专业技术人员科技论文写作试卷一考试会员名：山花烂漫 客观题得分：97 主观题得分： 总分：97 一、单选题(每题1分,共15题) 15 1、现代物理学的开创者和奠基人是： A、爱因斯坦 B、牛顿 C、诺贝尔 答案：A 2、衡量国家科技领先的标志之一是： A、获诺贝尔奖的人数 B、国民经济总产值 C、人口数量 答案：A 3、衡量一个人的技术水平的高低之一是： A、论文 B、家产 C、经历 答案：A 4、理论要不要经过实验验证： A、一切理论都要 B、有些理论不一定要 答案：B 5、检验理论正确的实验是必须能够重演的： A、是 B、不一定 C、不是 答案：A 6、称赞你的论文的人都是： A、坚持真理的人 B、认同你的观点的人 C、奉承你的人 答案：B 7、一篇论文其关键词可以选择几个： A、两个 B、3～8个 C、9个以上 答案：B 8、论文引言就是： A、前言 B、绪论 C、引论 答案：C 9、参考文献的编号一律用什么括号括起： A、大括号 B、中括号 C、小括号 答案：B 10、参考文献号一律用： A、阿拉伯数字 B、汉字 C、英文 答案：A 11、论文中对重要的公式： A、应编号 B、不应编号 答案：A 12、论文中使用别人公开发表的结论，并注明出处的属于： A、引用 B、抄袭 C、剽窃 答案：A 13、论文是如何写出的： A、研究后写出的 B、编写出的 C、从书上抄来的 答案：A 14、博士学位论文至少应有： A、创新点 B、新理论 答案：A 15、论文中对表的题目要求为： A、表的题目在表上部 B、表的题目在表下部 C、随便什么位置 答案：B 二、案例分析题(每题5分,共5题) 25.01 16、在一篇题目为 《目标运动分析新论》论文中 ，论文摘要是： “在我的《TMA理论》那本书中，介绍了TMA的经典方法，在本论文里，主要叙述目标运动分析的几种新的方法，它们是：1）识别-滤波-控制原理；2）交互多模型方法；3）多站信息融合的方法。” (1)、上述摘要犯了那几方面的毛病？ A、使用“我的”第一人称 B、使用了缩略语TMA C、前两句是过去研究信息，应删掉 D、没有交代成果与结论 E、以上全部是 答案：E 17、以下是《人工神经网络在传感器目标识别中的应用》论文的目次： 一.概述 二.数学基础知识 三.传感器基础知识 四.人工神经网络简介 五.人工神经网络在目标识别中的应用 六.仿真 七.结论 八.致谢 九.参考文献 (1)、它是一种仿教科书式的论文，其在目次上存在的主要问题是 A、概述的设置 B、数学基础的介绍 C、传感器基础的介绍 D、“人工神经网络在目标识别中的应用” 篇幅比例偏少 答案：D 18、一篇好的论文主要应该包括：第一，概述该题目国内外的研究状况；第二，用大量的篇幅撰写自己的理论、方法（包括方案设计等）；第三，再用大量的篇幅写自己的试验、实验或仿真结果；第四，给出论文研究结论。 现有一篇《人工神经网络在传感器目标识别中的应用》的论文，作者在论文目次中草拟了以下几个方面： 一.概述 二.数学基础知识 三.传感器基础知识 四.人工神经网络简介 五.人工神经网络在目标识别中的应用 六.仿真 七.结论 八.致谢 九.参考文献 (1)、请根据上述要求，选定目次安排较合理的一个： A、一 概述；二 预备知识（包括所要用的数学、传感器、人工神经网络基本的知识要点）；三 理论、方法（包括方案设计等）；四 试验或仿真结果；五 结论；六 致谢；七 参考文献。 B、一 概述；二.数学基础知识；三.传感器基础知识；四.人工神经网络简介；五.人工神经网络在目标识别中的应用；六.仿真；七.结论；八.致谢；九.参考文献。 C、一 概述；二.数学基础知识；三.传感器基础知识；四.人工神经网络简介；五.人工神经网络在目标识别中的应用；六.仿真；七.结论 D、一 概述；二 预备知识（包括所要用的数学、传感器、人工神经网络基本的知识要点）；三 理论、方法（包括方案设计等）；四 试验或仿真结果；五 结论 答案：A 19、论文题名 青少年足球运动员倾向性的不同因果模型 摘要：借鉴Bcanlan的运动倾向性因果模型及其调查问卷来分析我国青少年足球运动员运动倾向性的影响因素。对北京市252名青少年足球运动员施测结果的分析表明：运动倾向性五因素模型比较符合北京市青少年足球运动员，其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会是主要影响因素，而社会约束几乎无作用。 (1)、从上述内容，可以反映出摘要的基本要素主要由（ ABCD ）等几部分组成。 A、对象 B、方法 C、成果 D、结论 E、设计、特点 F、以上都是 答案：F 20、论文题名：液压式固有频率可控动力消振器的研究 （引言）：动力消振器是一个附加于主振系上的由质量和弹簧组成的振动系统。当其固有频率与主振系的振动频率相等时，主振系便不发生振动。由于动力消振器具有良好的消振效果，自本世纪初发明以来，已得到了广泛应用。 但传统动力消振器的缺点在于其固有频率固定不变，不能在使用过程中加以调节，更不能随主振系振动频率的变化对它进行控制，因而它只适用于消除基频基本不变的振动。对于更为常见的频率经常改变的振动系统，使用传统动力消振器不仅收不到良好的消振效果，反而会招致更大的危害。 笔者提出一种可以用于消除变频振动的新方法，即采用液压式固有频率可控动力消振器来跟踪振动频率的变化，使之在变频条件下达到良好的消振效果。实验表明，这是一种很有前途的消振方法。 (1)、引言第一段反映的是 A、介绍研究对象及其基本特征 B、说明研究对象存在的问题，即前人研究的不足，亦说明了本研究的理由和背景 C、本研究的成果及其意义 答案：A (2)、引言第二段反映的是 A、介绍研究对象及其基本特征 B、说明研究对象存在的问题，即前人研究的不足，亦说明了本研究的理由和背景 C、本研究的成果及其意义 答案：B (3)、引言第三段反映的是 A、介绍研究对象及其基本特征 B、说明研究对象存在的问题，即前人研究的不足，亦说明了本研究的理由和背景 C、本研究的成果及其意义 答案：C 三、多选题(每题2分,共20题) 40 21、实验的目的是验证理论与方法的： A、正确性 B、可行性 C、有效性 答案：A,B,C 22、思维清晰主要体现在： A、作者思路和思想上 B、语言文字上 C、科研三步曲上 D、论文目录构架中 答案：A,C,D 23、摘要的四要素是： A、对象 B、方法 C、成果 D、结论 答案：A,B,C,D 24、论文署名是为了： A、扬名 B、文责自负 C、记录作者劳动成果 D、便于联系 答案：B,C,D 25、关键词可以在下面选择： A、论文标题里 B、论文内容里 C、论文以外的任何词语 答案：A,B 26、引言内容包括研究的 A、理由 B、目的 C、背景 D、前人工作 E、理论依据和实验基础 F、预期的结果 答案：A,B,C,D,E,F 27、论文中应该致谢的人员是： A、指导老师 B、对论文提供帮助和做过贡献的单位和个人 C、资金资助单位 D、对论文做过技术辅助工作的人 E、与论文毫不相干的领导 答案：A,B,C,D 28、在论文写作中不正当的手段有： A、造假 B、剽窃 C、抄袭 D、引用 答案：A,B,C 29、书以性质分类为： A、著 B、编著 C、编 D、译 E、编译 答案：A,B,C,D,E 30、研究生学位论文题目确定方式有： A、老师选 B、自己选 C、师生商定 答案：A,B,C 31、撰写的结论应达到的要求是 A、概括准确，措词严谨 B、明确具体，简短精练 C、不作自我评价 D、需要作自我评价 答案：A,B,C 32、对正文部分写作的总的要求是 A、明晰 B、准确 C、完备 D、简洁 答案：A,B,C,D 33、论证是由（ ）个环节组成的。 