆放弃“教师主导” 39-40
(三)误解“阅读语篇”的意义，变成“反复朗读语篇” 40
(四)为了“整体情境”，拘泥于“单一情境” 40
(五)为了“立足语篇”，拒绝“适当有效拓展” 40-41
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学问题产生原因的分析 41-46
第四章 优化小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的途径 46-54
一、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂实施的原则 46-51
(一) 整体理解为主,细节理解为辅 46-48
(二) 语感训练为主,语法理解为辅 48-50
(三) 思维训练为主,知识技能掌握为辅 50-51
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的策略研究 51-54
(一) 确立明确的教学目标 51
(二) 分配合理的预习任务 51-52
(三) 关注有效的情景创设 52
(四) 把握清晰的主线设置 52
(五) 关注丰富的拓展阅读 52-54
结语 54-55
参考文献 55-59
致谢 59-60
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板二
Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要 :著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，
因为词语只有在其作用的'文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说，翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱，专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来，习语翻译大多强调语际的交流，而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异，进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法，并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文，选择与原文风格，意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式，文化在变化，出现新的习语，习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词： 习语;文化;翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
History
The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
Colours
Numbers
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
Literal Translation
Free Translation
Translation with Notes
Replacement with Similar Idioms
The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地：)出版社，年份：参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地：)出版社，年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京：世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京：科学出版社, 2006
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论文提纲格式与范文（精选6篇）
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标题：论中学教师对新课程改革的不适应性及应对策略
ХХХ(井冈山大学化学化工学院，江西吉安343009)
指导老师：ХХХХХ
[摘要]基础教育新课程改革缘起于社会发展与课程功能滞后、素质教育与课程运作流弊、价值转型与课程旨趣单向等方面的矛盾动因。在这种背景下的新课程改革，给中小学教师带来了很大的不适，主要有教师的角色转换、教师的视角转换、教师的教学方式、学生的学习方式等方面所引起的心里不适，针对新课程改革中教师这些心理不适,给出教师的自身努力、学校的策略和社会支持等三种应对策略。
[关键词]基础教育;新课程改革;教师;心里不适;应对策略
