United States Senate Committee on Appropriations The United States Senate Committee on Appropriations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. It has jurisdiction over all discretionary spending legislation in the Senate. The Senate Appropriations Committee is the largest committee in the . Senate, consisting of 30 members. Its role is defined by the . Constitution, which requires "appropriations made by law" prior to the expenditure of any money from the Treasury, and is therefore one of the most powerful committees in the Senate. The committee was first organized on March 6, 1867, when power over appropriations was taken out of the hands of the Finance appropriations processThe federal budget is divided into two main categories: discretionary spending and mandatory spending. Each appropriations subcommittee develops a draft appropriations bill covering each agency under its jurisdiction based on the Congressional Budget Resolution, which is drafted by an analogous Senate Budget committee. Each subcommittee must adhere to the spending limits set by the budget resolution and allocations set by the full Appropriations Committee, though the full Senate may vote to waive those limits if 60 senators vote to do so. The committee also reviews supplemental spending bills (covering unforeseen or emergency expenses not previously budgeted).Each appropriations bill must be passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president prior to the start of the federal fiscal year, October 1. If that target is not met, as has been common in recent years, the committee drafts a continuing resolution, which is then approved by Congress and signed by the President to keep the federal government operating until the individual bills are approved.
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
2017学前教育毕业论文开题报告范文
论文题目： 在多元智能理论指导下对幼儿游戏进行设计与指导
一、 课题研究论证报告：
1. 课题提出的背景与所要解决的主要问题
(1) 课题提出的背景：
《联合国儿童公约》中明确规定：儿童有游戏的权利;《幼儿园工作规程》中也明确指出：游戏是对幼儿进行全面发展教育的重要形式;《幼儿园指导(纲要)》中也同时指出：“玩是幼儿的天性”、“以游戏为基本活动”。
当今世界著名的心理学家、教育家美国哈佛大学霍华德.加德纳教授提出的多元智能理论，在全球教育界中对教育观、幼儿评价观、教师教学方法和教学行为等方面产生了广泛深远的影响.但如何在多元智能理论指导下，对幼儿游戏进行设计与指导呢?翻阅近年来的研究资料，发现这方面的研究较少，相信通过本课题的研究，可以弥补以上空缺，并对教师的实践工作有一定的指导和意义。
(2) 所要解决的问题:
通过本课题的研究，使教师及家长掌握正确的游戏观和游戏方法，了解多元智能理论、家园共育,使幼儿各方面智能得以全面、和谐、充分的发展。
2. 本课题在国内外同一研究领域的现状与趋势分析:
(1) 国内外同一研究领域的现状与趋势分析
哈佛大学教师霍华德.加德纳与1983年创立了多元智能理论，受到全世界的欢迎和重视，我国也借以推动教育改革的步伐。游戏曾在30——40年代在我国幼儿园课程研究中是一个重要课题，50年代以后，游戏的作用被削弱，成为课程的附加物，80年代以后，游戏的地位和作用再次受到重视。
国外的研究较为丰富，从自然主义教育到进步主义，直至后现代教育，几乎都非常关注游戏对幼儿园课程的价值，幼教史上的许多先驱们也都在不同程度上研究了游戏，如：蒙台梭利、杜威、裴斯泰洛齐等。
(2) 本课题与之联系与区别:
虽然我国和国外对于游戏的研究较为丰富，为我们的研究奠定了基础，但多元智能教育的引入却在最近几年，在其理论指导下，对幼儿游戏进行设计与指导的研究却没有系统的理论。因此，我们会在借鉴霍华德.加德纳‘多元智能理论’的基础上，进行深入化的本土研究.
3. 课题的实践意义与理论价值:
本研究所获得的成果，可用于我国的幼儿园课程改革之中，对指导幼儿园课程的建设、幼儿园课程的改革有重要的指导价值，本课题形式的游戏集可直接用于我国幼儿园的课程实践之中;本课题以多元智能理论为指导，形成一些有关游戏方面的新的理论观点、丰富和发展我国的幼儿园课程建设，努力形成在多元智能理论指导下，幼儿游戏设计与指导的新的理论见解。这对加快幼儿教育理论建设的步伐具有重要的意义。
4. 完成课题的可行性分析:
(1)课题组成员由幼儿园骨干教师组成，学历均为幼教大专水
平，且参加过幼儿园科研骨干培训，研究力量比较强，且在全国各级
各类幼教刊物和论文集中发表过多篇文章。
(2) 前期准备工作从——，长达一年的时间，我们
组织课题组成员学习相关理论，制定相关的研究计划。
(3) 幼儿园领导亲自主持课题研究，保证了课题经费的落实;每
人每周至少实施一次与课题有关的活动，每月集中交流或观摩一次;
每周三业务学习一次，由主持人带领，一个月总结一次。
二、课题的界定与支撑理论:
1.课题的界定与支撑理论
(1)著名的心理学家、教育家美国哈佛大学教授霍华德.加德纳提出的多元智能理论，提出了8种职能，说明每个人都是聪明的，重要的不是你有多聪明，而是如何聪明。考虑到个别差异，彻底因材施教.