A、论点 B、论据 C、论证方式 D、结论 答案：A,B,C 34、选择材料时应遵循的原则 A、必要而充分 B、真实而准确 C、典型而新颖 答案：A,B,C 35、科技论文主题的基本要求是 A、新颖 B、深刻 C、集中 D、鲜明 答案：A,B,C,D 36、引言中要写的内容大致有如下几项 A、研究的理由、目的和背景 B、理论依据、实验基础和研究方法 C、预期的结果及其地位、作用和意义 答案：A,B,C 37、引言的写作要求是（ ） A、言简意赅，突出重点 B、开门见山，不绕圈子 C、尊重科学，不落俗套 D、如实评述，防止吹嘘自己和贬低别人 答案：A,B,C,D 38、摘要的写作要求是（ ） A、用第三人称 B、简短精练，明确具体 C、格式要规范 D、文字表达上应符合“语言通顺，结构严谨，标点符号准确”的要求 答案：A,B,C,D 39、摘要的分类主要有（ ） A、报道性摘要 B、指示性摘要 C、报道—指示性摘要 答案：A,B,C 40、科技论文须满足的写作要求是（ ） A、创新性或独创性 B、理论性或学术性 C、科学性和准确性 D、规范性和可读性 答案：A,B,C,D 四、判断题(每题1分,共20题) 17 41、论文是科学技术发展的记录 答案：正确 42、论文是科学技术成果的载体 答案：正确 43、论文是科学技术强国的标志之一 答案：正确 44、论文是职业道德规范检验的试金石 答案：不正确 45、论文对个人是不重要的 答案：不正确 46、论文对社会是重要的 答案：正确 47、专业技术人员职称评定，论文是必要条件，但不是充分条件 答案：正确 48、专题评论是论文的一种类型 答案：不正确 49、随笔是论文的一种类型 答案：正确 50、看了别人的几篇文章，就可以轻而易举的写出综合评论论文 答案：不正确 51、理论、原理、方法、算法、实施步骤是论文的主要部分 答案：正确 52、上水平的论文成果应该是：前人没有发现的规律、定律、命题类型定理，或是对前人重大理论成果的实验验证，或是对某些重要猜想给出的证明 答案：正确 53、只要论文表达了你的思想、观点，解决了你所提出的问题，给出了足够的证据，包括理论、方法、实验等方面，语言表达有比较清楚，就可以定稿 答案：不正确 54、写作格式十二款是：1）题名；2）作者姓名与单位；3）摘要；4）关键词5）外文摘要与关键词；6）中图分类号、文献标识码；7）引言；8）正文；9）讨论；10）结论与有待研究的问题；11）鸣谢；12）参考文献。 答案：正确 55、论文讨论部分的结构，应包含的五方面的内容是：1）主要发现；2）本研究的长处和短处；3）同其他研究的比较；4）研究的意义；5）未解决的问题及今后的研究方向。 答案：正确 56、参考文献引用报纸的格式是：作者. 论文题目. 译者.报纸名，年.月.日 答案：正确 57、论文应该写出研究工作的时间、地点、人员、事件、过程、成绩与缺点、经验与教训等 答案：不正确 58、论文中文的题目、名称最好不超过20个字。 答案：正确 59、撰写论文的基本要求是思维清晰，叙述完整，条理逻辑，立论公认，表达准确，内容客观，语言简练，科学写作。 答案：正确 60、研究生论文常犯的错误有：a概念不清；b推导有漏洞；c数学与物理不符；d没有条理、逻辑性不强。 答案：正确 具体不知道考卷试题一样不？你可以在百度搜搜其他的！多掌握点！祝顺利通过！
如何写好科研论文网课答案如下：
论点的基本要求是：作者的主张看法和观点；论据基本要求是：事实论据（名人事例）和道理论据（有权威性的名言，格言，诗句和俗句）；论证的基本要求是：对比说理、比喻说理和引证法。写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明它，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。
它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论；也可以先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论。这种写法叫总分式，是中学生经常采用的一种作文方式。
也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的疑问，然后一一作答，逐层深入，这是答难式的写法。还要以是作者有意把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论，这是对比式写法，通过对比更突显作者的观点。
议论文写作细节认真思考：
1、高瞻远瞩：站得高，看得远，不要就事论事。有时看上去好像没有什么，但认真分析一下还是能够发现问题。在看似没有问题的问题中发现了问题，这就是高瞻远瞩。
2、见微知著：也就是说，要从报微小的事物中看到一种发展的趋势，看到一种大的事情。
3、由表及里：要从表面深入到事物的本质进行分析。
4、由此及彼：有时两个事物看上去没有什么联系，其实他们有一定的内在联系，你要能把他们挂起钩来。
应用语言学研究方法与论文如此类课题写的已经比较多了呢.
1．占有材料2．库存材料：当今社会是信息化社会，信息对做什么事情都很重要，也要以信息化来促进教学质量。信息是仓库，有的同学说来说去就那么几句话，就因为摄入的信息量少，所以要善于捕捉信息，占有库存材料。3．运用材料：在写作时，要对储存的材料库进行筛选，提取你所需要的材料。语言表达分析提炼出了观点，又筛选好了材料，接下来就是语言表达了。语言不在华丽，关键是准确、简洁，历来大作家们的作品看起来都不是很华丽，但却读起来琅琅上口，耐人咀嚼，而且能经得起时代的考验，就像如今我们读鲁迅的作品，一样能感到语言很优美。其实，大部分同学语言表达不成问题，主要的问题就是材料少，立意不高。
学术研究与论文写作外研社的答案可以在它的官网上找到。官网上提供了详细的论文写作指南，以及相关的参考书籍、论文模板和论文示例。另外，还有专业的论文写作服务，可以帮助学生们完成论文写作任务。
人民大学国际汉语教育硕士生导师目前还尚未弄清，但我们可以从人民大学语言学及应用语言学研究生点来找寻答案。一下是为您提供的：中国人民大学语言学及应用语言学研究生点全介绍人民大学对外汉语语言学及应用语言学专业介绍本专业是博士学位、硕士学位授予点。本专业由老一辈著名教育家、语言文字学家吴玉章教授于50年代亲手创建，1981年首批获得硕士学位授予权，著名语言学家胡明扬先生曾长期担任学科带头人，至今仍指导着本专业的建设。本专业主要研究方向包括：语言学理论研究、句法语义研究、音系学研究、社会语言学研究、对外汉语教学理论研究和计算语言学研究等。本专业培养具有扎实的语言学专业知识、独立的科研能力、良好的理论素养和实践能力的高素质语言研究和应用人才。本专业目前共有教授5人，副教授7人，讲师2人，85%具有博士学位。目前博士生导师有贺阳教授、劲松教授、张卫国教授、李泉教授。本专业主要课程包括：现代语言学论著选讲、语言研究方法、语法学、语义学、音系学、社会语言学、历史语言学专题、对外汉语教学学科理论研究、第二语言教学法研究、语言学中的数理方法、语言信息处理等。本专业毕业生主要到各级党政机关、新闻出版单位、教育和科研机构从事语言文字的应用、教学和研究工作。语言学及应用语言学 贺阳 博士生导师贺阳，男，1955年出生，北京人，教授，博士生导师。1985年考入中国人民大学中文系，攻读普通语言学专业硕士研究生，师从胡明扬教授。1988年获硕士学位，留校任教。2005年在中国人民大学文学院获博士学位。现任中国人民大学文学院副院长，人大复印报刊资料《语言文字学》主编，北京市语言学会常务理事、副秘书长。2006年获“北京市优秀教师”称号。研究的领域包括北京话、现代汉语语法和语言接触，先后参与和主持的研究项目有“北京话研究”、“现代汉语词类问题考察”、“现代汉语句法问题考察”、“间接语言接触的个案调查与理论研究”、“汉语国际推广研究”等。讲授的硕士研究生课程有：现代语言学论著选讲、语法学、汉语句法语义研究、语言研究方法等。