[引言]：随着新课程改革的进行，也有很多的专家、教师意识到了这个问题，并对它展开了研究。但由于传统教育它的真的是根深蒂固，要想一下子改变是非常难，研究也没有太深入的进行。因为课程的改革是势在必行的，教师只有去适应它的变化，适应社会的发展，才能让自己更好的发展。那么，跟着这个趋势，我们的研究将会越来越来剥出真相，更能掌握住新课程改革的真是目的，提高我国的教育质量和水平。本文主要就对教师的这些心理不适应进行分析，并提出一些相应的应对策略，总结其经验教训，以此给一些处在这种状况下的教师做些参考。
[正文]
一引言
基础教育新课程改革时代背景
社会发展与课程功能滞后
素质教育与课程运作流弊
价值转型与课程旨趣单向
二教师对新课程改革的不适应性
教师对由居高临下向平等融洽的角色转变的心里不适
教师对视角的转换的不适应
教师对新的教学方式的心里不适
教师对学生的新学习方式的心里不适应
教师对自我的心里不适
三应对新课程改革中教师心理不适的策略
教师的自身努力层面
教师要关注自身在新课改中的教师转换
提高教学监控能力
正视自己，提高自信，完善自我
学校策略层面
学校管理策略
学校的培训策略
学校的交流策略
社会支持层面
加快教师专业化进程
建立科学的教师评价体系
要理解和尊重教师
四结束语
致谢
参考文献[1][2][3]
1绪论
选题背景
研究意义
论文研究内容和研宄范围
可能的创新与不足
2国内外相关文献综述
公司财务特征与财务重述的关系
公司治理与财务重述的关系
财务重述动因
财务重述经济后果
文献评述与启示
3概念界定、理论基础与研宄假设
概念界定
财务重述概念的界定
债务融资概念的界定
理论基础
委托代理理论
信息不对称理论
行为学理论
研宄假设
融资需求和财务报告重述的关系
财务报告重述对债务融资的影响
4实证研究设计
融资需求与财务重述相关关系研宄
样本选取
数据搜集
变量定义
模型设定
描述性统计与差异分析
自变量相关性检验
回归分析
财务重述与债务融资相关关系研究
样本选取
变量定义
模型设定
描述性统计与差异分析
自变量相关性检验
线性回归分析
5研究结论、政策建议和研究展望
研宄结论
政策建议
健全监管制度，加大处罚力度，落实赔偿责任制度
完善公司内部治理结构
研宄展望
本文结论
本文以2008-2013年制造行业上市公司的财务重述现象为研究对象，首先对重述企业按照一定规则设置配比样本，然后采用独立样本T检验和线性回归的方法检验了融资需求与财务报告重述之间的关系以及重述公告的发布对债务融资规模的影响。通过本文的分析，可以得出以下结论：
首先，我国制造业上市公司财务重述具有一定的普遍性和频发性。在2008-2013年间，共有541家上市公司进行财务重述，在六年间有90家上市公司发布过3次以上更正或差错调整公告，其中深中华A、廊坊发展和亚星化学在六年间发布了5次财务重述公告，这充分说明有相当一部分上市公司频繁发生财务重述，可以看出其重述的动机很可能是进行盈余操纵、粉饰财务报表。
其次，通过对重述企业和配比企业进行独立样本T检验可以发现，重述企业的融资需求显着大于配比企业，以财务重述作为被解释变量、以融资需求作为解释变量进行logistic回归，融资需求与财务重述显着正相关。该实证检验结果证实了本文的假设，即当企业流动资金不足时，企业就有了以低成本进行融资的需求，此时管理层倾向于修改财务数据以粉饰财务报表，当被注册会计师或监管机构发现时再以临时公告的形式进行差错更正或追溯调整，因而融资需求显着增加了财务重述的可能性。
再次，己有研究表明财务重述会损害股东价值，造成负的市场反应，因此在控制了公司财务特征和公司治理特征之后，预计债权人会对发生财务重述的企业的会计信息质量产生怀疑，为了规避风险会减少对重述企业的贷款。实证结果支持了上述假设，上市公司的财务重述损害了会计信息质量，增加了与债权人与重述公司之间的信息不对称，加大了债权人的风险，为了保护自身利益不受损害，债权人会减少对重述企业的贷款。
最后，从融资需求一财务重述一债务融资规模二者的联动关系上看，融资需求驱动了企业的财务重述行为，但是财务重述后债权人（例如银行）会根据该行为识别出其潜在的风险，从而减少对企业的投资，使得重述企业的后续融资更加困难。可见，投资者通过财务重述行为可以识别出潜在的风险，上市公司应慎重考虑财务重述的得与失。
第一章引言
第一节研究背景及意义
一、研究背景
二、研究意义
第二节国内外研究现状
一、国外研究现状
二、国内研究现状
三、国内外研究评述
第三节研究思路与方法
一、研究思路
二、研究方法
第四节可能的创新
一、可能的创新
二、存在的不足
第二章中国住房供求现状分析
第一节中国住房需求总量分析
一、住房需求的界定
二、住房需求总量测算方法
三、城镇人口测算
四、城镇住房需求
第二节中国住房供给总量及供求均衡分析
一、中国住房供给总量
二、中国住房供求均衡分析
第三章中国保障房供给数量优化
第一节当前我国保障房合理供给量的测算
一、当前我国保障房对象的界定
二、当前我国保障房合理供给量的测算
第二节中国保障房供给数量优化