(2)《幼儿园工作规程》中明确指出：游戏是对幼儿进行全面发展教育的重要形式;《幼儿园指导(纲要)》同时也指出：玩是幼儿的天性、以游戏为基本活动。
2.研究目标设计
(1)分析研究应享幼儿游戏的各种因素
(2)探索研究出用来发展幼儿八大智能的游戏及指导方法
(3)幼儿体验到游戏的乐趣，使之各方面智能得以全面发展
3.研究内容设计
(1)深入系统的解读多元智能理论，把握这一理论的.核心精神
(2)在多元智能理念的指导下如何转变教育观念，如何创建八大智能游戏，从而有效地促进幼儿的发展
4.研究过程设计
本课题研究分为三个阶段：
(1) 准备阶段(2017年2月——2017年3月)：根据市教研所的有关意见和我园实际确立子课题研究内容，收集与课题研究相关的资料，掌握本课题研究的最新动态;制定、论证课题研究方案;申报课题;组建课题组;培训科研组有关人员等。
(2) 实施阶段(2017年3月——2017年5月)：根据研究目标、内容制定阶段研究计划，边实施，边总结，边修正;建立、健全档案。活动开展的各项资料，为研究成果提供实践支撑。
(3) 总结阶段(2017年5月——2017年12月)：对各类资料分类，对研究数据进行分析，对照研究方案进行课题的全程总结。申报课题评审鉴定。
5. 研究方法设计
研究对象为2006年秋季入园的小班幼儿，研究在常态下进行。本课题研究采取边实施、边研究、边验证、边修正的行动研究方法为基本方法，同时，综合运用文献法、观察法、调查法、准试验法、学习讨论法等方法，针对本课题的特点，我们还将特别采用：家园协同法。
6. 完成本课题研究任务的保证措施
(1) 省、市教科所的重视、支持、鼓励和指导及省、市幼教专家的具体帮助指导。
(2) 幼儿园根据课题的需要，保证经费的投入。
(3) 以科教兴园、兴教的良好意识、严谨科学的研究态度、规范、严格的流程管理，确保课题的顺利进行。
7. 预期研究成果
预期完成时间：2017年12月
预期研究成果：研究报告、系列游戏活动方案集、音像资料及活动展示。
在不断进步的时代，报告有着举足轻重的地位，多数报告都是在事情做完或发生后撰写的。一听到写报告马上头昏脑涨？以下是我整理的毕业论文开题报告，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
一、课题的提出
新课改逐步进入课堂，教学观念，教学行为有了新的变化。课堂教学变得开放，灵活，学生的主体性，自主学习和实践探究的机会，也相应增多，老师的主导性显示无尽的力量，改革教育方法，探索高效课堂的模式，是每个教育工作者关注点，并成为教研的课题。
实施开放式高效课堂教学，会让学生对学习产生浓厚的兴趣，以积极的态度去主动探求知识，这种教学模式帮助学生变“畏学”“苦学”为“乐学”，“我要学”；成为一种愉快的学习。体验到学习数学过程是不断地发现，探求，总结，不断的创新，从学习的成功获得乐趣，实现成功，从中树立信心，激发学习兴趣。培养出高素质人才。这种模式的探索，是激活学生思维，充分调学生的主动性，积极性，迅速进入学习状态的有效途径。同时，又能快速提高学生的数学素养。
目前，学生的思想活跃，正处于形成各种兴趣的最佳时间。我们教师要抓住有效的时期，进行教育。然而，如今数学教学情况不令人满意，只有少部分学生接受能力较强或有强烈的学习意愿。大部分学生走进了“苦学”的状态，身心疲惫，把数学学习当成苦任务去完成。其中，40%左右的学生由于数学基础差，对数学产生了“厌学”的情绪。另有30%左右的学生，认为初中数学无用而直接放弃。这对数学质量的提高影响极大，因此，解决好这种现状成为当务之急的首要任务。
1、教学改革是发展只需。
社会的发展离不开学校的教育，离不开人才的培养，当今社会的迅猛发展急需我们进行教育改革。
2、高效是教育自身发展的需要。
精讲多练，适应社会的发展是顺应时展的需要，更是教改提高教育质量的必须。
3、高效是充分利用有效的时间，掌握知识的有效途径。
高效的教学艺术，是指教师在教学应用各种方案，合理有效，快捷地掌握更多知识的教学方法。使知识的能量做到最大的释放。
本课题研究依据课堂教学依托社会环境，从数学教学的性质和特点出发，针对我校的情况，引进新课标的基本理论，及当今的教育思想探求开展初中数学教育的方略，充分发挥学生的主动性，实现师生互动，面向社会，向社会生活开放、拓宽数学教育途径，使学生在课堂中用数学，学数学，让学生喜爱数学，知道数学的价值，培养学生的数学素养。
数学课堂教学是充分关注和培养学生的学习兴趣，尊重学生发展的需要，个性特征，认知水平，思维能力的不同，以教师为主导，学习为主体，交流合作为主要方式，课堂活动为支持，创设学生自主学习的情景，加强课堂内容，获取更大的效益。也是我们研究课堂教学的力量源泉。
二、理论依据
1、基于优化教学理念：即在有效的时间取得最大化的效果，全面地孝虑教学规律，教学原则，现代化教学方式，充分调动全体学生的积极性，主动性，奠定了本课题研究依据。
2、有效的教学理论。它的基本观点是教学有没有教学效率，是充分调动师生的.积极性，主动性。发挥最大的能量，教师的教学就是要将学生的学习效果最大化，因而，有效教学理论成为本研究最直接的研究依据。
三、课题研究目标
1、科研目标。
通过研究，增长教师的智慧，提高自身的教育科研能力。在数学教学上有所新的突破。
2、发展目标。
活跃课堂氛围，充分调动学生的学习兴趣，成为学习的主人，并终身受用。
四、课题内容
在初中数学课堂教学中，充分利用有效时间，把握情况，注意取舍，做到让学生多讲一些，多做一些，更轻松一些，让学生学的更多一些。
五、研究方法
（一）调查法。
1、学生对数学的喜欢情况。
2、互助学习，以通俗的语言表述知识。
3、数学与生活的联系，并引人生活中。
（二）案例法。
（三）文献法。
（四）行动研究法
六、研究成果
1、增强主体意识：
通过实验，学生的主体性，主动性，得到较好的发展。从课内到课外，从校内到校外，联系社会生活构建数学模型，参与，合作展示学生的能力，语言能力有极大的提高。
2、提高了学生的实践能力。