发表的主要论文：（1）《北京牛街地区回民话中的借词》（2）《北京牛街回民的北京话调查》（3）《北京话语调的实验探索》（合作）（4）《试论汉语书面语的语气系统》（5）《北京话的语气词“哈”字》（6）《程度副词+有+名”试析》（7）《汉语完句成分试探》（8）《性质形容词作状语情况的考察》（9）《性质形容词句法成分功能统计分析》（10）《形容词与不及物动词的区分》（11）《形名兼类的计量考察》（12）《动趋式“V起来”的语义分化及其句法表现》（13）《从现代汉语介词中的欧化现象看间接语言接触》（14）《现代汉语数量词中的若干欧化语法现象》（15）《现代汉语DV结构的兴起及发展与印欧语言的影响》语言学及应用语言学 劲松 博士生导师劲 松1956年出生于北京，1983年毕业于北京师范大学中文系，1988年毕业于中国人民大学中文系，获文学硕士学位，留校任校今。2006年获得北京大学文学博士学位，同年评为教授，担任博士生导师。教授课程本科生：语音学硕士生：汉藏语言研究的理论和方法社会语言学社会语言学专题博士生：社会语言学研究领域1、当代北京话及普通话规范问题，侧重研究北京话和普通话的语音现象，如语调、轻声、儿化韵等。2、语言学理论研究，侧重于音系学和社会语言学的研究主要著作《马学良学述－当代人文社会科学名家学述》（与瞿霭堂合作），《汉藏语言研究的理论和方法》（与瞿霭堂合作），《现代汉语轻声动态研究》，民族出版社，2002年1月。《社会语言学研究》，民族出版社，2009年3月发表论文：《北京话的口语语体》《北京话的语气和语调》《北京话语调的实验探索》（与贺阳合作）《北京话的字调和语调－兼论汉藏语言的声调》（与瞿霭堂合作）《论汉藏语言的类型和共性》（与瞿霭堂合作），《论普通话的性质和存在形式》《双语研究中的语言态度问题》《流行语新探》《漫谈“洋味”汉语》《网络语言是什么语言》《汉藏语言研究的理论和方法》（与瞿霭堂合作）《双语学习中目的语对基础语的影响》《儿化的语素形位学》《被字句的偏误与规范》《中介语“僵化”的语言学意义》《词的认知基础》《儿化词变化和变异的社会调查研究》《常州话前高元音的舌尖化》《嘉戎语上寨话》（与瞿霭堂合作）《嘉戎语藏语借词的时空特征》《尖团音新议》《叠置式音变献疑》（与瞿霭堂合作）《儿词缀的意义和功能》语言学及应用语言学 吴红云 博士生导师1、基本资料、教育背景、工作经历、社会职务、奖励、荣誉称号吴红云教授（1963- ），女，出生于江西南昌，语言学博士，博士生导师，英国爱丁堡大学访问学者（1999-2000），美国富布莱特项目研究学者（明尼苏达大学， 2008-09）。现任中国人民大学外国语学院教授，文学院外国语言学和应用语言学专业博士生导师，兼任《中国英语教学》杂志编委、全国英语写作教学与研究协会常务理事。曾先后在武汉大学、清华大学、新加坡国立教育学院、爱丁堡大学、北京外国语大学学习。曾先后荣获“霍英东教育基金优秀青年教师奖”、“北京外国语大学优秀博士论文奖”、“《现代外语》最佳论文奖”、“第九届中国人民大学优秀论文成果奖”，曾先后两次荣获“全国CCTV杯英语演讲比赛三等奖获奖选手指导教师奖”。2、教授课程第二语言习得、语言学导论、英语综合实践、英语泛读等。3、主要研究方向第二语言习得、应用语言学、应用语言学研究方法、英语写作。4、主要科研项目与课题1）2006-2007：主持中国人民大学科学研究基金项目“英语学习宏观理念和微观策略”2）2004-2007：参与国家社科基金研究项目“中国英语学习者句法发展模式研究”3）2005-2008：参与国家语言文字委员会项目“外国语言规划的理论与实践研究”4）2007-2008：指导“国家大学生创新性实验计划”课题“北京市公共场所英语标识规范性研究”5、主要科研成果1) 《二语写作元认知理论的实证研究》专著 2006 外语教学与研究出版社“注重英语学习的内在规律”《光明日报》2008年2月13日“时间限制对EFL作文成绩的影响”《外语教学与研究》2006/1“大学英语写作中元认知体验现象实证研究”《外语与外语教学》2006/3“教学活动条件下大学生英语写作元认知的特点”《心理发展与教育》2006/2“二语写作元认
1.首先我们在写sci论文前要先确定大概的研究方向，是要发表关于理科的呢还是关于文科的呢以及想要发表的杂志。如果是要发表理科的就投sci，如果是发表文科的就投ssci。
2.确定了大概方向后我们就要开始准备详细方案了，展开实验，多整理计算或者实验结果，随时做随时整理，比较自己的结果和文献中有什么不同。整理数据的过程很重要，数据要系统，真实，作图要做的漂亮，美观。
3.实验数据整理完接着就要编写文章了，在写的过程中还可以看看是否有需要补充的数据。看看文献都是怎么写的。
4.写完论文就需要我们对论文进行润色、修改。SCI论文修改雷区，这个修改是要一边看文献一边修改论文，一遍一遍的改，只有反复修改过的文章才不会一投就被拒。
5.论文修改好就可以投稿发表了。
SCI期刊论文若想要发表，就必须将论文发表在期刊上，一定要通过正规期刊发布自己的论文，另外期刊是能被知网收录的。
在SCI期刊上发表论文，是展示研究成果与研究能力，与国际同行进行交流的重要途径。如需发表SCI期刊论文，联系我，希望能帮到您
本文由清华大学教育研究院吴菡同学在教管博党支部与教育博士临时党支部共建活动的经验分享整理而成，分享内容由吴菡同学的写作体会和叶富贵老师《中文学术规范与写作》课程的课程笔记组成。
一个好的idea离不开广泛的阅读，广泛的阅读经典专著和相关研究领域的文献。此外，做到跨学科涉猎，融会贯通，例如社会学、管理学领域的专著， 注意积累理论框架 。其中，阅读经典专著的优先级大于阅读文献。
通过专业书籍、相关课程和在线资源积累研究方法。
此外，关于阅读方法。阅读专著时，忌囫囵吞枣，求量不求质，既要借鉴，也要内化。借鉴即为多做读书笔记，记录经典/独到的观点。（注意记下页码！）内化即为对有价值的观点进行整合，注意对比和延伸。
阅读文献时，做好文献管理，析出核心/经典文献，善用Endnote、NoteExpress等文献管理工具，并对重要文献进行整合（如列出表格）。在读文献时，从标题入手，关注研究方法、理论框架、行文结构（逻辑）、用词（白话or典雅），把握文献的写作节奏。此外，关注文献综述和参考文献，定位经典文献，了解领域概况。学习、模仿经典文献的写法。在引用相关文献时，随手标注出处/页码。
选题时，要有问题意识，并兼顾创新性。所选题目应该具有两个方面的特征，一是可以研究，二是值得研究。
在选题时，着重思考如下问题：
先列提纲（标题），理清章节之间的逻辑关系再写作。此外，在写作之前，确定文章的大概字数，以及每部分所分得的字数，做到各个小节的内容大体相等。
文章标题的作用是高度概括论文主要内容、强调论文的研究方法、突出论文的主旨和核心论点、表明论文研究和写作的目的等。
文章标题的类型包括：描述式、问题式、比较式、对比式等，
好的标题的标准：准确、简练、清晰、陈述明白、引入关注等。
在写作时，可以到知网翻阅与研究主题或使用研究方法类似的文章，模仿别人的标题的形式、用词等。
（部分内容整理自叶富贵老师《中文学术规范与写作》课程）
一个理论能被证明成立，就具备预测、假设和指导作用。理论在于整合存在的“事实”，将这些事实整合并赋予其意义；同一事实可以用不同理论来整合，不同理论就同一事实产生的不同解释和意义，引发更多的研究。所以，在文章中应用的理论，可以起到框架的作用。
定量研究和质性研究都需要依托理论，一方面是提出研究假设、构建分析框架，整合资料、解释资料，赋予资料以意义；另一方面，也能验证理论、回应理论、完善理论，或者生成新的理论。
这里所指的理论不仅是指具体的某一个理论，还可以是多个理论的有机融合，也可以是基于现有理论构建新的理论框架。
值得注意的是，在论文写作中（特别是小论文写作），尽量不要用过于宏大的理论，中层理论和小理论是较好的。
（部分内容整理自叶富贵老师《中文学术规范与写作》课程）
关于研究方法的总的原则是：研究方法（工具）为研究问题服务；了解多种研究方法，选择自己认可的研究范式和自己能够驾驭的研究方法，做规范的研究。
研究方法要注意：1）研究范式；2）研究方法：量化研究、质性研究、混合研究、思辨研究……3）数据收集方法：田野调查、问卷、访谈、观察、政策文本、文献、德尔菲法（专家调查法）……4）数据分析方法及数据分析软件。
（1）文献综述的概念
文献综述是对某一特定主题有关的文献的综合和解释。当你进行文献综述时，你要确定一个研究问题，然后用系统的方法，对期刊文章、书籍和其他文献进行书面总结（这些文献描述了知识在过去和现在的状态），通过搜索和分析相关文献来寻求答案。
文献综述是将文献表达为一个发展线索，一条看得见的清晰的河流，一个理路、进路。文献综述的重点不是罗列文献，而是按照自己的意图、想法把文献排列组合。
（2）文献综述的目的与特征
文献综述的根本目的和目标：1）了解和掌握研究领域和问题的前沿知识；2）了解已有研究的矛盾、冲突、不一致、空白；3）确定自己的研究方向、研究内容，并选择合适的研究方法。
文献综述是制造问题，寻找空隙、发现矛盾，比较、对比、分析不同文献的矛盾、冲突、不一致、空白，分析不同作者、文献之间矛盾和不一致的地方，从而寻找自己研究的空间。
文献综述是评论性的，不是报道性的，而是持批判性立场的批评、辨析。
文献综述的范围：最早的、开创性的；最权威的；研究转向的；最新的；理论的、方法的、问题的、观点的、材料数据的。
（3）文献综述的范式
有3种范式。一是编年式，按照产生时间写，需要把握时间脉络。二是主题式按照子问题的几个方面来写。三是漏斗式，逐渐聚焦，从学科内的普遍性问题向自己研究的问题过渡。
从个人的经验看，可以先按照编年式写，然后改成主题式或者漏斗式。
（4）常见问题
一是罗列堆砌，没有线索理路。文献综述一定要有一个逻辑，例如：归纳、演绎；由大到小，由小到大；由一般到专门；纵的、横的；理论、政策、现象；正反……
二是肤浅表面，没有对文献和问题深入理解。
三是片面偏颇，没有全面系统梳理和分析文献，不当处理文献。
四是引用过多，大段大段引用，或一个文献引用多次。即使引用，也要转换成自己的话来说。
五是评价不当，全面肯定、过度否定都不对。
六是评论过度，文献综述的功能是引出问题，要辨析，但不是论证。也就是说，不需要把自己的观点提出来，只要暗含观点，否则正文就容易没有新的内容和观点表达了。
（内容整理自叶富贵老师《中文学术规范与写作》课程）
论文发表有6点值得参考的地方，一是善于利用课程作业。二是反复打磨 / 隔一段时间再回看。三是重视同行/专家评议。四是了解期刊栏目/特色/层次/审稿周期。五是认真对待审稿人的建议。六是拒稿是常事，要有平常心。
论文要有标题，作者，作者单位，摘要，关键词，正文，参考文献（没有可无）等。论文内容要有论点，一些解题类，课堂备案类的文章是最不容易通过审核的。尤其文章含有过多专业公式或符号的，杂志往往考虑排版的问题而给予否定。还有不清楚的 可以到脚丫代写论文 这个站看下 的。
英语阅读与写作2答案
大家在做完练习之后，可以看看参考答案，看自己做对了没有。下面是我分享的英语阅读与写作2答案，希望能帮到大家!
Unit 1
3.
1) A person can look for a job in several ways.
2) Penguins resemble human beings in many respects.
3) One’s personality plays an important role in foreign language learning.
4) Living in a place where the weather is always warm has many advantages.
4.
Paragraph 1: All inventions are either basic inventions or improvements on earlier inventions.
Paragraph 2: There was a serious accident in the chemistry lab yesterday.
Paragraph 3: Nutritional deficiency is a major problem of the elderly.
5.
1) topic sentences
Paragraph 1: The world had enjoyed many benefits from the invention of the telephone.
Paragraph 2: I had a terrible morning today.
2)sentences that do not support the topic sentence in the paragraph
Paragraph 1: Many people do not like writing letters to each other. And nowadays, the Internet
has brought us more convenience.
Paragraph 2: I heard that he was also very strict with his own children.
6.
Topic sentence: 5) Generally speaking, there are many attractions of living in a city.
Logical sequence of the sentences: 5, 7, 4, 1, 6, 9, 8, 3, 2.
7.
(1) First of all
(2) Secondly
(3) By and by
(4) In addition
(5) In short
8.
1) repetition of key words : junk food, students
2) use of transitional signals: for one reason, also, as a result, however
3) use of pronouns: they, their, this
Unit 2
Part III Follow-up Exercises
3.
Topic sentence: When I was a child, we never varied our Christmas Eve ritual.
1) , when 2) 3)
As soon as 4) , 5) 6) Meanwhile, 7) Finally, 8) After 9), 10) and 11) Ad 12) , 13)
Then 14) 15)
4.
Logical sequence of the sentences:
4, 10, 5, 12, 3, 7, 15, 9, 14, 2, 11, 8, 13, 6, 1
Topic sentence: My family spent two fun-filled days at Disney World last year.
Concluding
sentence:
Although
we
were
very
tired
at
midnight,
we
agreed
that
our
two-day
vacation at Disney World was one of the best we had ever had.
5.
(1) Then
(2) morning
(3) afternoon
(4) Then
(5) After that
(6) when
(7) already
(8) after
6.
The New Year celebration was so unforgettable for me when I was a child. Weeks before the
New Year’s Day, my mother would let me help her send out New Year’
s cards and go shopping
with her. In the crowded markets, I bought firecrackers, like all the other kids.
Then,
beginning on
New
Year
’
s
Eve,
the
sound
of
exploding
firecrackers
was
everywhere,
day
and
night.
On
New
Year
’
s Day, I watched huge parades go by in the middle of the streets. People wearing costumes
danced
past
us
.
Some
o
f
them
were
playing
instruments,
some
were
having
lion
dances,
and
dragon
dances.
Afterwards,
we
worshiped
our
ancestors
in
a
temple
and
visited
friends
and
relatives to wish them happy.
Unit 3
3.
logical sequence of the sentence:
3, 6, 1, 4, 7, 5, 2
Relationship: Primarily, the organization of the paragraph represents movement in geographical
space.
4.
1) in
above
in front of
under
through
behind
2) The central focus is “a shocking experience.” To support the main idea, the writer uses a lot
of
descriptions and organizes these details according to the space relationship, and thus coherence
is achieved.
5.
(1) into
(2) crosses
(3) In the center of
(4) Outside
(5) inside
(6) On the front
(7) over
(8) down
(9) lined with
(10) At the rear
6.
This paragraph is developed in a circular order, i.e. from east to north, and then to south
选B.本句the word是主语，为第三人称单数，谓语动词用is，I是the word的同位语。
Unit1大学英语综合教程1课后答案
Structure
1. 1) Simon's ill — so much so that he can't get out of bed.
2) She herself believed in freedom, so much so that she would rather die than live without it.
3) Piles of work have kept us busy — so much so that we can't manage to take a holiday this year.
4) Many contestants later failed drug tests, so much so that the race had to be rerun.
2. 1) Assuming (that) this painting really is a Picasso
2) Assuming (that) the proposal is accepted
3) assuming, of course, that she's prepared to listen
4) Even assuming (that) smokers do see the health warnings
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
(A)
1. contrast 2. exaggerating
3. priority 4. on the other hand
5. promoting 6. pick up
7. assist 8. accomplish
9. on occasion 10. neglecting
- 96 - Appendix I
11. worthwhile 12. superior
(B)
1. to 2. affect/influence
3. others 4. each/them
5. without 6. controlled
7. about 8. value
9. They 10. little
11. right 12. but
13. in 14. what
15. worth 16. and
II. Translation
I consider it worthwhile trying to summarize our experience
in learning English. Here I would like to make three relevant points.
First, wide reading should be taken as a priority in the learning process, because it is through reading that we get the most language input. Next, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. On the one hand, rote learning/learning by rote is indeed of little help, but on the other hand, memorization/learning by heart with a good understanding will cer?tainly be of benefit/do good to us. With an enormous store of excellent essays in our heads, we will find it much easier to express ourselves in English. Finally, it is critical that we should put what we have learned into practice. By doing more reading, writing, listening and speaking, we will be able to accomplish the task of perfecting our English.
Part III TextB
Comprehension Check
1. c 2. c
3. d 4. a
5. c 6. b
Translation
(#ja Appendix III)
Appendix I - 97 -
Language Practice
1. adopt
3. plus
5. furthermore
7. annual
9. pace
11. on demand
13. perspective 15. fell apart
17. access
19. deposit
2. account
4. ended up
6. fund
8. keeping track of
10. intends
12. devise
14. undoubtedly
16. protest
18. resources
20. from your point of view
Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks
Model paper
How I Learn at College
I went to school in a small town near Chengdu and now I am studying law at Fudan University in Shanghai. Passing from one to the other you have to get used to many new things, not the least being the different way of learning.
At school I found my timetable full throughout the day. One lesson came close on the heels of
another with little time to call one's own. At university, in contrast, only a few hours of each day are
taken up with classes or lectures. In the time made available you are expected to learn on your own.
When and where is up to you. At the same time what you are meant to learn shifts from memorizing
masses of facts to developing an ability to understand theories and present arguments. There are, of
course, still facts to be learned. One should not exaggerate the differences. Nevertheless, learning at
university certainly teaches me greater self-reliance and to think for myself. (169 words)
拓展：
全新版大学英语综合教程
Peggy Noonan lives in New York and writes a weekly column for The Wall Street Journal. This piece is taken from one of them. In it she reflects on her week and on life in the city. Writing less than a year away from the destruction of the World Trade Center, her thoughts are inevitably affected by that terrible event.
佩吉·诺南住在纽约，每周为《华尔街时报》撰写专栏文章。本文即其中一篇。她在文章中反思了自己的一周以及这个城市的生活。撰写此文时，离世贸中心被毁还不到一周年，她的思考不可避免地带有这一可怕事件的阴影。
The Nightmare and the Dreams
梦魇与梦想
-- How has Sept. 11 affected our national unconscious?
――9·11事件如何影响了国民的潜意识?
PEGGY NOONAN
佩吉·诺南
It is hot in New York. It is so hot that once when I had a fever a friend called and asked me how I felt and I said, "You know how dry and hot paper feels when it's been faxed? That's how I feel." And how I felt all day yesterday. It is hot. We feel as if we've been faxed.
纽约真热。天气如此炎热，因此，有一次我发高烧，朋友打电话来问候我感觉如何时，我就说，“你知道发传真时纸张有多干燥多烫手吗?那就是我的感觉。”昨天整整一天我都是这种感觉。太热了。我们觉得自己被传真过似的。
I found myself fully awake at 5 a.m. yesterday and went for a walk on the Brooklyn Bridge. Now more than ever the bridge seems like a great gift to my city. It spans. In the changed landscape of downtown it is our undisturbed beauty, grown ever more stately each year. People seem to love it more now, or at least mention it more or notice it more. So do I. It's always full of tourists but always full of New Yorkers, too.
昨天清晨5点我就完全醒了，便去布鲁克林大桥散步。如今这座大桥越发像是赐予我们这个城市的一件贵重礼物。它跨河而立。在业已改变的市区景观中，它依旧是一道美丽的景致，年复一年，越发显得气势非凡。如今，人们似乎更喜欢它，至少是更多地提到它、注意到它。本人也一样。桥上总是挤满游客，也总是挤满纽约居民。
I am struck, as I always am when I'm on it, that I am walking on one of the engineering wonders of the world. And I was struck yesterday that I was looking at one of the greatest views in the history of man's creation, Manhattan at sunrise.
我在这座桥上行走时总是深感骄傲，因为自己漫步在世界工程技术一大奇迹之上;今天踏上这座桥，我同样深感骄傲。昨天我深受感动，因为我在观看有人类创造史以来最辉煌的景象之一：曼哈顿日出。
And all of it was free. A billionaire would pay billions to own this bridge and keep this view, but I and my jogging, biking and hiking companions have it for nothing. We inherited it. Now all we do is pay maintenance, in the form of taxes. We are lucky.
而且那是分文不花的。亿万富翁要想拥有这座桥，将这一景致占为己有，那得付出亿万钱财，而我以及那些或慢跑、或骑车、或徒步的同行者却能免费享用。我们继承了这座大桥。如今我们所要做的只是以纳税的方式支付维修费用。我辈实属有幸。
As I rounded the entrance to the bridge on the Brooklyn side, a small moment added to my happiness. It was dawn, traffic was light, I passed a black van with smoked windows. In the driver's seat with the window down was a black man of 30 or so, a cap low on his brow, wearing thick black sunglasses. I was on the walkway that leads to the bridge; he was less than two feet away; we were the only people there. We made eye contact. "Good morning!" he said. "Good morning to you," I answered, and for no reason at all we started to laugh, and moved on into the day. Nothing significant in it except it may or may not have happened that way 30 or 40 years ago. I'm not sure the full charge of friendliness would have been assumed or answered.
我从布鲁克林一边上桥时，一件小事更增添了我的`快乐。天刚亮，车辆稀少，我与一辆车窗熏黑的黑色面包车擦肩而过。窗开着的驾驶座里坐着一个30岁左右的黑人，帽子低低地压在眉檐上，戴着一副厚厚的黑色太阳镜。我走在通往大桥的人行道上，他距我不到两英尺;周围只有我们两个人。我们目光对视。“早上好!”他说。“早上好，”我回答着，两人随即无缘无故地大笑起来，笑罢各人继续各人的生活。这事并没有什么特别的意义，只是30年或40年前是不是会发生这样的事。我不知道那时会不会有这种完全友好的表示，又会不会得到回应。
It made me think of something I saw Monday night on TV. They were showing the 1967 movie "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner?" with Katharine Hepburn, Sidney Poitier and Spencer Tracy, about a young white woman and a young black man who fall in love, hope to marry and must contend with disapproving parents on both sides. It's held up well, and parts of it seemed moving in a way I didn't remember, and pertinent.
这让我想起星期一晚上看的电视节目。他们播放的是1967年的影片《猜猜谁来赴晚餐》，由凯瑟琳·赫本、辛尼·普瓦提艾和斯潘塞·特雷西主演，讲的是一个白人姑娘与一个黑人小伙子相爱，想要结婚，不得不与持反对态度的双方父母做斗争。影片拍得不错，故事的部分细节似乎很感人，如何感人我记不清楚了，反正很切题。
There was a bit of dialogue that packed a wallop. Spencer Tracy as the father of the would-be bride is pressing Mr. Poitier on whether he has considered the sufferings their mixed-race children might have to endure in America. Has he thought about this? Has his fiancée? "She is optimistic," says Mr. Poitier. "She thinks every one of them will grow up to become president of the United States. I on the other hand would settle for secretary of state." Those words, written 35 years ago may have seemed dreamy then. But in its audience when the movie came out would likely have been a young, film-loving Army lieutenant named Colin Powell who, that year, was preparing for a second tour of duty in Vietnam. And now he is secretary of state. This is the land dreams are made of. Does that strike you as a corny thing to say and talk about? It is. That's another great thing.
有几段对话让人为之震动。饰演未来新娘父亲的斯潘塞·特雷西质问普瓦提艾先生，他是否想过他们混血的孩子在美国将会承受多少痛苦。他考虑过这点吗?他的未婚妻考虑过这点吗?“她很乐观，”普瓦提艾先生说。“她认为他们每个人都能长大成人当上美国总统。而我则觉得他们能当国务卿也就可以了。”这些写于35年前的话当时听上去或许就像是痴人说梦。但影片上映时，观众中可能就有爱看电影的年轻的陆军中尉科林·鲍威尔，当年他正准备第二次到越南去服役。如今他正担任着国务卿一职。这是个梦想成真的国度。这么说你是否觉得有点老生常谈?这又是一件美妙的事情。
Late Tuesday, on a subway ride from Brooklyn to the north of Manhattan, I resaw something I'd noticed and forgotten about. It is that more and more, on the streets and on the train, I see people wearing ID tags. We all wear IDs now. We didn't use to. They hang from thick cotton string or an aluminum chain; they're worn one at a time or three at a time, but they're there.
星期二晚些时候，在从布鲁克林开往曼哈顿北部的地铁上，我又看到一个我注意过，可后来又忘了的现象。那就是大街上，地铁里，我越来越经常地发现人们挂着表明身份的胸卡。如今人人都佩带胸卡。过去我们是不带的。胸卡吊在粗棉线或铝制链上;有的佩带一张，有的同时佩带三张，反正胸卡处处可见。
I ponder the implications. What does it mean that we wear IDs? What are we saying, or do we think we're saying? I mean aside from the obvious.
我思索着这一现象意味着什么。大家随身携带身份证件，这意味着什么?我们是在表明什么?或者说我们自以为是在表明什么?我指的是表象之外的意义。
I imagined yesterday the row of people across from me on the train, looking up all of a sudden from their newspaper and answering one after another:
假设昨天地铁车厢里我对面的那排人一下子放下报纸抬起头来，逐个回答道：
"It means I know who I am," says the man in blue shirt and suspenders.
“这意味着我知道自己是谁，”穿蓝衬衫和吊裤带的那个男子说。
"It means I can get into the building," says the woman in gray.
“这意味着我能进办公楼，”那个灰衣女子说。
"It means I am a solid citizen with a job."
“这表明我是个有职业的体面公民。”
"I am known to others in my workplace."
“在工作场所别人知道我是谁。”
"I'm not just blowing through life, I'm integrated into it. I belong to something. I receive a regular paycheck."
“我不是在混日子，我融入了生活。我有所归属。我有固定的工资。”
"I have had a background check done by security and have been found to be a Safe Person. Have you?"
“安检部门对我的背景来历核查过，认定我为人可靠。你呢?”
I wonder if unemployed people on the train look at the tags around the other peoples' necks and think. Soon I hope I'll have one too. I wonder if kids just getting their first job at 17 will ever know that in America we didn't all use to be ID'd. Used to be only for people who worked in nuclear power plants or great halls of government. Otherwise you could be pretty obscure. Which isn't a bad way to be.
我不知道车上那些失业的人看着别人头颈里吊着的胸卡，会不会有什么想法。我希望不久我也有张胸卡。我不知道那些刚刚开始工作的17岁的小伙子们会不会知晓，以前在美国，我们并不是人人携带身份证的。过去只有在核电站或政府办公大楼里工作的人才用。在别处，没人会知道你是谁。这可不是件坏事。
A month ago there were news reports of a post-Sept. 11 baby boom. Everyone was so rocked by news of their mortality that they realized there will never be a perfect time to have kids but we're here now so let's have a family. I believed the baby boom story and waited for the babies.
一个月前，有关于9·11事件之后出现生育高峰的新闻报道。大家为那些关于死亡的报道所震惊，意识到决没有什么生养孩子的时机，现在我们既然活着，就该生儿育女。我相信关于生育高峰报道的真实性，期待着这些孩子的出生。
Then came the stories saying: Nah, there is no baby boom, it's all anecdotal, there's no statistical evidence to back it up. And I believed that too. But I've been noticing something for weeks now. In my neighborhood there is a baby boom. There are babies all over in Brooklyn. It is full of newborns, of pink soft-limbed infants in cotton carriers on daddy's chest. It is full of strollers, not only regular strollers but the kind that carry two children -- double-wides. And triple-wides. I don't care what anyone says, there have got to be data that back up what I'm seeing: that after Sept. 11, there was at least a Brooklyn baby boom.
后来又有报道说，不对，没有什么生育高峰，那完全是道听途说，并没有统计数据加以证实。我也相信这一报道的真实性。但好几个星期以来我一直关注着一个情况。我家附近出现了生育高峰。布鲁克林到处都是婴儿。处处可见新生婴儿，处处可见粉嘟嘟的、小手小脚软软的婴儿，他们蜷伏在父亲胸前的棉兜里。处处可见婴儿小推车，不仅是普通的小推车，还有那种可放两个婴儿的小推车。甚至还有可放三个婴儿的小推车。别人怎么说我不管，应该有数据证实我目睹的情况：9·11事件之后，至少在布鲁克林出现了生育高峰。
A dream boom, too. The other day I spoke with a friend I hadn't seen since the world changed. He was two blocks away when the towers fell, and he saw everything. We have all seen the extraordinary footage of that day, seen it over and over, but few of us have seen what my friend described: how in the office buildings near the World Trade Center they stood at the windows and suddenly darkness enveloped them as the towers collapsed and the demonic cloud swept through. Did you see those forced to jump? I asked.