一、商品房与保障房的需求特征
二、基于住房可支付性视角的商品房与保障房需求群体划分
第四章中国保障房来源结构与配置模式优化
第一节中国保障房来源结构优化
一、部分商品房转化为保障房的必要性
二、商品房转化为保障房的可行途径
第二节中国保障房配置模式优化
一、当前保障房配置模式及存在的问题
二、保障房配置模式优化
第五章中国保障房体系优化中的融资风险控制
第一节中国保障房融资风险与传导机制
一、中国保障房融资模式
二、中国保障房融资风险
三、保障房融资风险传导机制
第二节不同保障模式下中国保障房融资风险比较
一、租售并举模式下保障房资金需求
二、纯租金补贴模式下住房保障资金需求
三、基于财政负担与可清偿能力的保障房融资风险
第三节中国保障房融资风险控制
二、保障房资金使用：高效率
第六章结论与展望
第一节研究结论
第二节研究展望
本文结论
本文从保障房体系优化的一般分析入手，在对我国保障房合理供给量、来源结构与配置模式进行系统分析的基础上，动态研究我国保障房体系优化与风险控制问题，得出三点结论，同时提出未来中国保障房的发展以及理论研究方向。
题目 《辩护律师执业权利保障机制研究》
一、辩护律师执业权利保障机制的理论途释
（一）辩护律师执业权利之界定
1.辩护律师执业权利的内涵
2.辩护律师执业权利的种类及特征
（二）辩护律师执业权利保障机制的概念与构成
1.辩护律师执业权利保障机制的概念
2.辩护律师执业权利保障机制的构成
（三）构建辩护律师执业权利保障机制的重要性
二、辩护律师执业权利保障机制的域外考察与启示
（―）域外辩护律师执业权利及其保障
1.域外辩护律师基本执业权利及其保障
2.域外辩护律师执业的保障性权利
（二）域外辩护律师执业权利保障的配套制度
1.司法审查制度
2.程序性裁判机制
（三）域外辩护律师执业权利保障机制的启示
1.对辩护律师执业权利的保障比较充分
2.赋予辩护律师执业豁免权
3.建立了较为完善的配套制度
三、我国辩护律师执业权利保障机制的实证分析
（―）我国辩护律师执业权利保障机制的现状
1.立法现状
2.司法实践现状
（二）辩护律师执业权利保障机制存在的问题
1.《宪法》对辩护律师执业权利保障缺失
2.立法规定过于笼统
3.《刑法》第306条的羁绊
4.辩护律师执业权利缺乏制度保障和法律救济
5.法律职业共同体缺失
四、完善我国辩护律师执业权利保障机制的若干构想
（―）建议废除《刑法》306条
（二）完善辩护律师执业豁免制度
（三）建立法律职业资格转换制度
（四）建立刑事司法审查制度
（五）探索建立以人大内务司法委员会为主的争议解决机制
（六）强化律师行业自身维权机制
（七）完骞侵犯辩护律师权利的程序性制裁机制
结语
如果把刑事辩护律师跟司法办案机关的博弈比作一场拳击竞技，那么辩护一方就是一个发育尚不健全的小个子，其对手控诉一方则是腰圆体宽的大力士，而且这个大力士还同时充当着裁判者的身份，随时可以叫停甚至把小个子对手判罚出局。这是一个多么“有意思”的场景啊！但这就是当前中国刑事辩护律师的现实困境。当然，从历史的角度看，这种现象已经是中国历史上难得一见的了，在清末以前，这是不可想象的。凭心而论，应该说现在己经是中国辩护律师处于历史上从未有过的“美好时刻”了。在科学、经济、法律如此高速发展的时代，我们有什么理由来悲观地看待“大状”们的未来发展前景呢！可以预料在不久的将来，随着中国特色社会主义建设历程的不断推进，刑事辩护律师的地位会日益重要，刑事辩护的各种体制机制会日益完善，辩护律师的专业素养也会日益提高。如果把刑事辩护律师跟司法办案机关的博弈比作一场拳击竞技，那么辩护一方就是一个发育尚不健全的小个子，其对手控诉一方则是腰圆体宽的大力士，而且这个大力士还同时充当着裁判者的身份，随时可以叫停甚至把小个子对手判罚出局。这是一个多么“有意思”的场景啊！但这就是当前中国刑事辩护律师的现实困境。当然，从历史的角度看，这种现象已经是中国历史上难得一见的了，在清末以前，这是不可想象的。凭心而论，应该说现在己经是中国辩护律师处于历史上从未有过的“美好时刻”了。在科学、经济、法律如此高速发展的时代，我们有什么理由来悲观地看待“大状”们的未来发展前景呢！可以预料在不久的将来，随着中国特色社会主义建设历程的不断推进，刑事辩护律师的地位会日益重要，刑事辩护的各种体制机制会日益完善，辩护律师的专业素养也会日益提高。
论文提纲格式
1.标题式写法
用简要的文字写成标题，把这部分的内容概括出来。这种写法简明扼要，一目了然，但只有作者自己明白。毕业论文提纲一般不能采用这种方法编写。
2.句子式写法
以一个能表达完整意思的句子形式把该部分内容概括出来。这种写法具体而明确，别人看了也能明了，但费时费力。毕业论文的提纲编写要交与指导教师阅读，所以，要求采用这种编写方法。
(一)确定论文提要，再加进材料，形成全文的概要
论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要，以便读者一翻提要就知道书的大概内容。我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来，再把选用的材料插进去，就形成了论文内容的提要。