重视引导学生从生活实践中，从兴趣中学习数学，运用数学，培养了学生的良好的习惯，创新思维得到了充分的展示，取得了良好的成绩。
3、提升了教师的素养。
从枯燥的教学中，转到了寓教于乐的教学中，更灵活有效地解决难题年轻教师迅速成长。
4、撰写一些案例，心得，论文，提炼了一些好的经验和方法。为今后的研究累积了丰富的素材。
论文《数学问题生活化》
案例：《应用题教学的对策》
七、研究过程
（一）从兴趣和能力着眼。
1、数学话题轻松，使学生对数学有需求感。
2、让快乐进入课堂，相信学生，共同进步。
3、体会数学与生活联系的密切感，展示数学在生活中的美。
（二）合作讨论。
1、建立师生和谐关系。
2、让神奇的数学从生活体现。
3、记好课堂笔记。
（三）共同进步。
1、结对子帮助学生共同进步。
2、诊治错题，找出症结，引以为戒。
（四）师生的共同反思。
反思是教与学的力量源泉，是探索，总结，再探索，再总结的一个提升过程，逐步完善教学，而学生也逐步掌握知识的内涵，扩展其外延，并应用于生活实践。
八、课题研究反思与设想
1、结题不停止前进的步伐。
尽管我们这一课题按计划即将结题，但我们仍要坚持研究，在今后的教学中加以巩固与推广并拓展。
2、主要问题和今后设想。
在整个研修中，还有一些未尽之事，但反映状况良好，今后继续加强教师科研能力，在学中研，研中学，多次反复的提升，增强信心，一定会取得更好的成绩。
一、选题依据
快乐教学方法已在教育部门开展了十多年了，这一思维方式基本上走向了一个新的阶段。但由于农村学校的条件限制和人们观念的改变不足，远远落后于实践的需要。随着教改的不断深入，语言生活化越来越受到人们的重视，并不断地创新。
然而，目前我校仍很匮乏，把启发式教学，情景式教学，电子教学等误以为是语言生活化。有许多问题和困难，例如：教师的自身素养，学生学识的欠缺，生活范围的局限性等等。此外，加之中考的主导，教学评价的不足，造成了教改的不能深入。
新课标的变化，要求以发展学生为本，注重学生学识与能力过程和方法，情感态度和价值观等三个方向的全面发展。注重学生的个性发展，重视学生终身可持续发展。使语言的生活化能完全地融人到教学改革之中。在教学中容易与学生产生共鸣，可使课堂产生融洽，合作，互敬的气氛，为营造良好的动力机制。故而，本课题组就对数学课堂教学中如何进行教学作了一些实践研究，探索出新的教学风格。
二、理论价值
语言生活化它不仅是一种教学手段，而且，可作为一条教学原则，是追求人性化和创造性质的教学。因此，实践中产生新的做法和思想，可丰富教学理论的内涵。教学理论与实践相结合的体现，知识的重现，重现确认，这不仅是教学的要求，也是跟随时代的必需。是教育理论思想上升到一个新的境界。
数学语言生活化是联系知识、掌握知识的有效途径之一，具有开放性，提升了人们对教学中问题的认识。作为教师要做一个好的引导者，引导学生表达出想要表达的事情，是教学主导与主体的体现。它应归交往行为的范例，可以丰富理论，起到活学活用，增加学生学习兴趣的作用。
三、实践意义
课堂教学的要点是要用语言来交流，言谈与倾听，沟通与合作。以师生心理世界开放为特性，以互动为方式，使师生之间心灵世界得以相遇，从而引发学生智慧火花，激发学生创新的灵性，教师的专业化也会得到很大的`发展。
语言的生活化，不仅可以把知识引入社会实践，而且可以启发学生促进其积极思考，给学生以更广阔的思维空间的开放性问题。引导学生发散思维，逆向思维和创新思维，是对传统教学的深刻革命，同时也是给学生的运用知识解决问题的一些方法。
针对本课题的研究，旨在激发学生的学习兴趣，帮助其找到适合掌握知识的方法，并能熟练地，准确地运用。可以提高学生学习的主动性和自觉性，提升学生自主探究，自主建构的能力，培养学生思维的能力。
四、研究内容
1、联系生活实际的知识及其应用范围。
2、对语言生活化程度的理解和表述。
3、帮助学生正确理解与运用知识，用日常生活的语言表达。
4、对数学教学的辅助指导作用方法。
五、研究途径
1、收集资料法：查阅资料，了解知识的动态，借鉴有用的做法。
2、调查法：了解学生学习知识后的运用效果，并提出新方法。
3、行动研究法：分析实施中的问题，并不断地改进。
4、经验总结法：对课堂实践研究、分析、整理相应的方法。
六、进程设计
（一）准备阶段：
1、收集资料，确定研究方向与研究策略。
2、学习有关理论，落实课目。
3、了解学生学习现状，并了解其障碍，找出问题，写出报告。
4、为研究课题提供情况，找到研究的基点。
（二）实施阶段：
1、分析学生学习障碍，规划好“语言生活化”的实施方案。
2、边实践边改进，克服旧的教育理念的习惯思维，顺利开展研究。
3、整理可操作性资料，在教学中研究实践。
4、写出相关论文，写出结题报告。
七、研究能力
本课题聘请了我校数学组成员，他们中有经验丰富的高级教师，也有学校的教学中坚，县级优秀教学能力，等大力的支持。有编写学习资料的青年教师，他们教学成绩优异，获得社会的好评，所以我坚信本课题能保质保量地完成。
八、实施方案
1、保证每周有1节课时间进行课堂实践研究。
2、直接参与课堂教学，在实践中设计教学方案，做到灵活多变、生活化。
3、教学中注重师生互动，通俗易懂，使学生有化繁为易的感受。
4、研究过程中，请相关教师给予帮助，提出建议，及时改进。
5、从学生的学习效果来寻找教学中的不足并加以改进。
6、做好记录，总结经验和教训，产生研究成果，写出论文。
九、重点和难点
（一）重点：
1、知识与实践中生活的联系。
2、通过语言生活化，重设教学“场景”
（二）难点：
1、生活中教学知识的寻找
2、做好主体性和主导性的平衡
3、创造良好的学习氛围，营造学生敢于设问的场景
十、预期成果
（1）形成初中数学课堂中语言生活化得失的分析。
（2）促进学生学习知识的积极性。
（3）总结经验，促进教学，撰写论文。
（4）指出对教学的指导作用及其得与失。