夜梦也激增。一天我跟事件发生后一直没见过面的一位朋友交谈。世贸大楼倒下时，他就在两个街区之外，目睹了一切。我们都看过当日那令人震惊的电视镜头，看过一遍又一遍，但很少有人看到过我朋友所描述的情景：在世贸中心近旁的办公大楼里，他们站在窗边，突然黑暗将他们笼罩，那两幢楼倒塌了，可怕的浓烟迅速蔓延。你有没有看到那些被迫往下跳的人?我问。
"Yes," he said, and looked away.
“看到，”他说着移开了视线。
Have you had bad dreams?
你有没有做噩梦?
"Yes," he said, and looked away.
“做的，”他说着，仍看着别处。
I thought about this for a few days. My friend is brilliant and by nature a describer of things felt and seen. But not this time. I spoke to a friend who is a therapist. Are your patients getting extraordinary dreams? I asked.
我好几天都想着这事。我的这位朋友才华横溢，天生擅长描述自己的感受与见闻。但这次却例外。我跟一位当治疗专家的朋友交谈。你的病人是不是都做些稀奇古怪的梦?我问。
"Always," he laughs.
“总是做那样的梦，”他笑了起来。
Sept.11-related?
都跟9·11事件有关?
"Yes," he says, "mostly among adolescents. "
“是的，”他说，“主要都是青少年。”
I asked if he was saving them, writing them down. He shook his head no.
我问他有没有把这些梦收集好记下来。他摇了摇头。
So: The Sept. 11 Dream Project. We should begin it. I want to, though I'm not sure why. I think maybe down the road I will try to write about them. Maybe not. I am certain, however, that dreams can be an expression of a nation's unconscious, if there can be said to be such a thing, and deserve respect. (Carl Jung thought so.)
是啊：9·11梦录项目。我们应该着手进行了。本人有意去做，虽说我自己也不太清楚到底为什么。我想，以后也许我会试着把那些梦写下来。也许不会。但我相信，梦可以反映国民的潜意识――如果真有所谓潜意识――而且值得把梦当一回事。(卡尔·荣格持肯定态度。)
To respect is to record. Send in your Sept. 11 related dream -- recurring, unusual, striking, whatever. I will read them, and appreciate them and possibly weave them into a piece on what Sept. 11 has done to our dream lives and to our imaginations, when our imaginations are operating on their own, unfettered, unstopped, spanning.
既然值得当回事就要记录下来。请把你做的与9·11事件有关的梦寄给我――一再重复的，不同寻常的，惊人的，等等。我会阅读你们的来函，会理解，可能的话会将它们编成一篇文章，反映9·11事件对我们的梦幻生活和想象力――即当我们的想象力独立地、无拘无束地、毫无牵绊地持续发挥时――产生了什么影响。
第二版新视野大学英语3读写教程课后习题答案
链接：
如果资源不正确，或者版本不正确，欢迎追问
If you put a buzzard in a pen six to eight feet square and entirely open at the top， the bird， in spite of its ability to fly， will be an absolute prisoner．
The reason is that a buzzard always begins a flight from the ground with a run of ten to twelve feet．
Without space to run， as is its habit， it will not even attempt to fly， but remain a prisoner for life in a small jail with no top．
The ordinary bat that flies around at night， who is a remarkable nimble creature in the air， cannot take off from a level place．
If it is placed on the floor or flat ground， all it can do is to shuffle about helplessly and， no doubt， painfully， until it reaches some slight elevation from which it can throw itself into the air． Then， at once， it takes off like a flash．
A bumblebee if dropped into an open tumbler will be there until it dies， unless it is taken out．
It never sees the means of escape at the top， but persists in trying to find some way out through the sides near the bottom． It will seek a way where none exists， until it completely destroys itself．
In many ways， there are lots of people like the buzzard， the bat and the bumblebee． They are struggling about with all their problems and frustrations1， not realizing that the answer is right there above them．
如果把一只秃鹫放在一个6～8平方英尺的无顶围栏里，这只大鸟尽管 会飞，也绝对会成为这栏中之囚。原因是秃鹫从地面起飞前总要先助跑10～12 英尺的距离。这是它的习惯，如果没有了足够的助跑空间，它甚至不会尝试去飞， 只会终身困囿于一个无顶的小囚笼中。
晚上飞来飞去的普通的蝙蝠，本是一种在空中极其敏捷的动物，但却 无法在平地上起飞。如果被放在地板或平坦的地面上，它就只会无助地挪动，毫 无疑问这样很痛苦。除非它到了稍高的位置，有了落差，才可以立刻闪电般地起 飞。
一只大黄蜂如果掉进了一个敞口平底玻璃杯里，除非有人把它拿出来， 否则它就会一直呆在里边直到死去。它永远不知道可以从杯口逃出，只坚持试图 从杯底的四壁寻找出路。它会在根本不存在出口的地方寻找出路，直到彻底毁了 自己。
其实在很多方面，很多人也像秃鹫、蝙蝠和大黄蜂一样，使尽浑身解 数试图解决问题、克服挫折，却没有意识到解决之道就在正上方。
扩展资料
写作技巧
1、准确
要使你的英语写作文章语义表达准确，首先要尽量不要在学术文章中出现＂大概、也许＂之类模棱两可地词语，避免出现容易让人困惑和误解地词语和表达法；其次，要尽量避免使用那些有多种含义地词语和表达法。
例如：Singaporeisafinecountry这句话中地fine一词有多种含义，如＂好地、细小地、罚款＂等。日常生活中这样使用没有问题，但在写作时一定要避免使用这种容易产生歧义地多义词。
2、简洁。
直截了当、切中要点是保证文章简洁地最好写作形式。与中文写作相比，英语写作非常强调直奔主题、简单明快地写作风格。
例如，在写作一个段落时，常常将概括段落主要内容地主题句（topicsentence）作为段落地首句，以便让读者迅速明确本段要讲述地内容。另外，写作时尽量将每个句子写得简短一些，少用或不用冗长地复合句。切记：短小精练地句子表达地意思才强而有力。
1. Whenever I go out these days I always take my raincoat. 2. When they were on holiday, someone broke out into their house and stole some valuable paintings. 3. Having fought for three hours, the firemen finally managed to put out the fire. 4. We all have some faults, since nobody in this world is quite perfect. 5. The train to Shanghai leaves at 21:35. 6. Though it began to rain, the children went on playing outdoors. 7. He was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spit or the interruption. 8. Strangely, he avoided mentioning her name. B. 1. One of her greatest joys in life is eating desserts, such as pudding, cake and ice cream. 2. Because he had drunk too much, he had to leave the party early. His stomach was like a volcano that was ready to erupt. 3. While sitting in the office, she realized she had lost her valuable ring. But she happily found it in the women’s room after work. 4. My favorite teacher, our volleyball coach, who is a native of Indian, is moving to another city next year. 5. After sitting for a long time in his office, I was asked by the doctor finally into the examining room. 6. Wedging his way out of the dining hall, he discovered a terrible hall beyond imagination. 7. The spreading of educational and cultural norm may affect the attitudes and sense of a nation. 8. Nearly everyone knows the truth after our leader mentioned it at the conference. C. 1. In 1934, an eight-minute Mickey Mouse movie was produced, so Walt Disney became a star. 2. The worst time to be in the street in Cairo was after the midnight when the night-clubs were closing and everybody went home. 3. When there was a power cut in the hospital, the surgeon had to cancel the operation because it was very dangerous to operate in dim light. 4. George is an amicable person, who gets on well with everyone in the company. 5. When Tom wanted to come back home, the telephone in the office began to ring. 6. The energy radiated by sun goes into every direction, but only a small part of falls on the earth. 7. When I slid my aching bones into the hot tub water, I realized that there was no soap, but I did not want to get out again. 8. Because Bob’s furniture store, where I worked as a shop assistant, just went out of business, I have to look for another job. 9. Since you are sent damaged goods, the store must replace the items and issue a full refund. 10. I’m not going to eat in the school cafeteria any more because of the unbearable service, high price and monotonous food.
原题书上有吧 我只给答案第七单元IX1. As to what actually happened to the headquarters2. As to where I should go to further my study3. as to how different they are and why we want to keep them both4. as to whether or nor I should remain at the college working as a teaching assistant 5. as to whether the old hard ware is to be replaced by new hardwareX1. There is no use trying to help those who do not help themselves2. it is no good trying to solve the issue beeen the nations by means of war3. There is no sense refusing to accept it4. There is no point in having a load of money5. there is no harm in spending some time thinking about what sort of career you might wish to pursueXI1. An interesting question therefore remains as to how far Microsoft can go with Gates as its CEO.2. There's/It's no use plaining since nothing ever changes as the result of a plaint. What's important is to take measures to prevent similar events from happiness.3. Learn to accept the fact that some people you thought were friends turn out to be enemies.4. As you would expect from the book's title, there are many references to what kind of man Gates is.5. The prosperity of the pany stems from hardworking and thrifty of the entire staff.6. He said nothing at all on the subject of the play which was put on for the first time Saturday night.XII1. 至于那天晚上他是怎么死的，事实上我无法解释，而且也许不会有任何可能的解释了。
2.做了一件事然后说自己本来不想那样做是没有用的；如果你不想做，你就不会做了。3.微软公司正在研究降低其产品成本的方法，以便发展中国家的人也能买得起。
4.苹果公司也愿意将其部分软件与微软公司的产品捆绑在一起，以促进其销售。5. 与评价父亲不同，人们评价母亲依据的是其为母之道的成功或失败。
对于母亲来说，一切都取决于孩子最终成为什么样的人。
Parents differ from children in their career choice.Who should be responsible for planning children's career?As for this question,parents think that they know their children well enough to decide what kind of job suits the children,They are afraid that their children are too young to make a choice.However,many children will argue that they should be left free to make their own choices for their future.The other aspect of career choice is that parents and their children are too often different in their opinions of the ideal profession.Parents would prefer their children to choose some professions that are stable and could bring prestige and economic benefits.But some children would rather choose professions that are challenging and require independent and creative thinking.这可是我辛辛苦苦打上去的呀.。
这可是我一个词一个词敲得。
.第一单元The offensive had already lasted three days,but we had not gained much ground.Our troops engaging the enemy at the front were faced with strong resistance.The division mander instructed our battalion to get around tothe rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack.To do so,however,we had to cross a marshiand and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud.Our battalion mander decided to take a gamble.We started under cover of darkness and press on in spite of great difficulties.By a stroke of luck,the temperature at night suddenly dropped to minus 20degrees Celsius and the marsh froze over.Thanks to the cold weather,we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear.This turned the tide of the battle.The enemy,caught off guard,soon surrendered.这是一个单元的，你要是觉得你能背下来或者你要作弊用你就通知我，我能再给你打。.。
It is difficult to get a welfare client's wheelchair repaired.Once my wheelchair needed repairing,and I notified my caseworker.She gave me a lecture that I hadn't taken good care of my wheelchair.Then she told me that I must have the patience to wait until she had the time to report my wheelchair conditions to my medical worker.Then the medical worker called the wheelchair repair paniesto get the cheapest bid and informed the main welfare office at the state capital.It took them anotherseveral days to consider the matter.When they finally got my wheelchair repaired,I had been confined to bed for more than half a month.。
一至八单元1. He imposed his pany upon her in spite of her repeated hints of hoping to be left alone.2. His friends can never count upon how he is going to act under given conditions, as he is always full of surprises.3. Don't make a fuss about such a *** all thing because that is the last thing I expected.4. Besides being an upright and respectable woman Mrs. Baroda was also a very sensible one.5. She had never known her thoughts to be so confused, unable to gather anything from them.6. From Gouvernail's talk, Mrs. Baroda came to know that his periods of silence were not his basic nature, but。
he liked modern music, in addition to one suspicious package.8. You are legally entitled to take faulty goods back to the store where you purchased them, I was not in a position to publish it for you.7?8.5.3. From Gouvernail's talk.6. The disapproval registered on her face was so real that even I would have thought it genuine. We have received three anonymous letters from Palestine to date, their temporary absence can be refreshing.6, marketing and design.3, is not to be confined to the traditional science subjects. Widespread access to information technology promises to condense the time required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries that involve engineering.4. If you live with other people, which entitles you to a discount on goods. For countries that have lagged behind for so long. It's doubtful whether she can find her way into perfect acting.2. He hit upon a good method to speed up the progress of the experiment. A humble person tends to suffer from solitude.4, while the job of the local government is to prepare to restore law and order, though she never loses her faith in her own ability.5, the temptation to move ahead in one jump is hard to resist. The middle-aged man who took the boy bled the father for $20.4, Mrs. Besides being an upright and respectable woman Mrs. The widowed old lady was so lonely that she would talk at length to the strangers in the supermarket about her pets; but if you receive questionable political contributions for this reason. Having an operation there is like having an endless pile of money at your disposal, who gave his creator permanent fame. To secure major arms deal contracts. Chaplin didn't have his jokes written into a script in advance.8. It's difficult to enforce the new law because people are not ready to act on it.1. Modern munications will give countries like China and Vietnam a huge advantage over countries stuck with old technologies, and find some grace and pleasure in his condition. I called the Freeway Service Patrol for help after my car broke down on the freeway. Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am a descendent of slaves, his business is thriving.4.8.2, at least for the time being.7, but the result of moods, feeling himself inadequate pany. He imposed his pany upon her in spite of her repeated hints of hoping to be left alone, I made it clear to you that if you couldn't pay it off in time. It's important to stop waiting and settle down and make ourselves fortable, his wife had finally overe her dislike for Gouvernail and invited Gouvernail to visit them again wholly from herself. The o were hard to bine and sometimes— as in his early marriages—the collision beeen them resulted in disaster.1, they came to my rescue and left a $ 150 receipt, they have made a substantial donation to the bank account of the party in power.1. In effect. Baroda was also a very sensible one.6. Perhaps this was the price that has to be paid for the progress in the first place— who knows. Mrs.2; I have just mentioned that in passing.1.6, these workers yielded to the management's advice and went back to work . His friends can never count upon how he is going to act under given conditions.4.1.1.6. Now.2. One year ago, which was regarded as a fitting memorial to his life as a writer.2. China has provided more applause.7, as he is always full of surprises.8. To a person living alone. Many sofare panies have adapted general programs to the new operating system.1. He also had a deep need to be loved—and a corresponding fear of being betrayed. By installing the latest wireless tran *** ission systems.3. The condition of loneliness rises and falls. Their dream was nothing less than a more equal society where there is no racial prejudice.7. Since the truth of this report was discounted, more profit where this scientist is concerned than any other countries.8. They broke off the business relations with that pany as it suffered huge losses in the last financial year and went bankrupt. But 。
As you read Passage B the first time, use contextual clues, mon sense and your knowledge to guess the possible answers to the questions beeen the paragraphs. Keep checking and changing your ideas as you read further. Then pare your final answers with a clas *** ate's to see if you understand the writer's meaning the same way。