(二)原稿纸页数的分配
写好毕业论文的提要之后，要根据论文的内容考虑篇幅的长短，文章的各个部分，大体上要写多少字。如计划写20页原稿纸(每页300字)的论文，考虑序 论用1页，本论用17页，结论用1—2页。本论部分再进行分配，如本论共有四项，可以第一项3—4页，第二项用4—5页，第三项3—4页，第四项6—7 页。有这样的分配，便于资料的配备和安排，写作能更有计划。毕业论文的长短一般规定为5000—6000字，因为过短，问题很难讲透，而作为毕业论文也不 宜过长，这是一般大专、本科学生的理论基础、实践经验所决定的。
(三)编写提纲
论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的`，只提示论文的要点，如何展开则不涉及。这种提纲虽然简单，但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成 的，写作时能顺利进行。没有这种准备，边想边写很难顺利地写下去。
编写论文提纲的详细步骤
一、序论
1、提出中心论题;
2、说明写作意图。
二、本论
(一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件
1.市场经济体制的确立，为建筑劳动力市场的产生创造了宏观环境;
2.建筑产品市场的形成，对建筑劳动力市场的培育提出了现实的要求;
3.城乡体制改革的深化，为建筑劳动力市场的形成提供了可靠的保证;
4.建筑劳动力市场的建立，是建筑行业用工特殊性的内在要求。
(二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状
1、供大于求的买方市场;
2、有市无场的隐形市场;
3、易进难出的畸形市场;
4、交易无序的自发市场。
(三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策
1、统一思想认识，变自发交易为自觉调控;
2、加快建章立制，变无序交易为规范交易;
3、健全市场网络，变隐形交易为有形交易;
4、调整经营结构，变个别流动为队伍流动;
5、深化用工改革，变单向流动为双向流动。
三、结论
1、概述当前的建筑劳动力市场形势和我们的任务;
2、呼应开头的序言。
上面所说的简单提纲和详细提纲都是论文的骨架和要点，选择哪一种，要根据作者的需要。如果考虑周到，调查详细，用简单提纲问题不是很大;但如果考虑粗 疏，调查不周，则必须用详细提纲，否则，很难写出合格的毕业论文。总之，在动手撰写毕业’论文之前拟好提纲，写起来就会方便得多。
第1章绪论
研究背景及意义
论文框架与创新之处
第2章文献综述
企业社会责任的内涵及演进
战略性企业社会责任概念及维度
企业社会责任与财务绩效的衡量方法
企业社会责任与财务绩效关系研究
第3章承担战略性企业社会责任的理论基础
企业生态系统理论
利益相关者理论
竞争优势理论
第4章制度背景、理论分析与研究假设
制度背景
战略性企业社会责任对财务绩效影响分析
所有权性质对战略性企业社会责任影响分析
第5章战略性企业社会责任与财务绩效关系实证设计
样本选取及数据来源
变量设计
模型构建
第6章战略性企业社会责任与财务绩效关系实证分析
描述性分析
相关性分析
回归结果分析
稳定性检验
第7章研究结论、建议及局限性
研究结论
对策及建议
研究的局限性
本文结论
随着企业社会责任的不断发展，愈多学者从不同的视角来阐述、分析企业社会责任的理论意义与现实意义。本文回顾国内外学者在企业社会责任和战略性企业社会责任的概念理论，以及企业社会责任与财务绩效关系的研究方法和研究成果，以企业生态系统理论、利益相关者理论和竞争优势理论作为理论支撑，结合我国经济制度背景，分析不同所有权性质对战略性企业社会责任的影响，构建战略性企业社会责任与财务绩效关系的理论模型，对战略性企业社会责任与财务绩效关系进行了分析，主要得到以下研究结论：
第一，本文根据企业生态系统理论以及利益相关者理论提出了履行战略性企业社会责任以及对其进行细分的基础层、市场层、环境层战略性企业责任对财务绩效有显著正影响的假设，并得到了实证结果的证实。实证结果表明，战略性企业社会责任的履行能够为企业带来及时的效益的同时，还能使效益具有一定的延续性。基础层与市场层战略性企业社会责任的履行对后期财务绩效的影响相对于同期有所减弱，但履行环境层战略性企业社会责任对后期财务绩效的影响要显著于同期。在企业生态系统中，企业和企业生态环境是相互影响的，企业对生态系统各成员履行战略性企业社会责任，创造社会价值的同时，企业生态环境反影响于企业，增加企业的经济价值，影响企业的财务绩效。
第二，本文结合经济制度背景，在第一个假设的基础上提出了国有产权性质会减弱战略性企业社会责任对同期财务绩效的正向积极影响。实证结果显示，国有产权性质会减弱战略性企业社会责任对同期会计业绩的促进作用，但对市场绩效存在不显著的正相关关系。随后的稳定性检验又证实了国有产权性质会减弱战略性企业社会责任对同期会计业绩以及市场绩效的促进作用。结果反映，国有企业在履行战略性企业社会责任的过程会偏向非经济目标的实现，而对成本效益、经济目标实现方面的问题考虑较少，在经济价值增值方面的动机弱。而非国有企业在履行战略性企业社会责任时比国有企业更偏向企业经济价值的增值。