提供几篇论文,仅供参考.离异家庭教养孩子的误区父母离异对孩子的心理伤害固然是巨大的，但离异父母对子女教育方式的选择才是影响孩子一生的问题，现在有一部分离异家庭在教育上存在以下几个误区：误区之一：把孩子当作出气筒“你怎么和你那个坏老子一样”“你真没出息，都是被你妈妈宠的。”有些离了婚的妈妈或者爸爸虽然在离婚时力争对孩子的抚养权，但却只是为了不让对方得逞，或将孩子视为“人质”，通过控制孩子来报复对方。在这样的家庭中，妈妈或爸爸常对孩子过于严厉，百般挑剔，动辄指责孩子的某个特点；很少对孩子的痛苦和孤独加以慰藉，甚至将自己生活的不顺都归罪于另一方和孩子。孩子在这样的环境里，不可能获得积极的成长动力，也不可能正确地看待和应对自己的处境，甚至思想感情和道德认知会产生严重缺陷。推荐阅读>>>一个单亲妈妈的教女经 热点：看那些坚强的明星单亲妈妈误区之二：溺爱过分，包办代替“宝贝，世界上只有妈妈最爱你了！”一些父母在离婚后，觉得有愧于子女，于是就把无限的爱都?A在儿女身上。在教育上放松了要求，在行为上过分溺爱，对孩子的事包办代替，生活上有求必应，情感上加倍满足，犯错误时舍不得批评，孩子不肯上进时总有借口，“谁叫他没有大树可依呢？”天真、幼小和“一张白纸”的孩子，最需要家长经常性的正确教育和引导。但是溺爱却成了家庭中教育、引导孩子的障碍。孩子常常是在不知道错还是对的心理状态下干自己想干的一切，无法成为一个明辨是非、敢于担当、有责任感的人。误区之三：放任自流，撒手不管“我累死了，你还缠着不放，去吧，自己去做吧，别烦人了！”这样的声音时常在单亲家庭中萦绕。这一类父母大多对孩子缺乏责任感，漠不关心是自己的行为准则。虽然他们也扬言自己爱孩子，然而事实上并没有真正的爱。既没有与孩子共同体验忧乐，也谈不上过问孩子的学习如何。另一类家长对孩子放任自流，是因为他们坚持成长是孩子自己的事，孩子会自己克服困难。这类家长与溺爱包办一样是走向另一个极端。因为孩子的自控力，意志和责任心是比较弱的，需要加以培养，毕竟孩子年幼，有很多困难需要家长帮助的。误区之四：对孩子期望值过高“你怎么这么不用功啊，你怎么对得起我啊？”“你可要给妈妈争口气啊，给你那死鬼老爸看看！”“望子成龙”、“望女成凤”是中国父母普遍的心态。离异的家长更是希望通过孩子的成功来证明自己的能力：瞧，我一个人也能把孩子带好！这种心情可以理解。但是急功近利的做法往往会导致态度简单、粗暴和生硬。态度生硬，批评过多会导致孩子发现情感障碍及逆反心理、恐惧心理。甚至拒绝家长任何合理的要求。而这些心理问题往往又会恶性循环，影响孩子正常的知觉、记忆、思维和言语。误区之五：将孩子扔给祖父母“孩子，我忙死了，你去外婆家住一段日子！”离异后的男女要独自承担事业、家庭的重担，很自然地就将教养孩子的任务转移给自己的父母。隔代教育最常见的弊端就是：当孩子没有了爹，或没有了娘时，特别容易使老人将爱意调浓，而造成溺爱。这样的孩子往往霸道、一意孤行；还有的老人容易对孩子的缺点“护短”，与孩子的父母教育方法、教育态度不一致。生活在这样的教育环境中，孩子容易形成两面人格，阻碍其独立意识的形成和独立行为的发展。误区之六：将孩子当作生活的惟一重心“宝宝，你可要争气了，你是妈妈惟一的依靠了！”“妈妈以后就全靠你了！”有些妈妈在离婚前就缺乏独立自我、职业目标和社会生活，离婚后，又陡然失去了丈夫这一重要生活支点，会把孩子变成自己生活的惟一目标，这样会使孩子的心理负担过重，压力过大，影响孩子的心理。误区之七：阻止另一方与孩子往来“孩子，你爸爸不要我们了，我们也不要再见他了。”“宝贝，我们俩相依为命，没有你妈妈也照样过得好。”很多家庭离异后，都千方百计阻止另一方与孩子往来。但是父母双方在儿童社会化过程中的角色功能是不可相互替代。特别是在儿童性别角色社会化的过程中，孩子是通过对与自己性别相同的一方父母的认同机制来完成这一过程的。如果一方角色的长期缺失，会对孩子的双性气质的平衡、各种不同兴趣、能力与思维方式的发展有很大的影响。误区之八：教孩子憎恨对方“你爸爸是个坏人，世界上最坏的人”“我们现在这么可怜，都是你爸爸造成的！”现在的很多离婚案，都是以一方伤害了另一方的感情居多，被伤害的一方难免会鄙视、憎恨对方，也会仇视那个第三者。他们往往会把这种仇恨带给孩子。从小就有仇恨的孩子，长大后可能变得自暴自弃，充满仇恨情绪、自我和不信任他人。这样的孩子，不可能有幸福的未来.谈谈离异家庭孩子的教育一、问题的提出随着经济的发展，好多家庭随着人们的婚姻、社会等意识的变化而发生破裂。并随着离婚率的升高而呈上升趋势。给班主任工作带来新的困难。多年的班主任工作，使我认识到最难处理的是单亲家庭的学生，。面对那些已经失去或正在失去完整家庭之爱的无辜的孩子们，班主任要做的工作是细碎和烦琐的。现在我针对单亲家庭学生的教育问题，谈谈自己的一些不成熟体会及做法。二、首先要掌握他们的思想状态和心理单亲家庭子女由于缺乏亲情关爱和良好的家庭教育，容易产生这样一些问题：<一>这些学生矛盾心理多，如需要朋友与不合群的矛盾、渴望得到信任与不信任别人的矛盾。这些孩子一方面很坚强，另一方面又非常脆弱。<二>是家教缺乏，不良行为突出。表现为不讲文明礼貌、卫生习惯差，集体荣誉感不强，道德品行较差，爱撒谎，缺乏责任感；一是亲情缺失，心理问题严重。爱与同学打架闹矛盾，逆反心理重，不太与人交往，合作意识差<三>是学习习惯差，上进心不强。表现为家庭作业普遍完成较差，学习缺乏自觉性和刻苦钻研精神，学生厌学情绪日趋严重，直接造成学生成绩不断下降。<四>是自由散漫，不服管教。表现为管不住自己，常常逃学去网吧、逃家，常有违规、违纪现象，学校和监护人都感到无可奈何。三、单亲家庭教育父母对孩子的态度单亲家庭的父母经历了离婚或丧偶的痛苦，身心俱疲，许多时候，他们不能正视自己的过去，他们对孩子的态度，大致可分为几类：（—）、家长对孩子漠不关心 不少单亲家庭的孩子托给爷爷奶奶照管，而老人们往往只能做到照顾孙辈的生活起居，学习上的事大多是心有余力不足，使孩子放任自流，结果造成了孩子学习习惯差，成绩直线下降，甚至误入歧途。(二)、学校、家庭管理脱节有一部分家长忙于生计，早出晚归，无法管教子女，对孩子的学习动态、思想变化一无所知，这样就形成了许多孩子在学校老师管不了，回到家中又无人管的局面，待问题严重时才恍然大悟。由此可见，残缺的家庭教育方式给孩子造成了严重的心理障碍和心理疾病，同时也导致一系列不良行为习惯的产生。四、单亲家庭学生的教育措施。