Romy莎莎mei
2012 Xiao-Ming Liu, Zhan Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Yi-Jing Gu, Jun Xiang, Fu-Yao Yan. Structure and electrical conductivity of BaCe0.7In0.1A0.2O3-δ (A = Gd, Y) ceramics. Electrochimica Acta. 59(2012) 464–469. Jun Xiang, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Fu-Yao Yan. Synthesis, structure and electrical properties of rare-earth doped apatite-type lanthanum silicates. Electrochimica Acta. 65(2012) 251-256. Sa Li, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang. Hot corrosion of (Sm1–xYbx)2Zr2O7 (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0) ceramics against V2O5 molten salts in air at 800 oC. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. 9(1)(2012) 149–158. Yu-Feng Li, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Shinya Sasaki, Tribological properties of spark plasma sintered ZrO2(Y2O3)-Al2O3-BaxSr1-xSO4 (x=0.25,0.5,0.75) composites at elevated temperature, Tribology Letters, 45(2012) 291-300. Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Ke-Ning Sun, Yu Zhou, Jun Xiang, Effect of CaO addition on structure and electrical conductivity of the pyrochlore-type GdSmZr2O7, Ceramics International, 38(2012) 2935-2941. Yaming Wang, Jianyun Cao, Yu Zhou, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Dechang Jia, Lixin Guo, Ball-milled graphite as an electrode material for high voltage supercapacitor in neutral aqueous electrolyte, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 159(5)(2012) A579-A583. Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Ke-Ning Sun, Yu Zhou, Electrical properties of the GdSmZr2O7 ceramic under different sintering conditions, Journal of Power Sources, 210(2012) 96-100. Sa Li, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang. Study on hot corrosion behavior of Yb2Zr2O7 ceramics against Na2SO4+V2O5 molten salts at temperatures of 900-1200oC in air. Materials and Corrosion, 63(4)(2012) 303-309. Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Ke-Ning Sun, Yu Zhou, Influence of magnesia doping on structure and electrical conductivity of the pyrochlore-type GdSmZr2O7, Advances in Applied Ceramics, 111(2012)214-219. Y.M.Wang, H.Tian, D.L. Quan, L.X. Guo, J.H. Ouyang, Y. Zhou, D.C. Jia, Preparation, characterization and infrared emissivity properties of polymer derived coating formed on 304 steel, Surface and Coatings Technology, 206(18)(2012) 3772-3776. Yi-Jing Gu, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Yu Zhou, Fu-Yao Yan, Synthesis, structure and electrical conductivity of BaZr1-xDyxO3-δ ceramics, Electrochimica Acta, 75(2012)332-338. Xue-Song Liang, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Zhan-Guo Liu. Preparation of BaCrO4 particles in the presence of EDTA from aqueous solutions. Journal of Coordination Chemistry. 65(14)(2012) 2432-2441. Xue-Song Liang, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Zhan-Guo Liu, Zhen-Lin Yang. Friction and wear characteristics of BaCr2O4 ceramics at elevated temperature in sliding against sintered alumina ball. Tribology Letters. 47(2)(2012) 203-209. Yuan-Hong Wang, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Ya-Ming Wang, Yu Zhou. Preparation and high temperature oxidation resistance of microarc oxidation ceramic coatings formed on Ti2AlNb alloy. Applied Surface Science. 258(22)(2012) 8946-8952. Xiao-Liang Xia, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Yi Zheng. Influence of trivalent Gd and Dy codoping on the structure and electrical conductivity of pyrochlore-type Sm2Zr2O7. Journal of Power Sources. 217(2012) 316-321. Jun Xiang, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Yu Zhou, Fu-Yao Yan. Synthesis and electrical conductivity of La10Si5.5B0.5O27+δ (B = In, Si, Sn Nb) ceramics. Solid State Ionics. 220(2012) 7-11. Jianyun Cao, Yaming Wang, Yu Zhou, Dechang Jia, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Lixin Guo. Performances of high voltage electrochemical capacitor using ball-milled graphite/Mn3O4 composite electrodes, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 682(2012)23-28. Xiao-Liang Xia, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Yi Zheng. Preparation, structural characterization and enhanced electrical conductivity of pyrochlore-type (Sm1–xEux)2Zr2O7 ceramics. Fuel Cells. 12(4)(2012) 624-632. Kai-Jun Hu, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jun-Yao Wang, Tao Wang, Jia-Hu Ouyang. Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Eu3+-doped Gd2Zr2O7. Materials Letters. 89(2012)276-278. Hong-Zhi Liu, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Ya-Ming Wang, Influences of lattice vibration and electron transition on thermal emissivity of Nd3+ doped LaMgAl11O19 hexaaluminates. Applied Physics Letters. 101 (2012) 161903; doi:10.1063/1.4759006. 2011 Xiao-Liang Xia, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Shuai Gao, Xiao-Ming Liu. Effect of Ce substitution for Zr on electrical property of fluorite-type Gd2Zr2O7. Solid State Sciences. 13(6)(2011) 1328–1333. Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Yu Zhou, Jun Xiang, Xiao-Ming Liu. Preparation, structure and electrical conductivity of pyrochlore-type samarium-lanthanum zirconate ceramics. Materials & Design. 32(8–9)(2011) 4201–4206. Xiao-Liang Xia, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Order-disorder transformation and enhanced oxide-ionic conductivity of (Sm1-xDyx)2Zr2O7 ceramics,Journal of Power Sources, 196(2011) 1840-1846. Lei Wen, Yaming Wang, Yu Zhou, Lixin Guo, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Microstructure and corrosion resistance of modified 2024 Al alloy using surface mechanical attrition treatment combined with microarc oxidation process, Corrosion Science, 53(1)(2011) 473-480. Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Kening Sun, Yu Zhou, Electrical conductivity of 5 mol.% Yb2O3 and 5 mol.% Gd2O3 co-doped Sm2Zr2O7, Materials Letters, 65(2011) 385-387. Lei Wen, Y.M. Wang, Yan Liu, Y. Zhou, L.X. Guo, J.H. Ouyang, D.C. Jia, EIS study of a self-repairing microarc oxidation coating, Corrosion Science, 53(2)(2011) 618-523. Lei Wen, Yaming Wang, Y. Zhou, L. X. Guo, J.H. Ouyang, Iron-rich layer introduced by SMAT and its effect on corrosion resistance and wear behavior of 2024 Al alloy, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 126(1-2)(2011) 301-309. Zhan-Guo Liu, Xian-Zhong Xiong, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Jun Xiang, The effect of co-doping with MgO and Yb2O3 on the structure and electrical conductivity of the Sm2Zr2O7 pyrochlore, Electrochimica Acta, 56(7)(2011) 2837-2841. Zhen-Lin Yang, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Zhan-Guo Liu, Isothermal oxidation behavior of reactive hot-pressed TiN-TiB2 ceramics at elevated temperatures, Materials & Design, 32(1)(2011) 29-35. Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Kening Sun, Yu Zhou, Electrical conductivity improvement of Nd2Ce2O7 ceramic co-doped with Gd2O3 and ZrO2, Fuel Cells, 11(2)(2011) 153–157. Yuan-Hong Wang, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Hong-Zhi Liu, Ren-Xian Zhu, Preparation and thermo-physical properties of LaMgAl11O19-Yb3Al5O12 ceramic composites, Ceramics International, 37(7)(2011) 2489-2493. Hong-Zhi Liu, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Ya-Ming Wang, Thermo-optical properties of LaMg1-xNixAl11O19 (0≤x≤1.0) hexaaluminates, Materials Letters, 65(2011) 2614-2617. Xian-Zhong Xiong, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Xiao-Liang Xia, Jun Xiang, Xiao-Ming Liu, Preparation, structure and electrical conductivity of the pyrochlore-type phase Sm2Zr2O7 codoped with bivalent magnesium and trivalent dysprosium cations, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 509(33)(2011) 8392-8297. Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Ke-Ning Sun, Yu Zhou, Jun Xiang, Xiao-Ming Liu, Preparation, structure and electrical conductivity of pyrochlore-type Gd1-xEu2xSm1-xZr2O7 ceramics with a constant lattice parameter, Electrochimica Acta, 56(20)(2011) 7045-7050. Jia-Hu Ouyang, Zhen-Lin Yang, Zhan-Guo Liu, Xue-Song Liang. Friction and wear properties of reactive hot-pressed TiB2-TiN composites in sliding against Al2O3 ball at elevated temepratures. Wear. 271(9–10)(2011) 1966–1973. Jia-Hu Ouyang, Xue-Song Liang, Jie Wen, Zhan-Guo Liu, Zhen-Lin Yang. Electrodeposition and tribological properties of self-lubricating Ni-BaCr2O4 composite coatings. Wear. 271(9–10)(2011) 2037–2045. Z.W.Wang, Y.M.Wang, Y.Liu, J.L.Xu, L.X.Guo, Y.Zhou, J.H.Ouyang, J.M. Dai, Microstructure and infrared emissivity property of coating containing TiO2 formed on titanium alloy by microarc oxidation. Current Applied Physics, 11(2011) 1405-1409. Sa Li, Zhan-Guo Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang. Study on hot corrosion reactions between SmYbZr2O7 ceramic and vanadium pentoxide at temperatures of 600-1000oC in air. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 130(3)(2011) 1135-1139. Jia-Hu Ouyang, Sa Li, Zhan-Guo Liu, Yu Zhou, Hot corrosion of potential thermal barrier coating materials (Sm1-xYbx)2Zr2O7 by V2O5 and NaSO4, Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, v 32, n 3, p 109-128, 2011, Advanced Ceramic Coatings and Materials for Extreme Environments - A Collection of Papers Presented at the 35th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, ICACC,©2011 The American Ceramic Society. ISBN: 9781118059883. Hong-Zhi Liu, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Zhan-Guo Liu, Ya-Ming Wang. Thermo-optical properties of LaMAl11O19 (M=Mg,Mn,Fe) hexaaluminates. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 94(10)(2011) 3195-3197.
曹婕倩风恬
随着汽车越来越广泛地进入家庭,驾驶技术就让我们越来越重视了。下面是由我整理的驾驶技术论文,谢谢你的阅读。
浅谈汽车节油驾驶技术
【摘 要】全球能源十分紧缺,这种形势相当严峻,因此各种节能技术节能 措施 成为各国研究的重点。然而由于我国能源形势并不乐观,加上在整体能源消耗中,汽车耗能所占的比例越来越大,目前我国石油主要是从国外进口,因此节能在我国更是一项紧迫任务。影响汽车燃料消耗量的因素主要有车辆技术、道路环境条件及汽车运用三大方面, 汽车操纵者对车辆的操控行为即汽车驾驶是汽车运用方面影响汽车燃料消耗的关键环节。本文分析了影响汽车油耗的因素,并对目前常用的驾驶节油措施进行探讨。
【关键词】汽车节油;驾驶技术;节油措施
1.影响汽车油耗的关键因素
1.1驾驶员的驾驶习惯
司机驾驶技术水平的高低会导致油耗的多少。随着汽车越来越广泛地进入家庭,我国非专业驾驶员越来越多,有些驾驶员的不良驾驶习惯,会导致油耗增加。驾驶技术熟练的司机要比普通司机节约8%-10%的燃油。如果车辆过重也会导致在行驶过程中消耗更多燃油,有些司机习惯把后备箱当成储藏室,一些非必要的生活用品堆积在车内,这些都是导致汽车大量耗油的因素之一。此外在加油门的时候一定要平缓,不要猛踩油门,若车辆停止后猛踩油门踏板或者用力踩刹车都会增加车辆的耗油量,开车不要开快车。红灯或停车,应提前收油并尽可能减少刹车次数。
1.2发动机技术
发动机对车来说就是心脏,是核心部分,因此发动机的好坏直接关系到车辆本身的性能。目前汽车发动机技术已经非常成熟,其中日本汽车公司在发动机的经济性方面的研究尤为突出,与国外成熟的发动机生厂商相比较,我国在技术方面与其之间还存在很大的差距,发动机的核心技术仍然还没有掌握。汽油发动机在目前车辆中被广泛使用,但与柴油发动机相比较,在燃烧效率方面远远不如柴油发动机,所以在节能方面也不如柴油发动机,因此今后的乘用车中可以将柴油发动机作为发动机的首选,也是研究节能技术的一个重点。
1.3车身的风阻系数
风阻是车辆行驶时来自空气的阻力,汽车车身质量是影响风阻的直接原因。若汽车行驶速度比较低时,风阻对汽车燃料消耗的影响不大,但是汽车若要高速行驶时车身的风阻对汽车燃料的消耗远远大于汽车克服地面的摩擦力所消耗的燃料量。因此减小车辆在行驶过程中的风阻系数对于节能是很重要的课程,减少风阻系数的措施有降低汽车自身重量以及将汽车车身设计成流线型,这些都能减少空气阻力,有利于汽车节能。
2.汽车驾驶节油 方法
2.1提高驾驶技术
驾驶员的驾驶技术水平是影响汽车运行油耗的最大因素,因此驾驶员掌握合理的驾驶方法对于节能是很有效果的。
2.1.1预燃保温
控制发动机的温度可以有效的减少燃油消耗。通常情况下发动机的温度应该控制在80oC-90oC之间,如果发动机温度过高,不但燃料不能充分燃烧,也会降低发动机油润滑效果,使得摩擦系数加大,机器运转时就会收到更大的阻力,这进一步增加了燃料消耗。通常在夏季气温比较高,汽车预热时间大大缩短,一般只要启动汽车让其预热1-2rain就可以,但是在冬季的时候,由于户外温度过低,汽车预热的时间就要长一些,可以让汽车缓慢行驶两公里自然加热,这样做的目的是减少发动机的磨损,并能够使润滑系统更好的工作,最终达到节能的目的。
2.1.2平稳起步
汽车的启动包括平路启动和斜坡启动两部分。汽车在平路上启动时首先左脚踩下离合器踏板,将挡位置于1档,然后左脚缓慢抬起离合器踏板,同时右腿轻踩加速器,然后慢慢抬起离合器踏板,车辆平稳起步后,变换挡位到2档,尽可能不用低挡行驶。在汽车起步这个过程中,实现平滑启动,让发动机转速和车速协调好,保持在合理的范围内,可以实现良好的节油效果。
2.1.3中速行驶
司机应该根据道路状况,车辆的负载条件来使车辆在经济的车速下行驶,司机有可能在实际驾驶车辆时对道路情况不熟悉,可能不能确定车辆是否在经济速度下运行,这时候司机可以参照发动机的转速,看转速是否在经济速度的状态下,通常情况下发动机运行在一个适度的速度时最省油。
2.2养成良好车辆保养习惯
2.2.1发动机
发动机就是汽车的心脏,如果发动机损坏,直接影响汽车的使用寿命、耗油量和性能等。常见的发动机故障主要有以下八种原因:不按期保养、机油变质及机油滤芯不畅、空气滤芯堵塞、进气管道过脏、曲轴箱油泥过多、燃油系统保养不善、水箱生锈结垢以及冷却系统状况不良。空气滤芯要定期进行清洁,进气管道要时常清洁才能保证进气的顺畅,使燃油充分燃烧。
2.2.2保持标准胎压和正确的前轮定位
要养成定期检查轮胎气压的习惯,如果轮胎内压力过高容易引起轮胎爆胎,此外也会加速避震器的损耗增。但是如果轮胎内的压力过低时,加大了轮胎在滚动过程中与地面的摩擦力,从而造成轮胎的损耗也会多消耗一部分燃料。此外,确保正确的前轮定位是必要的,若前束不平衡,在加大轮胎磨损的同事也会增加车辆在行驶过程中的阻力,油耗也越来越多。
2.2.3机油的更换及选择
当我们更换机油时一般集中在油的级别和粘度两个指标上,如果机油的粘稠度比较高,这样的机油流动性就会很差,可能会损耗大量的能量。因此,在高温和重载荷下工作条件下采用这种机油比较合适。低温,低负荷下工作的条件下就比较适合使用比较稀释的机油。
2.3培养良好的驾驶习惯
司机在驾驶车辆时要时刻关注道路情况,尽量减少车辆紧急制动、猛加油门或者急转弯,车辆在道路行驶时司机不仅要看正前方的车辆,也要时刻关注前两三辆车的行驶情况,如发生事故可以做到提前采取避让措施。车辆在切忌低档高速行驶;通常汽车预热的时候可以让汽车缓慢行驶两公里自然加热,这样做的目的是减少发动机的磨损,并能够使润滑系统更好的工作,最终达到节能的目的。
2.4行车温度控制
行车温度包括冷却水温度、机油温度、齿轮油温度,其中发动机冷却水温度对车辆油耗影响很大。正常的发动机冷却水温度,可以保持发动机具有良好的动力性和经济性。第一次将油箱加满,记录行驶里程,之后再次加满油箱,记录这次的加油量以及这次能够行驶的里程,将第二次记录的里程数与第一次记录里程数进行相减,得到一个差值,用第二次加油量与这个差值进行相除,得到的值乘一百就是车辆的百公里要耗费的实际油量(加油量÷公里数×100=百公里耗油量),也可以通过这个实验得到多组数据,对这些数据求平均值,即可得到油耗的均值。燃油经济性是一个涉及多方面因素的研究。因此,如何节省汽车燃料还是不能局限于某一点或某一方面。
2.5合理使用汽车空调
车速低于60km/h时, 可以打开车窗通风,或者只用空调的通风功能, 不必开空调制冷功能,这样空调的压缩机就不会启动,不会消耗发动机的功率,节省燃油。如果车速超过80km/h时,应关闭车窗开启空调调节车内空气,避免开窗空气阻力变大,且空调的温度不应设定过低,以人体感觉舒适为原则。
3. 总结
我国由于汽车业的高速发展以及越来越多的私家车的使用,造成我过石油供应和需求的差距越拉越大。有数据显示,60%的原油被提炼成了汽油,而这些汽油正是被越来越多的汽车所消耗。驾驶节能在节省燃油、减少废气的排放的同时,也能有效降低了道路交通事故的发生,减少了零部件的磨损,提高车辆的使用寿命。因此,汽车的节能技术的研究对我国汽车业的发展至关重要。
【参考文献】
[1]张大增.浅谈汽车驾驶中的节油技巧[J].企业技术开发,2011(3).
[2]吴浩硅.汽车驾驶与维护技术[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2007.
[3]师建海.浅谈汽车驾驶技术与汽车油耗的影响[J].中国电子商务,2011(5).
[4]曾诚,蔡凤田,刘莉等.不同驾驶操作方法下的汽车运行燃料消耗量分析[J].汽车节能,2010(2).
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