第三，由于本文实证模型中检验了战略性企业社会责任对后一期的财务绩效的影响。根据实证结果显示，除环境层战略性企业社会责任外，对后一期财务绩效的影响的显著性明显弱于同期的财务绩效的影响。说明对于战略性企业社会责任的履行，企业并非一劳永逸，而需要不断做出努力，才能促使社会价值与企业经济价值同步增长。
本科论文提纲范文（精选10篇）
无论在学习或是工作中，大家都不可避免地要接触到论文吧，通过论文写作可以培养我们独立思考和创新的能力。那么你有了解过论文吗？下面是我收集整理的本科论文提纲范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
一、套版印刷的含义与基本技术特征
中国古代套版印刷的滥觞——学界的几种观点
套版技术的成熟与分化——明末彩色印刷的兴盛，套印书的大量出现与木版画
二、清代套印本的基本情况——概述官、私、坊三方的特点
以“内府本”为例，分析其使用技术、刻印范围、刻印目的等，折射当时国家中央刻书的一些特点
三、简介欧洲的彩色印刷技术的起源
欧洲彩印技术与我国套版印刷技术的异同
木版画和后来的年画虽然与套印书同出一个源头，但是限于篇幅就不能详细的写了。此外，套印本与现代彩印书相比较，从中也可能发现人们对书的观念——如书的作用、阅读的意义等等的一种转向。最后一部分涉及外国出版史的一些内容。
一：论文题目
从汤显祖《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘人物形象
——看“发乎情，止乎礼”的时代性
二：论文观点来源
“发乎情，止乎礼”出自《论语》，是古代形容男女关系的。发乎情，即人的情感在男女之间产生。止乎礼，就是受礼节的约束。汤显祖所说的“情”是指包括*爱之欲在内的人生欲求。可汤显祖在《牡丹亭》中强调真情，至情的时候，他始终指向的仍是社会现实，表现出对现世的热情和对道德的关注，更重视“发乎情，止乎礼”的教育作用。
三：基本观点
《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘能突破自身的心理防线，逾越家庭与社会的层层障碍，勇敢迈过贞节观，为鬼时，以身慰情人；在死而复生之初，能婉言拒绝情人的求欢，“发乎情，止乎礼”。有人认为，这是汤显祖思想的矛盾性，它在突破传统的同时，又在墨守陈规，是一种退步。而我认为“发乎情，止乎礼”符合了那个时代的特征，而在现代，在女性贞操观念淡薄，过度追求个性解放的今天，其伦理道德意义就更为重要了。
四：论文结构
全文共分七节及结论。
第一节《牡丹亭》：介绍汤显祖及其作品《牡丹亭》中的主要人物及内容。
第二节《杜丽娘》：杜丽娘是人们心中至情与纯情的偶像，对于人物的塑造，我认为主要受汤显祖的文学思想和当时人们思想信仰的影响。
第三节《萌芽》：主要论述《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘爱情观的萌芽。她一面悲叹青春的虚度，个人才貌的被埋没；一面又执着于自由、幸福的追求，“一灵咬住”，始终不放。
第四节《冲破》：《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘死了，可是她的死不是生命的结束，而是新的斗争的开始。在摆脱了现实世界的种种约束之后，她果然找到了梦中的书生，主动地向他表示爱情，并以身慰情人，还魂之后还结为夫妇。
一、序论（1000字）
1、对民间信仰做一些概述
2、关于民间信仰研究的已有研究成果
3、本项研究的意义与构想
二、本论
（一）太谷县民间信仰的概况和特点（3000字）
1。概况
（1）三官爷
（2）五道爷
（3）关老爷
（4）奶奶
2、特点
（二）民间信仰与传统乡村社会（5500字）
1、民间信仰与社会的生态系统
2、民间信仰与社会的组织整合
3、民间信仰与社会的教化控制
4、民间信仰与社会的生活运行
三、结论（500字）
在清代太谷的乡村社会中，民间信仰为民众生活构筑了一个万物有灵的世界，形成其独特的信仰体系。民间信仰以其强烈的世俗性渗透于乡村社会之中，深深影响着民众的人生选择。
民间信仰是广大非教徒民众的超自然信仰，它包括多种观念与活动，而以神灵崇拜为核心。它与社会的生态系统密切相关，并存在于社会结构和社会生活的方方面面，发挥着多种多样的功能。总之，民间信仰与传统乡村社会的生态、结构、功能、生活都有不解之缘。它在该社会中具有不可忽视的地位和作用。
⑴钟敬文。《民俗学概论》[M]。上海文艺出版社。1998第。187页
⑵王守恩。《诸神与众生——清代、民国山西太谷的民间信仰与乡村社会》。中国社会科学出版社。20xx。第10页
⑶咸丰《太谷县志》。卷三。户口。第二十四页
⑴光绪《太谷县志》。卷三。风俗。第3页