对于种种不良的心理特点，作为班主任，要充分了解，积极引导他们，逐渐使他们形成健康的心理特征。在教育实践过程中，对离异家庭学生，应做到以下几个方面：<一>生活上关心与帮助。在教育中，首先要让学生深切体会到老师在爱他们，关心他们的成长，在生活上关心他们，了解他们的各种具体困难，随时关心他们在健康等方面的情况。离异家庭学生不能享受双亲家庭学生同样多的爱，教师要主动地接近他们，做他们的第二父母。绝对禁止恶言训斥，多做个别交流，做他们的知心朋友，特别是在校外活动中，使他们真正感受到学校就是家庭，老师就是父母，同学就是兄弟姐妹。教师有计划地成立活动小组，让家庭离异学生置身于集体活动之中，通过同学之间的相互影响，消除他们的孤独感。思想上教育引导。针对他们的矛盾心理，要对他们进行正确的人生观、价值观、世界观和六个学会（学会学习、学会思考、学会创造、学会生活、学会关心、学会自我教育）的教育，班主任可采用成立课外学习小组的形式，帮助他们学习功课，以提高成绩来增加他们的自信心。这样既可使他们明确人生目标，又可逐步消除孤独感。另外要引导他们多看人文科学和自然科学的书籍以及影视片，以激发他们自我教育的能力。教师要引导他们正确评价客观事物，讨论文学作品，认识自我形象。提高自我评价的能力。我班有一学生，父母离异后重新组成了家庭，他的成绩在班上较好，但有一种不健康心理，我刚接这个班时，他是语文科代表，由于自己的语文成绩不是班上最好的，他多次要求不做科代表。对此，我耐心对他进行教育，引导他正确看待分数。经过努力，他的语文成绩上去了，思想也得到了提高。<二>行为上严格要求。必要时要用法规校规来约束。首先要耐心、细致而又严格的要求，同时还应进行纪律、公德和法制教育，有了违纪行为决不能迁就，耐心的思想教育与严肃的纪律处分相结合有时可能会取得满意的效果。<三>、要深入了解学生，用心关爱他们。单亲家庭的孩子，得到的爱是残缺的。作为教师，对他们的关爱应无处不在，无处不有。要真诚的爱护他们，关键要深入到学生中去，细致地观察每一个学生的动向。对成绩不佳的单亲家庭孩子要以鼓励的话语，友善的接近，长辈的爱护走进他们，在他们失败时给予鼓励，出错时给予指导，成功时给予赞美。曾经有一个跟随父亲的男孩明明，由于父亲忙于工作，无暇顾及他。他经常空着肚子上学，生活上缺少大人的关心，经常不洗澡换衣。知道这一情况后，我经常都为他准备早餐，练习薄用完了买新的给他，在一件件的日常小事中，让他感到与老师拉近距离，乐于接受老师的教育。<四>要当好孩子、家长的桥梁班主任要向单亲家庭孩子的父母公布班主任与任课老师的联系方式，让单亲家庭的父母能经常与班主任、课任老师保持联系。班主任要定期对单亲家庭进行家访，与单亲子女家长会面或电话沟通等方式，经常汇报孩子的学习状况与在校表现，以便架起老师、学生与家长三方面之间共同提高的桥梁。例如我班单亲孩子陈佳佳，我在家访时，从她父亲口中了解到这么一件事：一次，爸爸问她把抽屉中的钱花得到哪里了，她称自己把钱借给班上的同学了。之后我到班上了解证实到并没有哪个同学借了他的钱，实际是她挥霍掉了。了解到这一情况我深感痛心，于是我私下与她谈心，让她认识到说谎的坏处，认识到父亲对她的爱，老师对她的关心。事后她在日记里表示要做个诚实的人。平常我也经常通过电话与其父亲对他的行为进行核实汇报，使学校与家庭教育形成合力。<五 >以集体的力量感染单亲孩子单亲家庭的孩子一般性格孤僻，在集体中也少有自己的朋友，这些孩子或多或少都会产生自卑感，常常沉默不语。这时，我们要善于利用集体的力量来感染单亲家庭的孩子，除了要鼓励全班同学与这些单亲家庭的孩子多接触，特别是班干部关心、团结、帮助他们之外，还可以用“结对子”的方法，采用一帮一结对子。教师及一部分学生与这些学生结成对子，组织一些性格开朗、乐于助人的同学帮助单亲孩子，使班内同学都能意识到自己帮助他们的责任，向他们伸出友谊之手。鼓励他们大胆地与同伴、老师交往，为他们的交往提供条件和方便，使他们得到大家给予的帮助，获得来自父母以外的爱的补偿。单亲孩子感受到了集体的温暖，从而逐渐产生对集体的爱，对同学、老师的爱，对父母的爱。作为班主任，我们铭记。没有爱就没有教育。
简简单单的就行,原创,我行.
我现在上的ABC天卞英语中心也挺.好.，外教1对1课程 上下来英语整体水平以及口语的部份进步都挺大的 在家上课，时间弹性，跟着学习生活口语课 很不错的，里面的老师很优秀，性介比也很高~1．调整好心理状态。听力理解是一系列复杂心理活动的综合，产生焦虑紧张心理是听力训练的大敌。为了稳定情绪,在听力材料安排上要做到由浅入深，由易到难,逐步过渡。同时还要培养良好的学习心态，正确对待听力训练中的困难和挫折，增强自信 ．强化语音基础知识。听力学习同其他内容一样，一定要从基础抓起，尤其是语音的矫正与辨别不容忽视。只有从基础的语音入手，逐步过渡到单词、短语、句子、对话和语篇，才能真正起到提高听力的作用 ．精听与泛听相结合。为了克服听音后再翻译这个过程，要有针对性地进行段落快速听力训练，做到能立刻听出段落的内容，迅速回答所提问题。问题要简单明了,便于捕捉信息,以此培养搜索能力 在听力课上，要训练正确的听音方法，有时一字半句听不清楚是正常现象，切忌焦躁，要跟上录音速度，不要在一词一句上纠缠，全神贯注，边思考边解答，快速梳理听到的信息 要注意首句、关键词或关键句，把听音的重点放在意群上，并迅速在草稿纸上记下文中提到的相关信息，特别是与who, what,where, wch, why等有联系的信息，切勿“眉毛胡子一把抓”，连猜带蒙碰运气。要在听前认真快速浏览试题，并尽可能预测。要尽可能地设置语境真实、语言真实、语音真实的语言情景，让学生去理解揣摩说话人的真实意图。课下做泛听练习，可以携带随身听等,在吃饭、洗衣服、散步等闲暇时间内完成老师布置的泛听练习，也可根据兴趣爱好不同，选择听英文歌曲、看电影、听名人演讲等，培养语感,提高快速反应能力。同时要把日常生活中出现的常用连读形式总结出来，尽快地熟悉 ．了解英语国家的风土人情，增强体验感。要经常参加专题讲座形式的小论坛。话题可涉及到方方面面。例如：民俗、教育、历史、时尚、节日、电影、畅销书、食物等。每个学生可以根据自己的爱好选择不同的话题。一个学生讲完后，其他学生可以补充或提问。通过这样的活动，既可以使学生对西方的文化有更深的了解，也可使学生达到多说多练的目的，从而提高听力水平。