⑵李文慧。《民间信仰与村落关系——以清代至民国的山西太谷为例》。第14页
⑶《重修三官庙告竣碑记》。嘉庆二十五年。《平、祁、太经济社会史料与研究》。第230页
⑷《山西通志》第47卷。中华书局1997年版。第225页
【内容摘要】xx年末以来，面对日益严峻的经济形势，国内房地产市场的有效需求被大大抑制，市场观望气氛浓重，楼市成交价跌量少，本科生毕业论文提纲范文。在传统营销模式下难以突围，房地产市场必然要依靠谋求营销创新来取得突破。本文从房地产市场全程策划、产品定位、客户定位、策划方案、包装方案、销售战术等方面简要分析如何进行创新，以及创新需要面临和解决的问题，供以参考，论文写作《本科生毕业论文提纲范文》。
【关键词】房地产营销创新营销策划定位产品客户
【目录】
一、房地产营销发展历程简要回顾
二、当前房地产市场面临市场新形势的挑战
三、传统营销策划模式已难以适应新的市场状况
四、新的经济形势下如何做到“创新营销
1、将房地产全程策划作为创新营销的基础
2、制定明确和精准的市场定位分析
3、建立以客户为导向的消费者关系体系
4、根据产品定位和消费者分析，进行产品创新
5、制定价值独到、具有可实施性的营销策划方案
6、销售推广的软、硬件包装
7、制定合理的销售战术
8、建立高效的成本控制管理体系
[摘要]我国刑事诉讼中超期羁押现象长期以来一直未能得到有效遏制，已经出台了的有关纠防超期羁押的制度也未得到真正落实。为此，本文在阐述了超期羁押的概念，危害性及其长期存在的原因的基础上，着重提出了一些解决超期羁押的对策：转变执法观念，提高执法人员素质；填补现行法律漏洞，完善羁押立法规定；完善对超期羁押的监督机制和救济程序；建立羁押的替代措施
[关键词]超期羁押概念危害性原因对策
前言
一，超期羁押的界定
二，超期羁押的危害性
（一）超期羁押严重侵犯犯罪嫌疑人，被告人的人身自由权
（二）超期羁押严重妨害了刑事司法程序公正的实现
（三）超期羁押妨碍了刑事诉讼的效率，增加诉讼成本
（四）超期羁押严重损害了法律的严肃性
三，超期羁押形成的原因
（一）重实体，轻程序的观念仍较为严重
（二）过于强调惩罚犯罪刑事诉讼目的而忽视了人权保障目的
（三）立法存在着一些明显缺陷
（四）缺乏行之有效的监督，救济机制
（五）落后的侦查手段和模式的制约
四，解决超期羁押的对策
（一）转变执法观念，提高执法人员素质
1，转变"重实体，轻程序"的观念
2，转变"重惩罚，轻人权"的观念
（二）填补现行法律漏洞，完善羁押立法规定
1，完善《刑事诉讼法》关于审前羁押的规定
2，完善《国家赔偿法》中关于超期羁押发生后的国家赔偿的规定
（三）完善对超期羁押的监督机制和救济程序
1，完善检察机关监督机制
2，建立超期羁押的救济程序
3，建立羁押的替代措施
结束语
注释
参考文献
论文题目：我国电子商务税收征管问题研究——以A市国税局为例
第1章绪论
研究背景
研究目的和意义
研究目的
研究意义
国内外研究综述
国外研究综述
国内研究综述
本文的研究思路和主要内容
本文的研究思路
本文的主要内容
本文的研究方法和创新点
本文的研究方法
本文的创新点
第2章电子商务的发展对税收征管的影响
电子商务相关概念及发展状况
电子商务的概念
电子商务的特点
电子商务发展状况
电子商务税收发展状况
税收征管相关理论
税收征管的概念
税收征管的要素
税收征管的原则
电子商务的交易过程和竞争优势
电子商务通用交易过程
电子商务竞争优势
电子商务对税收原则的冲击
电子商务对征管模式的影响
电子商务对税务稽查的影响
第3章我国电子商务税收征管存在的问题
电子商务税收征管存在认识误区
电子商务税收征管制度不完善
电子商务税收的制度缺失
现行税法中关于电子商务规定是空白
电子商务税收征管执行难度大
国际税收问题加剧
第4章A市国税局电子商务税收征管案例分析---以服装业为例
市国税局简介
市国税局服装业电子商务税收征管的要求和目标
市国税局服装业电子商务税收征管的要求
市国税局服装业电子商务税收征管的目标
市国税局服装业电子商务税收征管新模式的具体改革措施
征管机构方面
征管人才环节
纳税流程环节
征管保障方面
市国税服装业电子商务税收征管新模式的成果
行业税收增长明显
税源监控能力提升
税务检查次数减少
干部业务素质加强
第5章国外电子商务税收征管的经验借鉴
发达国家电子商务的税收征管
美国电子商务的税收征管
日本电子商务的税收征管
发展中国家电子商务的税收征管
国际上对电子商务税收征管达成的共识
确保税收中性的原则
确保税收法规易操作的原则
研究制定先进的税务管理技术
加强对电子商务反避税问题的研究
加强国际交流与协调
国际电子商务税收征管的经验借鉴
电子商务征税的重要性
加强国际合作，减少国际避税
第6章完善我国电子商务税收征管的对策和建议
电子商务征税意识应统一
明确相关税收原则
充实现有税收法律体系
利用先进互联网技术支持电子商务征税
建立电子商务税务登记制度
探索实施电子商务专用发票
完善适应电子商务税源控管方法
设计开发面向电子商务的税收征管软件
构筑电子商务税收信息共享网络体系
利用大数据算法支持电子商务税收征管
数字证书应用
加强电子商务征税的稽查力度
加强电子商务稽查模式的创新
加强对第三方的监督与完善
总结
参考文献
致谢
学年论文提纲格式范文
一、资本结构和公司治理概述(1000左右)
1、资本结构的涵义
2、公司治理的涵义
3、资本结构和公司治理的理论关系
二、我国上市公司资本结构缺陷分析(2000左右)
1、资产负债率偏低,偏好股权融资
2、流动负债水平偏高，负债结构不合理
3、国有企业国有股集中度较高，呈现出“一股独大”的特点
三、我国上市公司资本结构对公司治理的影响(2000左右)
1、大股东控制管理层任命,削弱代理权的.竞争
2、企业经营财务风险增强，债权人参与公司治理的积极性降低
3、股权过度集中，中小股东参与权利有限
四、优化我国上市公司资本结构和强化治理的对策建议(2500左右)
1、创建良好外部融资环境
2、大力发展企业债券市场,提高上市公司债券融资的比例
3、调整股权结构，降低国有股比例
4、建立和健全经营者的激励和约束机制
参考文献:
[1]高欢迎,高晓璐.中西方资本结构、股本结构差异分析与公司治理[J].财经研究,2005,(2):42
[2]李新渠,张正义,陈凝.我国上市公司资本结构及融资决策分析[J].北京机械工业学院学报,2005,(3)
[3]李东红.论资本结构与公司治理结构.经济问题探索[J],2004,(6):99-101[4]贾辉艳.论企业资本结构与治理结构的完善[J].财会月刊,2007,(8):64-65
[5]洪锡熙,沈艺峰.我国上市公司资本结构影响因素的实证分析[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000,(3):114-120
[6]赵一夫,田志宏.我国上市公司资本结构特征分析及优化途径探讨[J].中国管理科学,2003,(11):268-273
[7]白继德,高亚峰.浅析我国上市公司资本结构的优化[J].甘肃科技2010,(26):117-120
[8]晏艳阳,韩洪.我国上市公司资本结构及其趋势研究[J].统计研究,2001,(6):43-46
[9]苏艳丽,刘晶.我国资本结构与公司治理关系分析[J].经济研究导刊,2009,(23):3-5
[10]曾宏,陈新桂,胡宇玲.财务困境上市公司资本结构选择研究[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2006,(28):119-122
[11]洪青,公司资本结构与治理结构:国际比较及启示[J].企业经济,2004(1):164-165
[12]姜曦,李青原.上市公司中资本结构的若干问题探讨[J].科技进步与对策,2001,(18):148-149
[13]桑自国.资本结构与上市公司治理结构优化研究[J].生产力研究,2003,(3):111-112
[14]肖俊.资本结构与财务治理结构的关系研究[J].当代经济,2007,(11):134-135[15]童年成.上市公司资本结构影响因素分析[J].商业研究,2010,(10):136-140[16]李维安.公司治理学[M].高等教育出版社,2005
[17]黄少安,张岗.中国上市公司股权融资偏好分析[J].经济研究,2001,(11):72-73
[18]宋清华.资本市场与公司治理[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2004,(1):57-63[19]郑长德.企业资本结构理论与实证研究[M].中国财政经济出版社,2004,21[20]胡凤斌.资本结构及治理优化[M].中国法制出版社,2005,47-48
[21]肖作平.股权结构、资本结构与公司价值的实证研究[J].证券市场导报,2003,(1):72-77
引言
一、课题研究意义
二、民族声乐表演艺术的界定
第一章民族声乐表演艺术审美之“声”
一、对“声”的解析
二、声音音色明亮圆润
1、科学的演唱技巧的运用
2、注重声腔的流动
三、民族声乐的声音符合民族审美倾向
第二章民族声乐表演艺术审美之“字”
一、对“字”的解析
二、精妙的吐字行腔
1、吐字清晰准确
2、行腔中字与字衔接连贯自然
三、民族声乐中衬词的独特作用
第三章民族声乐表演艺术审美之“情”
一、对“情”的解析
二、朴实自然的“情”
1、对声乐作品的深入理解
2、恰当准确的表现情感
三、丰富多彩、细腻真切的“情”
1、生活感受积累的真实情感体验
2、创造性的表现歌曲情感
音色的变化表现特定的情感
表演者正确的情感审美意识
第四章民族声乐表演艺术审美之“形”
一、对“形”的解析
二、“形”美在民族声乐作品中所描述的客观事物
1、自然景色
2、人物形象
三、“形”美在民族声乐表演者全身心的表演
1、民族声乐表演者自身舞台形象的塑造
2、真情投入的舞台表演
表情生动，富有激情
身段优雅，表演贴切作品
第五章民族声乐表演艺术审美之“韵”
一、对“韵”的解析
二、演唱语言的韵律美
三、民族声乐声音的风格美
四、民族声乐情感表达的韵味美
五、民族声乐表演的韵味美
1 绪论