这个好像是可以的，而且是不普遍的！
提高英语口语应该从以下几方面着手：1. 提高英语口语，严把语音关。许多人练习英语口语时常常碰到这样的问题：一段对话听了好多遍还是听不懂，对照原文时却没有发现任何生词。这很可能是一些基本的语音问题所造成的。所以应该从纠音开始突破英语口语。英语口语语音的问题需要注意以下几个方面：单个音标的发音，连读，失去爆破，重音和语调。2.提高英语口语，扩大词汇量，熟悉英文的惯用表达。在背单词的时候，一定要注意对单词发音的掌握。因为音和义是密不可分的整体。最好找一本有录音磁带的单词书。这种记忆方法不仅可以通过听音帮助记忆，也可以给英语口语打下良好的基础。3.提高英语口语，熟悉场景。跟单词的记忆一样,英语口语也应该放在不同的场景中练习，熟悉不同场景的各种表达方式。输入和输出是相辅相成的。例如旅馆场景，电话场景，餐馆场景，机场场景等。学英语口语靠的是自觉和坚持，而且语音上多少还是会有些缺陷的！如果想学纯正的英语，还是要在打好基础后进行系统的语音训练！相信没有人喜欢听外国人一口的方言普通话吧，同理亦可证！
一、课题核心概念的界定
青少年时期是人个体走向成熟的黄金阶段，也是心理发展的“暴风雨”时期。心理健康教育要面对全体学生，为了所有学生的心理健康服务，摒弃传统意义上的只为有心理疾病的学生着想的狭隘思想。其实心理健康教育不仅是有心理障碍的学生需要，心理正常的学生同样需要，这里所提出的心里健康教育就是面向所有学生实施的旨在提高其心理健康水平的基础教育。
“学科渗透”是指教师在教学过程中，立足于教材，结合学科特点，发现并利用学科知识中有关心理教育的具体内容，自觉地、有意识地运用心理学理论与技术，帮助学生提高学科学习中的认识、情意和行动技能，使学生在潜移默化中培养良好的心理品质和健全人格。
二、国内外研究现状述评
心理健康教育的发源地是美国，从20世纪50年代就开始，以“帮助学生实现最佳发展，努力排除正常发展障碍”为目标的发展性心理健康教育成为主流。到目前为止，世界上经济发达的国家和地区，其学校都设有心理卫生服务机构，为学校解决学生的心理困扰，预防心理疾病，做了大量有效的工作和研究。
我国心理健康教育起步晚、发展快。1993年，中共中央、国务院颁发的《中国教育和发展纲要》明确地提出学生的心理素质是教育者全面发展的标准之一。2001年3月九届人大四次会议通过的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划纲要》中，我国第一次把青少年心理健康教育列入国民经济社会发展的五年计划。
自1993年至今仅仅二十年的时间，学校心理健康教育快速发展，有关著作、课题很多，但是基本上都停留在开办心理咨询机构，开设心理健康教育活动课上，而这些远远满足不了身心巨变中的中专学生的需要。
三、选题意义及研究价值
研究这项课题是针对目前我校学生中存在的三大问题：1、价值观方面。由于学生中独生子女居多，孩子受到过多的溺爱，往往形成以自我为中心的价值观，表现在性格上就是自私、自大或自卑。2、意志方面。做为中专生基本上都是初中学习差的.学生，他们普遍对自己的前途感到迷茫，对未来没有目标。表现在意志方面就是做事优柔寡断，虎头蛇尾，自制力差，遇到挫折就悲观失望，退缩，意志崩溃。3、青春期闭锁。表现是趋于关闭封锁的外在表现和日益丰富复杂的内心活动并存于一体。
因为学习是学生的主导活动，学生大量的心理困扰都产生于学习过程中，理应在教学过程中得到满意的解决。因此，抓住了学科教学这个关键，适时实行心理健康教育渗透，就等于抓住了实施心理健康教育的根本途径和主要阵地。这比起等到学生已经有了严重心理疾病再来治疗有效得多、省事得多、解决问题彻底得多，也比较符合中专学生心理发展的实际需要。
四、研究目标和内容
本课题立足于学科教学，将培养学生良好的心理品质，促使学生形成较强的心理自我完善能力作为研究中心，从而促进学生心理健康和谐发展。具体有如下目标：
1、通过在学科教学中渗透心理教育实验，探讨广泛深入开展心理健康教育的最佳途径，切实解决学校心理教育专业人员缺乏的问题，为中专开展心理教育活动提供基本工作依据。
2、通过在学科中进行课题研究，促使教师更加认真地学习心理健康教育理论，进一步更新教育教学观念，实现教育教学最优化。
3、根据各学科的不同特点，摸索出一套适合于各自学科教学中渗透心理教育的教学模式，为学校心理教育积累经验，以供借鉴。
4、推动学生心理健康发展，努力培养学生积极的理想追求、良好的社会适应、高效的学习状态、建设性的人际关系、丰富多彩的精神生活，促进学生养成合格健全的人格。
五、研究假设和拟创新点
随着教育改革的进行和素质教育研究的深入，人们已经在探讨适当拓展心理健康教育的内涵，进一步提升心理健康教育在学校教育中的地位，使学科教学心理化、人本化，以达到心理健康教育与学科教学的交融。然而这方面的研究还不够深入。主要表现在：1、多为单一学科心理健康教育渗透的经验总结，缺乏各学科心理健康教育渗透的共同模式研究。2、多为理论探讨，极少实证研究，难以科学检验学科渗透方法的有效性，对教学实践的指导有限。而我们正是探索一套在各科教学中渗透心理健康教育的行之有效的方法。
六、研究思路、研究方法、技术路线和实施步骤。
基本思路：对当前学生进行问卷调查，找出存在的问题，针对存在问题采取相应的对策，边探究、边分析、边改进，同时积极学习，并邀请相关学科教师、领导指导论证。
研究方法：
1、行动研究法。各位成员积极参与，联系自己所任的学科，设计心理教育目标，做到学科教育目标与心理健康教育目标的有机整合。在课堂上适时、适度渗透心理健康教育内容。
2、经验总结法。各位教师就自己实际开展心理健康教育教学活动的经验进行总结，得出规律性认识，并经过系统整理、分析、归纳总结，上升到一定理论高度。
3、问卷调查法。通过问卷调查，了解学生实际思想动态，检验试验效果，及时调整进度。
4、课堂观察法。通过常态课、研究课、示范课等课堂形式，观察学生的行为，为课题研究提供及时的反馈信息。
5、案例研究法。对课堂教学环节进行反思，总结成功的经验或失败的教训，形成教学案例。
实施步骤：
(一)学习准备阶段(20xx年3月—9月)
1、组织学习心理教育知识，掌握心理教育理论。
2、对教材进行研究，对其中蕴含的心理教育资源进行甄别整理。
3、组织全课题组教师了解当今学生的心理状况，使教师树立发展性的教学目标观。
(二)实施阶段(20xx年9月—20xx年9月)
1、设计多样的教学活动并实施。
2、创设丰富多彩的教学情境，培养学生良好心理品质。
3、定期对学生进行心理健康问卷调查，分析学生心理健康状况。
4、组织组内常态课、研究课、示范课，交流总结。
5、及时写出教后日志、教学心得，提出改进方案，定期交流，定期做纵向、横向比较。
(三)研究总结阶段(20xx年9月)
整理资料，撰写结题报告。
心理学我会帮你giel你
情绪调节对大学生心理健康的影响姜莲珍 , 李 为一、情绪、情绪调节与情绪调节策略情绪是人类心理的一个重要方面。情绪的力量以及人们尝试着对情绪进行的调节和控制是日常生活中常见的现象 , 也是日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。一般认为 , 情绪包括基本情绪和复杂情绪。 Izard指出有 8—11种基本情绪 , 如快乐惊奇、愤怒、悲伤、恐惧、厌恶、兴趣、羞涩羞愧、蔑视、内疚等。复合情绪(如抑郁)是多种基本情绪的混和体。情绪调节是个体管理、调整整合改变自己(或他人)情绪的过程。在这个过程中 , 通过一定行为策略和机制 , 情绪在主观感受、表情行为、生理反应等方面发生一定的变化。情绪调节策略是建立在情绪调节的基础上。广大学者不仅研究了情绪调节策略的类型, 还注重研究了情绪调节策略的个体差异, 以及情绪调节策略对认知、社会行为、心理健康等问题的影响。有关成人情绪调节策略 , 早期研究主要集中在负性情绪的调节和心境调节 , 主要是通过开放式问卷、个体访谈、座谈等方式 , 了解当一个人处于抑郁状态时 , 应该如何调节自己的情绪。国外有学者在研究避免抑郁行为时 , 发现情绪调节方式使用频率由多到少依次是思考原因注意力转移、积极行为和欣赏音乐。在比较这些方式的有效性时 , 认为社会支持、思考原因、注意力转移、宗教活动、锻炼等积极行为是比较常用和有效的。国外学者还通过问卷、访谈和文献检索等方法收集了百余种不同的情绪调节方式 , 初步归纳出回避(从情绪或关注对象中转移注意力)、分心 (寻找注意和行动的替代性焦点) 、面对(对情绪和关注对象的积极活动)、接受(被动地授受发生的结果)四种情绪调节策略。二、大学生的情绪特点大学阶段是人生的第二个 “心理断乳期 ”,是一个非常关注自我 , 注重个性表达 , 情绪体验丰富 , 情绪波动起伏的时期。大学生常见的情绪有: 快乐、兴趣、羞愧、内疚、羞涩、悲伤、惊奇、敌意、愤怒、蔑视、厌恶、恐惧等。大学生情绪具有如下几个特点:1、情绪的丰富性。从自我意识的发展看 ,大学生出现较多的是自我体验 , 自我尊重的需要强烈 , 易产生自卑、自负等情绪; 从社交看 , 大学生的交往范围日益扩大 , 同学、朋友及师长之间交往频繁 , 有的大学生开始了恋爱 , 情绪表现得更细腻、更复杂; 大学生通过各种活动了解社会 , 学习社会的道德规范 , 对自己的身份、角色、志向、价值等问题有了更深入的思考 , 理智感、美感、集体荣誉感等高级情感也有所发展。2、情绪的不稳定性。由于大学生的人生观、价值观还未完全定型 , 认知能力还有待提高 , 大学生的情绪活动往往强烈而不能持久 , 情绪活动随着认知标准的改变而改变。喜怒哀乐无常、阴晴雾雨变化是大学生情绪常见的现象 , 风平浪静之后可能就是疾风暴雨。大学生情绪容易从一个极端走向另一个极端 , 高兴时忘乎所以 , 看什么都顺眼 , 消沉时心灰意冷 , 看什么都别扭 , 情绪呈现不稳定状态。3、情绪的掩饰性。大学生随着知识水平的提高 , 思想内涵的丰富 , 在情绪反映上较隐晦。他们已具备在一定的情景下压抑控制自己愤怒、悲伤等情绪 , 而将真实的情绪掩饰起来的能力 ,形成外在表现和内心体验不一致的特点。他们会根据一定的条件来表达情绪 , 如对一件事情或对某人明明是厌烦的 , 但由于种种原因 , 可能表现出较好的或不在意的态度。4、情绪的冲动性。有的心理学家把青年期形容为 “疾风怒涛 ”时期。大学生的情绪往往表现得快而强烈 , 常因一点小事振奋不已 , 豪情万丈。大学生情绪的冲动性一般表现为对外部环境或他人的不满 , 情绪失控 , 语言、行动极富攻击性 , 如果不予以引导 , 会给大学生本人以及社会带来危害。三、大学生心理健康状况及存在的主要问题天之骄子的大学生 , 作为国家的希望 , 未来的人才 , 应试是充满信心和蓬勃朝气的。但是 ,由于生活节奏的加快 , 竞争压力的增大 , 面临的心理负荷却越来越重。据南京脑科医院统计 , 在2 200多人心理疏导门诊中 , 90%是大学生; 国家教委对 1216万大学生调查表明 , 有 2013%存在心理问题; 天津市对 5万名大学生调查发现 ,有 26%存在心理问题; 云南师大调查发现有2617%存在心理问题; 北京 16所大学统计 , 因心理疾病休学的逐年上升。目前 , 大学生常见的心理问题主要表现在以下几方面:1、环境适应问题。经过 10年寒窗苦读, 刚进大学校园的大学生常常会 “自我感觉良好 ”,但是, 经过一段时间的比较, 发现 “天外有天 ”、“强者更有强中手 ”之后, 不仅自我感觉一下子消失, 还会产生强烈的失落感。有些学生面对新的生活环境、新的集体、新的学习方式不能及时调整心态和习惯, 会产生失眠健忘、精神恍惚、沉默寡言等问题。长期的心情压抑、无精打采、情绪低落最终会产生抑郁、焦虑等心理疾病。2、人际关系协调问题。当代大学生个性比较强 , 强调自我意识 , 不知道如何与人沟通 , 不懂人际交往的技巧与原则 , 处理问题常常以自我为中心 , 对别人要求严 , 对自己要求松。有的大学生不愿与人交往 , 孤芳自赏 , 缺乏全局意识和团队精神 , 不善于同他人开展合作, 人际关系协调能力差。