选题背景
研究意义
论文研究内容和研宄范围
可能的创新与不足
2 国内外相关文献综述
公司财务特征与财务重述的关系
公司治理与财务重述的关系
财务重述动因
财务重述经济后果
文献评述与启示
3 概念界定、理论基础与研宄假设
概念界定
财务重述概念的界定
债务融资概念的界定
理论基础
委托代理理论
信息不对称理论
行为学理论
研宄假设
融资需求和财务报告重述的关系
财务报告重述对债务融资的影响
4 实证研究设计
融资需求与财务重述相关关系研宄
样本选取
数据搜集
变量定义
模型设定
描述性统计与差异分析
自变量相关性检验
Logistic 回归分析
财务重述与债务融资相关关系研究
样本选取
变量定义
模型设定
描述性统计与差异分析
自变量相关性检验
线性回归分析
5 研究结论、政策建议和研究展望
研宄结论
政策建议
健全监管制度，加大处罚力度，落实赔偿责任制度
完善公司内部治理结构
研宄展望
本科论文提纲格式
一、撰写毕业论文的目的与作用
本专业毕业论文的目的在于全面考查学生在本科阶段在法语读写方面的学习成果，包括：
1)法语笔语表达能力：用法语分析、归纳、陈述、论述所选专题内容。
2)查阅法文文献、分析归纳原文资料的调研能力。
撰写论文本身是一个为将来做科研工作进行学习和训练的过程。
二、国际合作办学（贸易方向）毕业论文的主要内容和基本要求
本专业对国际合作办学3+1项目（贸易方向）毕业论文的要求不同于单一语言文学方向论文的要求，根据培养法语本科+专业方向的复合型人才的基本要求，参照法国商学院对商科
学生实践性写作一般规范，本专业规定3+1项目（贸易方向）毕业论文要求用法文撰写，论文应包括以下两个部分：
1、一篇在法国企业实习的实习报告，撰写要求以法方学校要求为准；
2、一篇小论文或评论，对有关国际贸易专题或法国商科教学方面的选题进行分析、思考和评论。小论文的撰写要求如下：
篇幅为a4纸4号字单倍行距打印稿不少于8页。
要求对选定专题进行分析、归纳和论证，提出个人的见解。
要求有标题、引言、正文(至少3个部分)和结论。
要求用中文和法文各写一篇150字的摘要，并列出关键词。
要求列出参考文献(bibliographie)：至少列出3篇正式出版物。
（论文的具体格式详见电子版范例。）
三、导师
导师主要由法方教师担任，具体安排由法方学校负责。我系教师负责论文的最后评阅和评审。
四、关于对文献的合法使用的要求
1)引用文献资料原文必须加注释(notes)，注明原文作者和出处。凡是不加注释地引用或翻译文献将一律被视同抄袭或非法引用，将严重影响论文评价（见评审标准）；
2)引用必须合理，符合论证逻辑，但一般不应长篇引用文献；
3)对资料中的事实或观点，可以根据论文论证的需要，在说明来源的情况下，用自己的语言进行归纳和概括，但所有参考资料均应列入文后的“参考文献”(bibliographie)中。
五、毕业论文的统一提交格式
论文要求交稿一式二份，并用寸软盘上交word格式电子版。
每份论文必须包括下列各页：
1)封面(包括题目、作者姓名、年级、导师姓名、日期等)；
2)提纲或目录(包括各部分的页码)；
3)正文，如有必要可为各部分加小标题，部分之间空2行，自然段间空1行，各边适当留出空白，左边留出装订空白；
4)参考文献（bibliographie），要求至少列出2份参考文献，包括：作者、题目、版本、日期等；
5)notes(注释)；
6)如有必要可加annexe(附件)。
六、毕业论文的成绩考核
1.毕业论文的评阅工作
论文首先由法语系教授和正副系主任组成的论文评审委员会进行初评。程序是：导师给出初评分数，评审委员会成员进行评阅和复审，确定初评成绩。合格者方可参加答辩。
论文初评的评审标准如下：
1)格式达到要求10分
2)分析论证的逻辑性与合理性25分
3)法语表达的正确与通顺程度50分
4)文献引用的合法性与合理性15分
(注：严重抄袭者上述2)、3)、4)项均将大幅扣分)。
论文初评满分为100分，60分以上为“合格”，60以下为“不合格”。
2.毕业论文的答辩工作
论文初评后，论文评审委员会召开毕业论文
答辩会。要求论文作者用法语口头介绍论文的主题、主要论点和结论（5分钟），并用法语回答评委的提问（8分钟）。
评委根据答辩人表述内容的逻辑性与合理性、法语口语表达的正确与流畅程度打分，然后经评审委员会综合给出答辩评分。答辩的满分为100分。
3.毕业论文最终成绩的评定
论文的最终成绩由初评分占60％和答辩分占40％的比例计算评定。
评审委员会根据最终成绩对论文给出以下评语：
90分以上者为“优秀”，80-89分为“良好”，70-79分为“中等”，60-69分为及格，60以下为“不及格”。
4.被评为优秀论文者须提交以下文稿：
1）论文的中文摘要一篇；
2）论文的精彩片断3—4段，原文+中文译文a4打印稿，合计2页左右。
七、本专业毕业论文工作日程安排
参加“3+1”项目的毕业生应于6月底回国后立即向法语系提交论文，填写规定的表格。
7月1日左右由系评审委员会进行初评。
7月5日左右进行答辩。经评审委员会评定的最终成绩上报教务处。