有的大学生由于不擅长协调人际关系 , 合作能力差 , 走入工作岗位后不受单位的欢迎 , 也得不到应有的重用。3、承受挫折能力问题。目前在高校就读的大学生大部分没有经历过挫折。在进入大学之前 , 他们是老师喜欢的好学生 , 父母的掌上明珠。多数学生只能接受表扬和赞许, 而无法接受来自身边人的批评。当他们面临学业、生活、感情、就业等方面的压力、挫折时 , 就会显得无所适从 , 不知所措 , 对生活失去了信心 , 甚至会怀疑人生。贫困学生在独立性、未来感、自由感、自信心等方面更容易受挫折。四、情绪调节对身心健康的影响1946年第三届国际心理卫生大会提出的心理健康标准有以下四个方面: （1 ）身体、智力、情绪十分协调。 （2 ）适应环境 , 人际关系彼此谦让。 （3 ）有幸福感。 （4 ）在职业工作中 , 能充分发挥自己的能力 , 过着有效率的生活。部分国内学者认变 , 心理健康的大学生应该能够正确表达自己的情绪; 自我评价正确; 具有较强的自我调节能力; 意志健全; 保持人格的完整与健康; 能积极主动地适应新环境 , 调节、平衡各方面的心理冲突; 能够从心理上接纳自己;勇于面对现实; 对生活、对自己充满信心; 学习方法得当等。情绪是心理因素中对健康影响最大, 作用最强烈的因素, 强烈的负性情绪会影响到大学生的学习、生活和健康。现代医学证明, 精神状态不佳、情绪不稳定, 可能导致不少疾病, 如头痛、神经衰弱、消化不良等。情绪问题不仅会使大学生身体上会出现病症反映, 还会导致学习能力降低, 如不能有效地记忆、想象和思考等。当大学生的情绪处于良好状态时, 身体各器官功能协调, 有益于身心健康。当大学生处于内疚、悲伤、愤怒、厌恶、恐惧等负性情绪状态时身体内部各器官功能紊乱, 引起消化系统、神经系统等方面的问题, 使大学生身体健康受到损害。研究表明 , 情绪调节对心理健康的影响较大 , 积极的调节能提高大学生心理健康水平 , 而消极调节则会降低大学生的心理健康水平 , 且消极调节对心理健康的消极影响更为显著。所以在大学生心理健康教育中 , 应引导大学生认识自己的情绪特点 , 尝试进行情绪自我调节。五、如何进行情绪调节1、自我控制。它是个人对自身的心理和行为的主动掌握 , 是个体自觉地选择目标 , 在没有外界监督的情况下 , 适当地控制、调节自己的行为 , 抑制冲动 , 抵制诱惑 , 坚持不懈地保证目标实现的一种综合能力。当某些消极情绪被激发起来后 , 有的大学生会哭泣、吼叫、打人、骂人甚至采取一些极端的行为。这时就要先冷静下来 , 有意识对自己的情绪进行控制 , 先要仔细考虑采取这种行为的利与弊 , 然后选择一种适宜的行为方式表达自己的情绪。另外 , 平时要注意不能随意乱发脾气 , 要求在生气、发怒时尽量控制自己 , 不能随意扩大某事的严重性 , 尽可能做到“大事化小, 小事化了 ”, 这样能更好地促进自我控制能力的提高。2、注意转移。把注意力从引起不良情绪反应的刺激情境转移到其它事物上去或从事其他活动的情绪调节方法。当出现情绪不佳的情况时, 要把注意力转移到使自己感兴趣的事情上, 或暂时避开令人伤心的地方。如: 外出散步, 看电影, 听听笑话, 看看幽默小说, 打球, 下棋, 找朋友聊天, 换换环境等, 这些活动有助于使情绪平静下来, 在活动中寻找到新的快乐。这种方法, 一方面中止了不良刺激源的作用, 防止不良情绪的泛化、蔓延; 另一方面, 通过参与新的活动, 特别是自己感兴趣的活动而达到增进积极情绪的目的。3、自我安慰。这种情绪调节方法主要是当一个人追求某个事物而不能实现, 为了减少内心失望, 找一个借口或理由, 以缓解矛盾冲突, 消除焦虑、抑郁、烦恼和失望情绪。人不可能处处顺心事事顺利, 学习、就业、人际交往中遇到了困难和挫折, 在经过最大努力仍不能改变状况时, 可适当地进行自我安慰, 要说服自己适当让步, 将不成功归因于客观条件和客观现实, 同时要勇于承认并接受现实。这种方法, 对于帮助人们在大的挫折面前接受现实, 保护自己, 避免精神崩溃是很有益处的。经常用 “胜败乃兵家常事”、“塞翁失马, 焉知非福”、“坏事变好事”等词语来进行自我安慰, 可以摆脱烦恼, 缓解矛盾冲突, 消除焦虑、抑郁和失望, 达到自我激励、总结经验、吸取教训之目的有助于保持情绪的安宁和稳定。4、适当发泄。当情绪发作时, 人体内潜藏着一股能量 , 过分压抑只会使情绪困扰加重 , 积聚起来有害身心健康。大学生有焦虑、烦闷、抑郁等负情绪时 , 也不能一味地把不良心情绪藏在心底 , 进行适度的宣泄 , 使压抑的心境得到缓解和改善 , 有利于大学生的身心健康。情绪的发泄有直接和间接两种, 直接的宣泄就是直接针对引发情绪的刺激来表达情绪。当直接发泄对于别人或自己不利时, 则可以用间接发泄, 如找个僻静地方大声叫骂、抨击、使人恼怒的对象; 或是尽情地向亲朋好友倾诉的不平和委屈; 或是通过体育运动、劳动等方式来尽情发泄或是在感觉生活压力太大时, 通过写日记的办法将负性情绪用文字的形式记录下来。一旦发泄完毕, 心情也就随之平静下来, 负性情绪得以缓解。在采取宣泄法来调节自己的负性情绪时 , 要有一定的自制力 , 不能随便发泄 , 要采取正确的方式 , 要把握 “放松自我 , 利己利人 ”的原则选择适当的场合和对象 , 以免引起不良后果。结束语大学阶段是一个人人格发展、世界观形成的关键时期。大学生面临着大学生活的适应、专业知识的学习、交友恋爱、择业应职等一系重大的人生课题。由于大学生身心发展尚未完全成熟情绪的自我调节和自我控制能力不强 , 复杂的自身和社会问题 , 往往容易导致大学生强烈的心理冲突 , 从而产生较大的心理压力 , 甚至产生心理障碍和心理疾病。因此 , 研究大学生情绪调节及情绪调节策略 , 帮助大学生进行负性情绪的自我调节 , 缓解大学生的心理压力 , 提高身心健康水平 , 具有一定的现实意义。责任编辑: （王秀中）来源：中国学术期刊全文数据库（原载东北财经大学学报
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms