随着人类社会的快速发展，英语在不同国家的地理环境里和社会政治、经济、 文化 影响下发展状况自然不尽相同甚至产生了很大的变化。下文是我为大家整理的关于本科英文论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考! 本科英文论文篇1 浅谈英汉文化差异和习语翻译 摘 要：一个民族的语言和文化相互依存、密不可分, 而习语作为语言精华更是承载了极其丰富的文化内涵，充满了人类文化活动痕迹，沉积了浓厚的民族文化。因为自然环境、历史渊源、宗教、文化、风俗民情等方面的差异,习语也就承载了不同的民族文化特色和文化信息,所以英汉习语的翻译常常会遇到许多困难。译者应遵循一定的翻译原则，找到适当的翻译 方法 ，保留原有独特味道，又使读者明确其表达意义。 关键词：文化 习语 差异 翻译方法 习语与本民族的社会风俗、历史和文化一脉相连。一个民族的价值观念、传统观念、 思维方式 都得以在其习语中反映出来。英汉两种语言历史悠长久远，其中更是包含了大量习语，它们活灵活现，典雅含蓄给人不同感受。然而不了解语言中的社会文化，就无法真正掌握语言，更不用说准确翻译。 一、习语的含义及来源 习语的含义 习语是语言在使用过程中形成的独特而固定的表达方式。习语是固定的惯用 短语 ，包括 成语 、俗语、 谚语 等。习语即是语言中重要修辞手段，同时他们本身也是各种修辞手段的集中体现。习语大多以比喻为衬托，具有鲜明的形象性和浓重的民族色彩，其寓意丰富，联想翩翩，经常用在文艺作品中，在政论 文章 中与常见到。 习语的来历 首先，自然环境影响着民族文化的形成和发展。我们的祖先居住在亚洲东北部北温带，平原辽阔，气候温和，逐渐形成自给自足的农业经济，并且相信人和自然能够和谐相处，因此与土地和农业有关的习语也就很多。如Every potter praises his pot. 指“王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸”、 “ 大雪 兆丰年”、 “苗要好，虫除早”等。而英国因为是个岛国，其渔业和航海业有着举足轻重的地位，但常年受天气影响。大量自然有关的习语便形成了。如in deep water 比喻“陷入困境”; spend money like water 比喻“花钱如流水”; to miss the boat 比喻“错失良机”。 其次，习语源自寓言、神话 传说 。古希腊传说和 故事 对英语有着深远影响，许多习语源于其中并得以广泛使用。如希腊寓言中kill the goose to get the eggs,讲述一个乡下人，急于发财杀死了一只能够下金蛋的鹅，认为这样就能一次获得想象中全部金子，最终一无所获;十七世纪英国因为没有排水口，一旦下起暴雨来街道就会水流成河，许多无家可归的流浪猫狗因为淹死而漂浮在水中，居民以为这些尸体是从天而降，从此to rain cats and dogs 就表示“下倾盆大雨”。 再次，文学作品与历史 典故 也是产生习语重要来源之一。“刻舟求剑”出自《吕氏春秋?察今》。Talk of the devil and he comes. “说曹操，曹操就到”出自中国古典名著《三国演义》。再如be seized with imaginary fears表示“风声鹤唳”。Life is but an empty dream. “人生如梦”，源于美国诗人Longfellow的诗文。The Heel of Achilles直译是“阿基里斯的脚踵”，常用来表示“致命弱点”。 最后，宗教亦是习语的重要来源之一。Don’t you see the writing on the wall? 难道你没有看出大难临头了吗?其中writing on the wall意为“不详之兆”，出自《旧约全书》。 二、英汉习语文化差异 风俗习惯差异 在中国人传统观念中，狗是一种卑微的动物。常常用来比喻恶行，含有贬义。如“狗仗人势”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”等，如lead a dog’s life表示“过着猪狗不如的生活”。在西方英语国家中，则常常视狗为伴侣，认为狗是忠实、聪敏的象征，常用狗比喻人的行为。如love me, love my dog“爱屋及乌”;You are a lucky dog.“你是一个幸运儿”; Every dog has his day.“凡人皆有得意日”;as faithful as a dog用来表示“忠诚”。 自古以来，龙在中国人心中就是象征着吉祥的一种瑞兽，古代多以龙代表天子以及权威。在汉语习语中龙一般表示褒义。如“望子成龙”、“龙腾虎跃”、“龙凤呈祥”、“乘龙快婿”等。但是在西方神话中的“dragon”，多是一种长着翅膀和利爪，拖着一根长长的蛇尾，带着满身鳞片并口吐烈火的猛兽。西方人认为龙凶残暴虐，让人感觉恐怖，多用来形容凶悍的人，含有贬义。 由于习惯不同，不同颜色在中英文中便有了不同的文化内涵。比如红色，在中国人的传统观念中，红色象征着温暖、喜庆、吉利，过年的时候会贴红 对联 、送红包，而对别人表示祝福的习语有“红红火火”、“走红运”。但在英语国家中，红色多和灾难、激进、暴力、危险、流血等坏事联系在一起，如on red alert就表示“处于紧急戒备状态”;catch someone red-handed原意指抓到杀人凶手的时候罪犯手上还带有血迹，现比喻“做坏事被当场抓住”。 宗教信仰差异 宗教是人类思想文化组成的重要部分，宗教习语中往往带有浓厚的宗教文化特色。中国人信奉佛教和道教，而英语国家多数信奉____。这使得习语在汉英文化中有着各自的色彩。在汉语中与佛教有关的习语有很多，如“三生有幸”、“ 放下屠刀，立地成佛”、“一尘不染”、“临时抱佛脚”、“六根清净”等等。道教中的习语有：“一人得道鸡犬升天”、 “福兮祸所伏,祸兮福所倚”、“ 道高一尺,魔高一丈”、“灵丹妙药”等。《圣经》在基督____有重要地位，因此大量习语都与之有关。例如Judas kiss“犹大之吻”;eye for eye, tooth for tooth “牙还牙，以眼还眼”，出自《旧约?出埃及记》;make bricks without straw形容“根本做不到的事”;ask for bread and be given a stone直译为想要面包，反而给石头，比喻“得非所求”。God在西方人的心中无所不能，与其有关的习语也有很多。如God helps those who help themselves.“天助自助者”; God sends fortune to fools.“傻人有傻福”; God damn you.则表示诅咒一个人。 死亡对于人类是个可怕又神秘的字眼，为了消除人类对死亡的焦虑和恐惧，各宗教都对死亡作出了解释，对死后的世界进行了描述。中国的佛教称其为“圆寂”、“归真”、“成佛”、“坐化”等等。道教追求得道成仙，对于死亡的描述有如“仙逝”、“羽化”、“得道”、“回光返照”等。____中认为人是上帝用泥照自己的样子捏出来的，有to return to dust/earth一说，意思是人最终会回归尘土，用以来表达死亡。to be called to God“应上帝之召”。再如to join the angelic choirs“与天使同在”都是以一种积极的态度来表示死亡。 自然环境差异 中西方地理环境迥异，中英文中便存在着大量与地理环境有关的习语。英国地处西半球，中国地处东半球，对于风的态度他们与中国人不同，我们所说的eastwind“东风”是温暖的春风，然而在英国eastwind是寒冷的风，让人感到不舒服，因此biting eastwind就指“刺骨东风”。对英国人来说west wind才是春天里温暖而又和煦的风，英国诗人雪莱就著有闻名世界的Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》。在中国热对于东风还有不同喻意。如All is ready except for the east wind.“万事俱备只欠东风”。 英国是一个岛国，因此其渔业十分发达，英语中与航海有关的习语数不胜数。如：a drop in the ocean“沧海一粟”、keep one’s head above water“奋力图存” 、in deep water“陷入严重困境”、 as weak as water “弱不禁风”。中国土地广袤肥沃，多名山大川，与农业和山有关的习语有很多。如“开门见山”、 “留得青山在,不愁没柴烧”、“瑞雪兆丰年”、“捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜”等。 因为地域不同，语言就会存在明显差异。汉语中有“不到长城非好汉”、“有眼不识泰山”、“不到黄河心不死”等。英语则有All roads lead to Rome.“条条大路通罗马”、Take a French leave.“不辞而别”、Carry Coals to Newcastle.直译为把煤送到纽卡斯尔，因为纽卡斯尔盛产煤，因此喻意为“多此一举”等等。 历史典故差异 中英两个国家都有着悠久历史和深厚文化积淀，两种语言中有着大量由历史典故而来的习语。如英文中swang song“绝唱”;castle in the air“空中楼阁”源于神话传说;a Pandora’s box“潘多拉之盒”; cat’s paw源自《伊索寓言》比喻“受人愚弄的人”; meet one’s waterloo源自拿破仑滑铁卢兵败，比喻“一败涂地”。汉语中有 “名落孙山”、“ 完璧归赵” 、“四面楚歌”、“拔苗助长”、 “卧薪尝胆”等等。 三、英汉习语互译主要方法 直译法 英语中有些习语和汉语的表达方法完全或基本相同，这个时候照译即可。如as easy as turning one’s hand“易如反掌”; as busy as a bee“像蜜蜂一样忙”; Love money as one love one’s life.“爱财如命”; sharpen one’s spear only before going into battle“临阵磨枪”; New wine in old bottles.“旧瓶装新酒”; draw water in a bamboo basket“竹篮打水一场空”; The cat weeps over the mouse.“猫哭耗子”; a stone dropped into the sea“石沉大海”;golden age “黄金时代”; as clear as crystal直译为“清澈如水晶”; as proud as a peacock “像孔雀一样骄傲”。 意译法 由于文化差异有些习语不能够直译，读者对其原本形象不够了解，这个时候可保留原文意思而丢弃其原文形象和修辞，避开原有文化背景，采用意译法。例如，to volunteer one’s service“毛遂自荐”; A fish out of water.“很不自在”; You can’t achieve the goal without a risk.“不入虎穴，焉得虎子”; in a frantic rush“手忙脚乱”; run the source of supply “涸泽而渔”; trust to chance and stroke of luck“守株待兔”; keep one’s nose down to the grindstone“埋头苦干”; what is done cannot be undone“覆水难收”。 增补法 有时根据读者需要，翻译时为了使译文更加明确易懂，文字更加通达，会结合上下文需要和原文内涵，增添原文字面上本没有但是意思上包含的词汇。例如，a bull in a china shop“公牛闯进瓷器店──肆意捣乱/一动就闯祸”; to shed crocodile tears“流鳄鱼眼泪──假慈悲”; Judas kiss “犹大之吻，背叛行为”; 盲人瞎马“A blind man on a blind horse―rushing headlong to disaster.”; preparation may quicken the process “磨刀不误砍柴工”。 Pandora’s box“潘多拉的盒子，灾难根源”。 四、结束语 总而言之，习语被人们频繁地使用，它生动形象，是一个民族语言的精华。习语有着本民族的文化色彩，传达本族文化信息，不同民族文化有一定文化差异，因此习语的翻译比较困难。但是根据不同方法，灵活处理形式和内容的关系就可使译文再现原文之美，更好促进文化交流和传播文化知识，帮助人类沟通思想感情。 参考文献： [1]方楚之.英汉翻译基础教程[J].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2005. [2]宋天锡.翻译新概念：英汉互译实用教程[J].北京：国防工业出版社，2005. [3]刘重德.英汉语比较与翻译[J].青岛出版社，1988. [4]王德军等.实用英汉翻译教程[J].北京：国防工业出版社，2007. 本科英文论文篇2 美国英语与英国英语差异浅析 【摘要】 “英国英语”在美国特有的地理环境里受美国历史文化的影响，随着国家的兴盛发达和其在国际社会中政治地位的迅速提高渐渐产生地区性的变异，形成了“美国英语”。两者在不同国家的地理环境里和社会政治、经济、文化长期影响下，发展状况自然不尽相同、甚至产生了很大的差异。 【关键词】 美国英语 英国 英语 差异 美国独立300多年后的今天，很多美国人(包括那些根本没有英国人血统的)仍把英国英语当作自己的母语――事实上，英国英语确可称为一切英语的基础;但随着人类社会的快速发展，英语在不同国家的地理环境里和社会政治、经济、文化影响下发展状况自然不尽相同甚至产生了很大的变化。因此，英美国英语虽然同根但它们分别在一个历史较短而又较开放的多民族移民国家和一个有着1500多年的相对闭塞的岛国发展了约400年后自然会产生或多或少的不同。总的说来，美国英语简单适用，同时词意丰富具有幽默感和独创性;英国英语纯正、规范。两者具体差别体现在以下几个方面： (一)语法方面 美国英语起源于17世纪已进入早期现代英语的英国英语，当代语法在那时已趋稳定。近400年来美国英语与英国英语虽因隔着大西洋而各自在水一方，但由于语法属于语言内在要素，基本上不受外在的自然地理、社会环境变化的影响，语音的语法体系也就不会在短时期内产生多大的差异;另一方面，现代化的交通工具和传播工具为英美两地人民之间的沟通交流创造了可能，使两者之间少许的语法差异逐渐淡化。因而准确地说，英美国英语在语法上并不存在本质差异，只是一些语法形式在两者的使用中频率有高低之分，并无明显规律。常见情况如下：1. 在动词使用上，英美两地人在使用动词have时会出现少许不同。美国人说：Do you have a pen ? 而英国人往往说：Have you got a pen? 还有一些动词，如burn，dream， learn， smell， spell， spill 和spoil的过去式、过去分词形式在美国英语中都是规则的，而在英国英语中这些动词更常被用作不规则动词;与此同时，也有些动词如fit，quit，wet，dive等在英国英语中都是规则的，而在美国英语中这些动词更常被用作不规则动词。此外，must 一词在美国英语中都可用于肯定的推测，但 must not 表否定推测只见于美国英语且不可缩写成must’t 而英国人一般用can’t或 can not;又如used to， dare， need 既可作实义动词也可用作情态动词，但美国人喜欢把它们用作实义动词，英国人却更愿意把它们用作助动词。2. 在代词使用上，英国人用one’s而美国人有时用his 指代不同性别。 (二)词汇方面 提到英美国英语词汇差异，不同的人对此认识差别很大。其实，英美国英语既然属于同一语言，它们用于表示与人们生活密切相关的基本词汇当然是相同的，英美国英语并不存在各自独立的词汇系统。尽管如此，这两者由于所服务的对象不同而产生的差异自然而然地体现在了语言的基本组成单位――词汇上。其中差异主要表现在同词异义，同义异词和特有词三种形式上：如，表达同样的意思“人行道”美国人用sidewalk 而英国人却用pavement; 有时，同一单词或词组在英美国英语意义却大相径庭，如 wash up 美国人取“洗手”之义而英国人用它表达“洗碟子”的意思。独有词属一国特有词汇，它用于表现一个国家社会政治、生活、文化等鲜明特征。既然英美两国已各自独立发展了近400年，它们的语言自然会带上其政治、经济、文化、生活的烙印。如filibuster 一词只在美语中使用，用来指美国国会中的故意拖延议事现象。 (三)拼写方面 美国人注重实效。在他们看来语言既然是为人类服务的交际工具就应该便于人们使用，因此在美国英语的发展过程中在拼写方面也出现过类似我国简化汉字的运动以求得拼写形式与发音相一致，从而使他们所使用的语言比原先更简单也更实用。这项运动取得一定程度的成功使得美语中一些单词中不发音的某些字母被删除，这也正是造成英美国英语拼写差异的最重要的原因之一。这个差异归纳起来主要有以下几种：1. 在美国英语中词尾为l但不是重读音节的动词分词形式不双写l，如travel， signal， dial， equal等，而在英国英语中却并非如此。2. 许多在美国英语中以ze结尾的动词如realize， organize， analyze， civilize， memorize， recognize等在英国英语却往往被拼作se. 3. 还有几组在美国英语中拼写形式被根据发音规则简化了的常见单词，如本以our结尾的单词labour， favour， honour， colour， 在美国英语中都简化成了以or 结尾;原先拼作centre， theatre的单词在美国英语中也被变了形，成了音形一致的拼法er. 4. 更有简化得更彻底的一些单词如catalogue， dialogue， analogue， gramme， programme， kilogramme等在美国英语都被去掉了不发音的字母成了 catalog， dialog， analog， gram， program，kilogram. (四)发音方面 英国语言学家曾在其书中指出英美国英语上的发音差异要比两者之间的语法差异有规律得多。这就是等于告诉我们：英美国英语之间的最大的差别在于发音。美国英语发音具有不同于英国英语的两大特点：一是在vast， cast， last， laugh 一类词中英国英语发的/a：/音美国人却发成/ ?/;二是在英国英语中元音后的r不发音而在美国英语中只要拼写中出现字母r 就发音，这也正是卷舌音“ r ”能成为美音最为明显的特征的原因。这两个发音特点正好体现了美国英语守旧的一面，因为它们真实地再现了伊利莎白时代这两类词的发音。概括地说，美国英语发音的一个最基本的特点也是优点就是发音与拼写的高度一致性，也正因为这个原因，越来越多的 英语学习 者更愿意接受美国英语。 参考文献 [1] 侯维瑞.英国英语和美国英语.1990年7月. [2] 英语的发展和英美语的比较.1995年1月. [3] R.穆斯曼.美国背景 (Background to the USA).世界图书出版社(北京);1995，2. [4] R.穆斯曼.英语国家背景(Background to English-speakingcountries ).世界图书出版社(北京);1995，2 .
有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，我整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春，这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点，那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家，恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图，他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的，存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的，真正的青春是关于学习，至少，大部分人是如此努力的学习，为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春，对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导，对于青少年来说，他们的工作是学习，这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先，培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始，我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕，只留英文。渐渐地，我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次，背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三，完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法，我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此，尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸，因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说，时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么？因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱，但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由，我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
近年来,英语专业学生思辨能力的培养受到外语教育界的广泛关注，于是英语议论文也开始兴起。以下是我为大家整理的关于300字英语议论文范文，给大家作为参考，欢迎阅读!
300字英语议论文范文篇1
Everyone dreams about the future. I also have a dream about my life in 20 years. I will live inShanghaiwith my families because we like it very much. It will be more beautiful. I will teach in a middle school. I will be a good English teacher.
I will love my students, and my students will love me, too. We will be good friends. I will do sports with my students every day. Swimming and running will be my favorite sports. I will be healthy and strong. There will be more robots everywhere. They will help us do many things. I believe we will have more time to study and play.
This is my future dream. What do you think of it?
300字英语议论文范文篇2
My ideal work has many, for instance doctor, police, boss, entrepreneur, scientist .
But I most like working as boss. When boss has many advantage for example: May make money, buy the house, to buy the car, to be filial piety the parents, to make the contribution, the gang disaster area person for the Project Hope to do decides the life the expense .......
I thought that I certainly will work as boss in the future. What but I most am now main is studies well, can work as boss.
300字英语议论文范文篇3
My future will be happy. I already graduated at that time from the university. I will have a stable will have my family, my husband,and a lovely child. What will be my future job?
I have many ideals. I want to work as a singer, stands on the stage sings for the people; I want to work as a nurse, cure illness, brings the health for the people; I want to work as a pilot, drives the airplane in the blue sky; I want to work as a gardener, with a little bit sweat irrigation flowers, lets our life forever fill the green. After growing want to ba a will have many day I will give many classes to them. I will become a teacher who is always preparing my can certainly be a good teacher in the future.
I will also be a volunteer of my city. I will help a great deal of many meaningful things. I will Make contribution to my city and the society.
If I can became an teacher, they are my forever hopes. this will be my future, when a grade teacher's dream.
I will have a bright I will study hard and make preperation for my future.
300字英语议论文范文篇4
It's my dream to be a teacher .
Why do I have this dream ? Becasue I like this teachers are sometimes strict with us. They are always friendly to us and often help us with our study .They not only teach us too much knowledge, but also tell a lot of principle .So I'd like to became a teacher in the future . From now on , I should go on working hard and listen to the teacher carefully in the I Should
随着改革开放的不断深化和我国社会经济的快速发展,英语学习从无到有,从中学又进入小学课堂,小学生学习英语已经成为中国小学生学习的必备内容。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于小学英语获奖论文参考范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!
浅谈促进小学英语教学中朗读水平的提高的对策
听说读写是英语学习中四项基本的能力，既然是一种语言，学习以后贵在交流和运用，在学习的时候注重的就应该是读和说。小学英语，学生刚刚接触，只有加强朗读，才能形成语感，使得单词和句型不自觉地就能从嘴里“溜”出去，这样就形成了最基本的英语语言系统。英语朗读能力的提高是逐步的，课堂是朗读训练的主要阵地，课堂也是学生朗读能力提高的有利环境，甚至课后也是英语朗读能力提高的黄金时段，这要看英语老师怎样来合理利用。
一 朗读示范，提高标准程度
小学英语的内容比较少，因而英语课时也不多，老师要抓住课堂的分分秒秒进行内容的讲解、朗读的训练，在有限的时间内获得最大的效益。要给学生最正宗的英语朗读训练，让学生明确朗读中的正误，提高朗读的标准程度。读准，才能读顺。
朗读示范，这是每一位英语老师的重要工作，每一节课英语老师都应不厌其烦地一遍遍领读，纠正学生发音的错误。英语毕竟不是母语，在读和说的时候都是“鹦鹉学舌式”，所以出现这样或者那样的问题也不足为怪。“拖音”和“减音”是比较常见的现象。尤其是齐读的时候，“拖音”的现象最严重，而且是一个语调下来，没有节奏感和重音，这样的朗读就没有感情色彩，当然就不美。老师要做好示范朗读，让学生很清晰地听明白每一个单词的发音，每一个句子的重音落在哪个单词上，然后再让学生模仿朗读。
学生对本课的单词和句子能够读得比较顺了，再播放录音。现在用得比较多的是多媒体，结合动画，调动起学生各种感官，眼动、口动、脑动，学生的朗读效果就会不断加强。
如小学英语5A Unit 3 At a Music lesson 学习了很多单词，lesson，sing，song，dance，play等，领读单词后，开始练习句型和对话。Boys and girls，Can you sing some English songs? 其中的“songs”语调要升。老师要让学生注意跟读(Look at me and listen to me，please.)。重点是语调和重音，如Can you sing the song“We can sing and dance”? /I can sing “Ten Little Indians”，what can you sing? 之后，再通过多媒体动画演示，配上比较标准的英语朗读，学生听后跟读。然后模仿录音自由读，一节课下来，大多数的学生都能熟读成诵，朗读训练的效果当然很好。
所以，英语老师的朗读示范是帮助学生读准音调的最好方法，很多的课文录音也可以帮助学生正音，但是英语掌握程度不是很高的学生很难适应录音中的语速，老师的范读可以根据学生的需要适当调整速度，以便学生更加清晰地明白其音调和重音。
二 技巧指导，诱发感悟能力
朗读技巧很多，如语音、语调、节奏、重音、语速的把握等，都是朗读的时候需要特别注意的。小学英语比较重视口语交际，只有先会读，才能流利地说。如果单词都是一个一个地分开读，听者就会听不懂。还有一种现象是，学生根本不会断句，因为语音把握不好，一些非重读的音节被拉长，一些意思紧密的词语被拆开，所以读起来就没有节奏感。如Boys and girls，we have a new friend today.句子中的a是应该弱化的词，学生却重读了。在朗读的时候，需要老师加强指导，以提高学生朗读的准确性。
语音语调的训练，老师可以通过指导学生去探究一些符合拼读规则的单词，让学生首先具有自主发音和拼读的基本技能。积累一定量的单词以后，学生就会发现读音和拼读之间的规律，从而领悟字母发音的规律性。老师在指导字母发音的规律时，渗透语调的运用，这样学生就可以把握单词语音语调的朗读和运用。
节奏和语速是英语朗读训练比较重要的方面。节奏感最有效的训练是教材每个单元的“Chant”，学生通过诵读、练唱，可以非常明显地提高英语朗读的节奏性。老师不仅仅要利用好教材中的“Chant”，还应该自己编制儿歌来训练，同时还可以增强课堂的趣味性。
老师在指导朗读的时候，要注意指导学生结合想象，尽可能想象语言交流的环境。学生凭借想象可以走进文章中所描述的那个具体形象的世界，不断融入语言环境中，就可以不自觉地准确把握语气、语调。
三 组织活动，培养朗读兴趣
每天的课外活动时间，英语老师都会组织小组进入“英语角”进行朗读训练。形式可以多种多样，如儿歌朗读、小组比赛、角色配音等。小组活动时可以根据课文内容进行同步训练，也可以选取与课文内容相关的课外语段进行朗读训练。小学生的词汇量还不是很大，多是依据课本进行训练。英语老师在课外活动的时候，选取所教的几个班级中程度相当的小组进行朗读比赛。因为是不同班级派出代表，学生的班级荣誉感都很强，所以无论是轮到哪个小组，学生的重视程度都特别高。只要能够提高学生的重视程度，朗读训练才会有更好的效果。
如5A Unit 2 A new house，学生都很喜欢读，学习这个单元的一周内，每天下午的课外活动，我都会抽出不同程度的学生进行朗读比赛。不同班级还可以融合在一起，分出男女生比赛朗读，在朗读的时候，还增进了兄弟班级之间的友谊。每个单元学习完以后还会举行朗读竞赛，评出朗读明星，在学习园地里贴上一颗星。每个月评一次“月冠军”，每个学期还要评出“学期冠军”。这种训练评价的方式可以激发学生的朗读热情。 有趣的活动是学生最喜欢的学习方式，尤其是带有竞赛性的活动，更能激发学生的斗志，点燃学生的热情。老师在举行活动的时候，要激发学生的荣誉感，让学生能够主动去读。如果学生能够带着欲望去读，对英语单词和句型的识记速度就快，效果就好。朗读水平的提高并非朝夕之功，需要学生长期坚持训练。所以，活动的形式要常换常新，让学生对活动保持新鲜感。
四 拓展训练，形成基本语感
课堂是朗读训练的主要场所，课间也有老师组织安排，那么课后回家呢?节假日和周末是学生朗读训练最充足的时间，如果老师不能安排好，做不好“遥控指挥”，经过一个周末回来，学生会读的单词不认识了，会读的课文也会变得生疏了。所以，学生周末在家，老师不能仅仅布置书面作业，还应该让学生多读、多练，甚至还要鼓励学生阅读英语报纸上短小精悍的小文章。老师可以帮助学生精选与课文内容相关的文章，还可以拓宽学生的知识面。多读、多练即可形成语感，在语音、语调、节奏、语速上就可以很好地把握。
周末节假日，只能靠家长监督。老师应该利用家长会与全体家长沟通交流，让家长在周末更上心，协助老师监督学生在家里的朗读情况。单词、句型的朗读要求是几遍，家长要监督好，并且“签字证明”。周一老师检查的时候，很明显就能发现学生在家里读的效果。如果发现有不到位的情况，可以和家长交流了解。这样，家校形成合力，可以有效促进学生朗读能力的提高。当然，老师的要求不能是泛泛的要求，让家长无所适从。如果是朗读课文还是比较好操作的，因为学生都有课本，家长有依据。如果是课外阅读语段，则要老师帮助挑选，最好是统一打印下发，方便家长配合监督。如5A Unit 6 Doing housework 学习完后，让学生周末回家读课文单词3遍，效果不错。类文朗读 The first time cooking，学生经过在家里的训练都能拿出来进行朗读比赛。
拓展训练的要求难度大一些，尤其是课外时间，较之课堂教学效果要差一些。有的家长并没有能力辅导学生的朗读训练，但可以“听”。只要学生在读，大声读，就是有效果的。没有训练的材料，就可以让学生读英语教材，把英语课本上所有的句型、对话、文章都读熟，也是一种语感的培养。
朗读是语言习得中比较重要的方面，老师要运用多种方式引导学生进行朗读的训练，增强学生“读”的兴趣。每学习一篇新的课文，学生都能朗朗上口，在熟读的基础上达到成诵的程度。就像有的老师说的：“学生每天千遍百遍地读，一些句子不假思考就跑到嘴里来了。”这就形成了基本的语感。达到这个程度，英语朗读教学就不再是问题了。
>>>下页带来更多的小学英语获奖论文参考范文
有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，我整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春，这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点，那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家，恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图，他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的，存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的，真正的青春是关于学习，至少，大部分人是如此努力的学习，为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春，对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导，对于青少年来说，他们的工作是学习，这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先，培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始，我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕，只留英文。渐渐地，我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次，背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三，完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法，我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此，尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸，因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说，时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么？因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱，但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由，我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能，恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场，开启话题，可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文，给大家作为参考，欢迎阅读!
英语议论文范文篇1
My opinion on copying others' homework
It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.
In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the should be honest and work hard to get high we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.
英语议论文范文篇2
Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.
If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.
英语议论文范文篇3
In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.
They copy them without the fear that they might be a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.
So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.
翻译
在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼，在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然，作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行，有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。
他们抄袭他人作品，不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少，现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格，而且污染学术风气，它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延，破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是，这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。
随着对 英语 文化 学习的不断深入,随着英语重要地位的不断确立,英语语言学的研究工作也越来越深入。下文是我为大家整理的关于英语语言学论文 范文 参考的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 关于英语语言学论文范文参考篇1 浅探英语语言学中的幽默话语 幽默是指在人类交际的过程中，能够引人发笑的话语、动作和表情等，其内容丰富多彩，表现形式多种多样，比例幽默话语、幽默动作、幽默音乐等等。因为人们的交际活动多依赖于语言，所以幽默也多来源于话语当中。 一、英语语言学中的幽默话语 在繁忙的生活中，幽默是一剂强力润滑剂。幽默话语是借助于语言手段来表述幽默的。它是以语言为媒介，根据特定的情境下，以轻松诙谐的语调，机智、风趣、戏谑的话语风格，通过讽刺、夸张、映射、双关等手法，来表达话语者自己的思想和观点，并使受话者不知不觉地接受，达到“随风潜入夜，润物细无声”的效果和境界。幽默话语往往带有一些意味深长的色彩，对揭露生活中的丑恶或不公平现象，还可以起到发人深省的作用。而对于受话者来说，要把话语和当时具体的语境线索结合起来，利用自己既有的语言知识和社会认知，去发现说话者的言外之意和要表达的真实意图，才能真正的理解幽默，并从中获得愉悦。 例如，“Mr Zhou have a sharp tongue，look out，it doesn’t cut your throat.”这句话看起来是像是在说舌头，但是，我们把这句话放到语境中，就可以想到，这里的“a sharp tongue”并不是什么锋利的舌头，而是牙尖嘴利、毒舌的意思，是发话者幽默、含蓄、间接的表达方式。 二、幽默话语与合作原则 (一)合作原则 胡范畴认为，所谓幽默话语是语言的各要素通过变异和创造而出来的。而美国语言哲学家Grice则认为，幽默话语的作用是为了确保交际活动顺利进行。Grice认为，在人们运用语言进行交际时，交际的双方(发话者和受话者)还要遵守一些先决条件和原则，例如使用双方都能熟练运用的语言、交谈内容是双方都熟悉的话题，还有最重要的合作原则(cooperative principle，CP)。合作原则包括四个范畴，即数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则。在合作原则下，要求发话者和受话者者要端正态度，在谈话中做到“一唱一和”，避免造成“鸡同鸭讲”“话不投机半句多”的情况。 (二)合作原则与幽默话语的关系 如果说要遵循“数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则”的合作原则是一位西装革履、步态稳健的中年人，那么幽默话语就是一位穿着休闲时尚、语态随意轻松的新新人类。合作原则与幽默话语的结合，就是传统沉稳美与时尚活力没的结合，在这种结合中，传统的合作原则难免要接受新的挑战，甚至在一定程度上被打破。以下，本文以数量准则和质量准则为例，对合作原则与幽默话语进行举例分析。 (1)幽默话语与数量准则 合作原则之质量准则要求说话者和听话者之间交谈的内容要包含适当的信息量。但是在实际的语言环境中，我们常常需要打破这一数量原则，来起到幽默话语的喜剧效果。例如： Jack：I saw Mr Green having lunch with a woman the day before yesterday. Eason：Oh my god!Is she beautiful? Jack：Yes，she is not only beautiful，but also young. Eason：Dose Mrs Green know about it? Jack：Of was the young and beautiful woman. 在这段对话中，Eason理解的和Mr Green共进午餐的年轻貌美的女人应该是除了Mrs Green以外的其他女人，同时也不是Mr Green家里的其他女性亲戚。而Jack如果不想引起误会的话，应该直接说他前天看到Mr Green和Mrs Green共进午餐，但是为了引起Eason的好奇心，促使他进一步追问，就在第一句话中只说看到Mr Green与一位女性共进午餐，这虽然是违反了数量准则的，但也就此产生体现了幽默话语的有趣、逗乐原则。而Eason心理期待与实际情况之间的落差导致其认知的突然重构，给交谈双方带来乐趣，达到愉悦和反讽的效果。 (2)幽默话语与质量准则 合作原则之质量准则要求说话者不说自知是虚假的话，不说无稽之谈，但是在幽默话语中，说话者经常会采用诸如反语、夸张的休息手法。这样虽然会打破“质量准则”，但是带来的幽默效果也是非常显著的。在上世纪90年代即被引入中国并风靡十几年的美国NBC情景剧《老友记》中就存在很多这样的例子。例如： Phoebe：You do not want to wine the lottery? Rose：Uh surely I do，and I want to be the king of my own country. 通过思考并分析这段对话，我们得出Phoebe问Rose，你是否对有意买彩票，有没有兴趣去试一下自己的运气，通过片中的特点情景和人物关系，我们可以看出Rose对彩票不感兴趣，但是她没有直接了当的说“没兴趣”，而是采用了幽默话语说“想啊，我当然想，我还想当国家元首呢。”因为一个平民是几乎没有可能成为国家元首的，所以Rose的话语是违背了质量准则的。但是，这种“有意违背”和“夸大其词”正是这段对话的笑点所在。 三、幽默话语与指称语 指称语(indexicals)就是具有指称功能的语言结构形式，是日常生活中常见的语言现象。是发话人与受话人，在共同的知识环境、语言环境下，可以彼此理解的，映射出话语的，潜在的指称义和指称关系。当指称语所指示的信息不明确或者出现谬误，发话人的意思就是变得令人费解，幽默话语很可能就此产生。同时，指称语还受到人文背景、社会文化、交际距离、环境等多种因素的影响。指称语可以分为人称指称语、时间指称语、地点指称语等等，其中以人称指称语最为常见。我本文就以人称指称语为例，幽默话语和指称语之间的关系。 人称指称语可以分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称，是对话参与者角色关系的客观体现。第一人称是发话人、第二人称是受话人、第三人称是话语谈及的对象。在话语中，如果这种规则被打破，就会出现人称指称语不相对应的现象，可能会起到幽默效果。例如： Jim was down the local pub with his mate Mark. Jim：Do you know，Mark，I never kissed my wife before we were about you?” Mark：I don’t know，What was her maiden name?” 这段对话是Jim与Mark之间的酒后之言。Jim的提问，真正的意思是“Have you ever kissed your wife before you were married?” 在指称语中，第二人称是针对受话人而言的，谈及的是隐私或伤痛，所以受话人Mark就采用了幽默话语来回避问题，轻描淡写地将这一问题带过去了，其机智幽默值得我们参照和学习。 四、关联理论与幽默话语 从关联理论的角度来看，受话者会故意曲解发话者的意图，到处与发话者截然相反的信息，产生意外的幽默效果。例如： Teacher：Tom，there were three peaches，ate one，how many would you have? Tom：Three，tow outside and one inside. Tom作为孩子，其对事物的思考方式不同于成人，因为无法认清老师出题的意图，而给出出人意料的答案，起到了幽默的效果。 结语： 从上述讨论中，我们可以看出，在不同语境中，人们会对对话意义、指称语、 语言意义等的理解产生偏差或者错位。幽默话语具有深层次的、含蓄的、深沉的、巧妙的作用，避免交际中的尴尬或难堪，增强语言表达的效果，可以起到愉悦交流、点缀生活的作用。 关于英语语言学论文范文参考篇2 浅谈从建构主义角度探析英语语言学教学 21 世纪 教育 的基点是终身学习，是不断提出问题、解决问题的学习，是敢于打破狭隘的专业界限面向真实复杂任务的学习。在英语课程学习过程中，学生普遍认为英语语言学这门课更加的枯燥，无味和吃力。英语语言学课程涉及面广、内容多、概念多、理论多，理论性和实践性都很强;同时英语语言学课时少，而语言学的发展引起的教学内容不断扩充，暴露出和教学时数有限之间日益严重的矛盾。因而继续沿用传统的教学理念和教学模式进行教学已经不能适应新形势下的教学过程，必须用一种更好的教学方式，使学生和老师尽快适应新形势的要求。 随着建构主义学习理论的出现，提出了建构主义的教学设计。建构主义强调情境、协作、会话和意义建构四大要素，倡导以“学”为中心的理念。将建构主义的教学理论引入到英语语言学教学过程中，进行了许多有益的尝试，取得了显著的效果。 1 建构主义的四大要素 在 学习 方法 上建构主义提倡的是教师指导下的以学生为主体的学习,在学习环境上要求是开放的、充满意义解释和建构性的,理想的学习环境主要有情境、协作、会话和意义建构四大要素构成。 “情境”：学习环境中的情境必须有利于学习者对所学内容的意义建构。这就意味着在建构主义学习环境下，要把为学生创设建构意义的情境问题看作是教学设计的主要内容之一。“在课堂教学中播放有助于理解教学内容的录像、录音、参与 社会实践 、向学生提供网络的丰富的学习资源等等，凡是有助于学习者理解掌握学习内容的情境，都属于情境创设的范畴。” “协作”：协作发生在学习过程的始终。协作在一定意义上是协商的意思。协商主要有自我协商和相互协商。 “会话”：会话是协作过程中的不可缺少环节。学习小组成员之间通过会话来商讨如何完成规定的学习任务达到意义建构的目标，怎样更多地获得教师或他人的指导和帮助等等，推进学习进程。在会话的过程中，每个学习者的思维成果(智慧)为整个学习群体所共享 ，因此会话是达到意义建构的重要手段之一。 “意义建构”：这是整个学习过程的最终目标。在学习过程中帮助学生建构意义就要帮助学生对当前学习的内容所反映事物的性质、规律以及该事物与其他事物之间的内在联系达到较深刻的理解。 2 建构主义环境下对英语语言学教学启示 强调以学为中心的设计 在建构主义学习环境下，师生的地位、作用与传统的教学发生了很大的变化。学生由知识的被动接受者转变为信息加工的主体、知识意义的主动建构者。教师也不再是知识的灌输者，而是教学环境的设计者、学生学习的组织者和指导者、知识的管理者，是学生的学术顾问。因此，教师要从前台退到幕后，从“演员”转变为“导演”。在建构主义的语言学教学中，学习环境中要充分发挥学生的主动性，教师要为学生创设尽可能真实的情境去应用他们所学的知识。具体来说,英语英语语言学课程教学应该激发教学主体的主动性和积极性,强调教学任务的适合性和针对性,注重教学环境的互动性和趣味性。 强调学习环境的设计 建构主义教学设计的重心便是学习环境的设计。这里的学习环境是一个支持和促进学习者自主探索、自主学习的场所。学习环境的设计应围绕支持学习者开展有意义的学习来创设支持条件。它主要包括基于问题的学习环境的设计、合作学习环境的设计、真实情境的设计等。建构主义学习环境的设计的宗旨是通过支持学习者的有意义学习，促进学习者的发展。 例如，在讲授语言的任意性时，不少学生对于语言中音和义之间没有必然的联系这一属性存在疑惑，原因是在语言中的确存在一些音和义有一定联系的语言现象，如拟声词，对于这种问题，教师可以在深入讲解之前，给学生布置一些任务，让他们课前收集英语中的拟声词，并让其与汉语中对应的拟声词相比较，然后以 报告 的形式在课上做出来，教师则在这一过程中起着引导、监督、组织的作用，在学生做完报告后，教师做出归纳 总结 。 教学任务的适合性和针对性 语言教学中任务的设置必须以学生的实际情况为前提,任务太困难或太容易都不利于学生主动建构知识。在选择英语语言学课程教学内容时，应适当减少课堂教学内容的广度和深度。所选课堂教学内容如下:语言、语言学、语音学、音系学、句法学、语义学、语用学、二语习得、语言与文化。明确学习任务,选择训练方式,使学生有足够的机会进行练习。教师应懂得如何控制自己的情绪,并通过积极的语言来激励学生。应及时地对正确回答问题,出色完成学习任务的学生进行表扬。如:Well done!Very good!Good job! Excel lent!这些词语看似简单,却能给学生以信心和动力。同时,对学生的缺点和不足要多指导,少批评少责备。 3 建构主义的教学评价 建构主义评价观具有几个方面的特征。首先，诊断性和 反思 性是建构主义学习评价的重要组成部分。这就意味着，学习者必须从事自我监控、自我测试、自我检查等活动，以诊断和判断他们在学习中所追求的是否是自己设置的目标。其次，建构主义评价观认为评价是评价者和被评价者“协商”进行的共同心理建构过程，评价受“多元主义”价值观所支配。因此，建构主义注重评价主体的多元化和评价方式的多样化。再次，建构主义认为，评价是学习者活动过程中的一个必然组成部分，而不是教学后的评价，它是一个持续性和实时性的镶嵌过程。因此，建构主义强调过程性评价，倡导“质性”的方法。所谓过程性评价是在某项教学活动的过程中，为使活动效果更好而不断进行的评价，它能及时了解阶段教学的结果和学生学习的进展情况、存在问题等，以便及时反馈，及时调整和改进教学工作。可见，建构主义评价观提倡以学为中心的理念，更加关注学生的发展。 4 结束语 建构主义教学观为课堂教学提供了新模式,为习惯于被动式接受的学生阐释了学习的新理念,从而为英语语言学课堂的教与学带来了新的启示和体验。在英语语言学课堂教学中教授学习策略,引导学生自主学习及改进 教学方法 。这些方面有助于学生建构知识,形成能力。 参考文献 [1]陈莉.社会建构主义与外语教学[J].外语论坛, 2003(1). [2]胡壮麟.对中国英语教育的若干思考[J].外语研究, 2002(3). [3]盛群力、__强.现代教学设计论[M].浙江教育出版社，2000
阐述了本文的研究目的、研究方法、研究成果和结论，个人的理解和思考很重要。
题目 关键字内容摘要内容参考资料
现代文学主要是指在国家社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下，广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。下文是我为大家整理的关于文学的的论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考!
从《傅雷家书》 反思 傅雷精神
摘 要：《傅雷家书》是一部关于父亲写给子女书信的集子。它非一般书信，而是涉设到做人、文艺和追逐梦想，实现理想之精诚态度，书信充实的真挚情感、丰富学识、深刻哲理、流畅文笔，使得傅雷家书思想性、文学性、艺术性大放异彩，具备了甚高的鉴赏价值。家书蕴韵着诸多的人生哲理和人文感悟，给人以刻骨的启迪和无限的反思，从而给力地体现了傅雷先生的思想、精神与其独具魅力的人生观、艺术观。换言之，傅雷家书是傅雷人格魅力最集中的体现。笔者将借助傅雷家书所折射出的独具魅力的人生观、艺术观两个方 面试 析傅雷精神。
关键词：傅雷家书;傅雷精神;人生观;艺术观
一、引言
傅雷夫妇已逝四十余年，而傅译文学作品现有十五卷，字数多达五百万字，无论从数量、技巧或水平，傅雷一代翻译巨匠当之无愧;笔者愚钝，认为傅先生留给后世最最宝贵的财富，《傅雷家书》当仁不让。楼适夷谈及《傅雷家书》时如是说：“这是一部最好的艺术学徒修养读物，这也是一部充满父爱的苦心孤诣、呕心沥血的教子篇。”杨剑龙论及《傅雷家书》中这样写“在傅聪1953年 出国 到1966年傅雷夫妇自尽的13年间，傅雷以一颗慈爱之心不断地给儿子写信，谈生活，谈艺术，说做人，说从艺，循循善诱、谆谆教诲，善解人意、体察入微，将满腔热忱流泻于笔端，把一怀舐犊深情寄寓于信笺。”著名纪实文学作家叶永烈先生在《傅雷与傅聪》一书中写道，“他的翻译作品中所透露的是外国作家的思想，而非他自己的思想。惟有《傅雷家书》，他生前也没有想到过将来他的这些信会编成一本《傅雷家书》，会有一百多万册的印制量，会受到那么多读者的喜爱。”傅雷家书，在艺术之林中以其独特的处事为人、真切的情感投入和深刻的音乐探讨，从而使得这部家书熠熠生辉，夺目放彩。此前，哪一位父亲用如此细微的笔触寄予子女这般无限又无微不至的关爱和 教育 ?傅先生的真情，学识真真切切拨动着人们渐渐冷漠的心弦，让人感悟，让人反省，让人向往，其所折射的傅雷精神是一笔巨大的财富，启迪着一代又一代寻觅通往幸福之路的青年人。许钧先生在《傅雷翻译研究》一书中将傅雷精神归纳为“热情、认真、执著、理想”，这或许是傅雷翻译工作之工作态度，而笔者借用家书，透过文字背后暗藏的本质，对傅雷精神的解读即是――慈爱、真诚、乐观、坚强、人本。此种强大的精神刻骨铭心地鼓舞笔者，激励着笔者的深刻反省、无限深思。
二、傅雷家书：傅雷人生观的反思
如何做人是傅雷教育儿女的重中之重，他将为人视为从艺的基础。家书的字里行间透露出傅雷的谆谆教导：“人人多少有些惰性，假如你的惰性与偏向不能受道德的约束，又怎么能够实现我们教育你的信条：‘先为人，次为艺术家，再为音乐家，终为钢琴家’?”“我始终认为弄学问也好，弄艺术也好，顶要紧的是Human(人)，要把一个‘人’尽量发展，没成为××家××家以前，先要学做人;否则那种××家如何高明也不会对人类有多大的贡献。”
“真诚是第一把艺术的钥匙，知之为知之，不知为不知，真诚的‘不懂’比不真诚的‘懂’，还叫人好受些。最讨厌的莫如自以为是，自作解人。有了真诚，才会有虚心，有了虚心，才肯丢开自己去理解别人，也才能放下虚伪的自尊心去理解自己。”傅雷反对不懂装懂的自欺心理，崇尚“知之为知之，不知为不知”的虚心求学态度。有一次谈及傅聪与杰老师时，他给儿子写道，“你能继续跟杰老师上课，我很赞成，千万不要驼子摔交，两头不着。有个博学的老师指点，总比自己摸索好，尽管他有些见解与你不同。但你还年轻，musical literature的接触真是太有限了，乐理与曲体的知识又几乎等于零，更需要虚心一些，多听听年长的，尤其是一个scholarship很高的人的意见。”傅雷在儿子的一次成功演奏之后赞赏道：“我更高兴更安慰的是：多少过分的谀词与夸奖，都没有使你丧失自知之明，众人的掌声，拥抱，名流的赞美，都没有减少你对艺术的谦卑!”他希望儿子谦虚谨慎，积极奋进，不怕挫折，不怕失败，不怕打击，他说：“只要你能坚强，我就一辈子放了心!成就的大小、高低，是不在我们掌握之内的，一半靠人力，一半靠天赋，但只要坚强，就不怕失败，不怕挫折，不怕打击――不管是人事上的，生活上的，技术上的还是学习上的――打击;从此以后你可以孤军奋斗了。”在谈及失败与错误时，他说：“得失成败尽量置之度外，只求竭尽所能，无愧于心。”“人一辈子都在高潮与低潮之间浮沉，惟有庸碌的人，生活才如死水一般;只要高潮不过分使你紧张，低潮不过分使你颓废，就好了。太阳太强烈，会把五谷晒焦; 雨水 太猛，也会淹死庄稼。我们只求心理相当平衡，不至于受伤而已。”“一个人惟有敢于正视现实，正视错误，用理智分析，彻底感悟;终不至于被回忆侵蚀。”反窥现实，我们不禁感叹，傅雷精神影响深远，倘若现今的我们，尤其是年轻一代能真真领悟傅雷精神，更上一层楼的和谐就指日可待了!
傅雷家书中，人本观念熠熠生辉。除了教导儿子将为人为人生的重中之重，还时常关心儿子的身心健康，这在家书里比比皆是，譬如，傅聪即将出国 留学 时傅先生写道，“可是关于感情问题，我还是要郑重告诫：无论如何要克制，以前途为重，以健康为重。在外好好利用时间，不但要利用时间来工作，还要利用时间来休息，写信。”傅聪多次比赛前，傅雷都会耐心教导儿子，“比赛以前的几个月，一定要把身心的健康保护得非常好，才能有充沛的精力出场竞赛。俗语说‘养兵千日’，‘养’这个字极有道理。”在谈及傅聪练琴时，傅雷嘱咐儿子：“不过身体还得保重，别为了多争半小时一小时，而弄得筋疲力尽。从现在起，你尤其要保养得好，不能太累，休息要充分，常常保持fresh的精神。好比参加世运的选手，离上场的日期愈近，身心愈要调养得健康，精神饱满比什么都重要。”相形见绌，今昔的人父人母，尤其是都市里的爹妈，有几人能像傅雷这般照顾子女的精神成长?有几人能牺牲一丁点时间去关照子女的情感问题?有几人能奉行“人本主义”呵护子女的身心健康?错综复杂的社会体制又容许我们的人父人母能做到几分“人本”呢?这是体制问题?或者是人文问题?我们更明白的是这些问题一时间难以明辨，但这并不影响我们对人生观的深刻反省。
三、傅雷家书：傅雷艺术观的反省
傅雷家书不仅仅展现了傅雷对儿子的为人处事，身心健康诸多方面的关爱，同时还流露出其对音乐、绘画等颇有见地的才识和睿智。在谈及艺术境界时，他跟儿子分享道：“音乐主要是用你脑子，把你蒙蒙胧胧的感情(对每一个乐曲，每一章，每一段的感情)分辨清楚，弄明白你的感觉究竟是怎么一回事;等到你弄明白了，你的境界十分明确了，然后你的technic自会跟踪而来的。”在谈到音乐与技巧时，他也曾告诫儿子：“现在我深信这是一个魔障，凡是一天到晚闹技巧的，就是艺术工匠而不是艺术家。一个人跳不出这一关，一辈子也休想梦见艺术!艺术是目的，技巧是手段：老是只注意手段的人，必然会忘了他的目的。”笔者以为，这两点同样适用于翻译领域，如若译者能对原文的意思(每一个词，每一个句，每一个篇章的意思)分辨清楚，那么翻译的境界也就高超了，翻译技巧也会随之炉火纯青。反之，译者如若整天只顾研究翻译技巧，终若有所成，顶多是翻译匠而非翻译家。只注重翻译手段而不讲究翻译境界的人，必然会偏离亦或遗忘翻译目的的。
傅雷家书蕴涵着深刻的思想哲理，深深地启发着世人。在傅聪感觉职业生涯不乐观时，他鼓励儿子：“你说常在矛盾与快乐之中，但我相信艺术家没有矛盾不会进步，不会演变，不会深入。有矛盾正是生机蓬勃的明证。眼前你感到的还不过是技巧与理想的矛盾，将来你还有反复不已更大的矛盾呢：形式与内容的枘凿，自己内心的许许多多不可预料的矛盾，都在前途等着你。别担心，解决一个矛盾，便是前进一步!”“矛盾是解决不完的，所以艺术没有止境，没有perfect的一天!唯其如此，才需要我们日以继夜，终生的追求、苦练;要不然大家做了羲皇上人，垂手而天下治，做人也太腻了。”傅雷的这种矛盾观、积极向上的心态，笔者以为，在今天仍不乏极高的艺术价值，或曰，在今天这个竞争最为激烈的社会，此种矛盾观、乐观向上、积极上进的态度更值得我们学习和借鉴。
四、结语
傅雷在家书中提到给儿子写书信的目的：“长篇累牍的给你写信，不是空唠叨，不是莫名其妙的gossip，而是有好几种作用的。第一我的确把你当作一个讨论艺术，讨论音乐的对手;第二，极想激出你一些青年人的感想，让我做父亲的得些新鲜养料，同时也可以间接传布给别的青年;第三，借通信训练你的――不但是文笔，而尤其是你的思想;第四，我想时时刻刻，随处给你做个警钟，做面‘忠实的镜子’，不论在做人方面，在生活方细节面，在艺术修养方面，在演奏姿态方面。我做父亲的只想做你的影子，既要随时随地帮助你、保护你，又要不让你对这个影子觉得厌烦。”在此，我们对傅雷家书的思想哲理、睿智见识、真挚情感便可管窥全貌。叶永烈先生在其论文如是说：“《傅雷家书》的意义，远远超过了傅雷一家的范围。哲学家可以从《傅雷家书》中研究傅雷的思想、哲理、 方法 ;教育家可以从《傅雷家书》探讨人才培养的规律以及家庭对成才的影响;文学家可以从《傅雷家书》中研究 散文 的笔法;艺术家可以从《傅雷家书》中汲取音乐、美术的营养;历史学家可以从《傅雷家书》中剖析二十世纪五十至六十年代中国知识分子的灵魂;广大读者可以把《傅雷家书》作为一本优秀的青年思想修养读物，一本爱国主义教育的生动教材。”而笔者，欲跟诸位，尤其我们的青年人，共享家书在现实生活方方面面的重大教育意义和巨大指导意义，亦如笔者上文所提：《傅雷家书》教育儿子在为人处事上的睿智、交往中的真诚、学习中的谦虚，都值得我们借鉴;家书教育儿子不怕困难、不惧挫折、敢于面对的乐观坚强的态度更是值得我们铭记;家书中关于艺术境界的探讨，值得我们从事翻译的译者借鉴并学习;家书的“人本”思想、矛盾观等等理念，值得我们深思、反省。
参考文献：
[1]楼适夷.傅雷家书・读家书，想傅雷[M].北京：三联书店，1998.
[2]杨剑龙.特定历史语境中的个人话语――论《傅雷家书》[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2003(6).
[3]叶永烈.傅雷与傅聪――解读《傅雷家书》[M].南宁：广西人民出版社，2004.
[4]傅雷.傅雷家书[M].北京：三联书店，1998.
[5]傅雷.傅雷家书[M].北京：三联书店，1984.
论《祝福》中的女性形象
摘要：鲁迅是中国二十世纪最伟大的文学家、思想家和革命家。他在《祝福》中塑造了三类女性形象：被奴役、被压迫的女性;封建礼教的代言人;有意和无意的帮凶。表达了作者对封建礼教的批判。
关键词：祝福;女性形象;封建礼教
鲁迅是中国二十世纪最伟大的文学家、思想家和革命家，他以独特的视角分析中国社会存在的各种问题。在中国几千年的封建社会中，女人的地位始终是最低下的，她们受的压迫最厉害，是“铁屋子”中最弱小的群体。早在1918年，鲁迅就写了著名的《我之节烈观》，深刻批判了封建 文化 对女性的戕害，表达了对封建礼教“吃人”本质的愤恨。《祝福》可算得上是这方面的典范之作。《祝福》中的女性形象，可分为三类。
一、被奴役、被压迫的女性――祥林嫂
祥林嫂是旧中国广大劳动妇女的代表。她勤劳、善良、坚韧。但就是这样的一个人在旧社会不但没有争得一个做人的起码权利，反而成为一个被践踏、遭迫害、受鄙视的对象，最终被封建礼教所吞噬。祥林嫂为了躲避再嫁的命运，逃到鲁镇到鲁四老爷家帮工，整日劳作，衣食不论，却非常满足，以至于“口角边渐渐的有了笑影，脸上也白胖了。”只要暂时坐稳了奴隶，她也就感到了莫大的满足和幸福。然而，宗法制度和封建礼教却不会因此而放过她，生活的打击接二连三：婆婆把她绑到山坳里卖掉了，丈夫贺老六得伤寒死了，儿子阿毛被狼吃了，房子被大伯收去了。她再次成为无家可归之人。当再嫁再寡的她再次回到鲁镇的时候，就成为人们眼中的一个异类，成为一个“不干不净”的人，最终被大家排斥，倒毙在家家祝福的风雪交加的街头。至此，她是“想做奴隶而不得做”(《灯下漫笔》)了。
在祥林嫂短暂的一生中，她也曾不屈服于命运的安排，进行过各种各样的反抗：为躲避被婆婆卖掉而逃到鲁镇;再嫁时闹得“出格”; 面对人们的嘲弄、侮辱与伤害，给以无言的抗议;为取得精神上的平等，免除阴间被锯为两半的命运倾其所有到土地庙去捐了门槛;死前怀疑灵魂的有无等等。但这些反抗，无不带有浓厚的封建色彩，是受了“好女不嫁二夫”，“饿死事小，失节事大”等封建思想毒害的结果。她的“出格”的反抗，是为了保持自己的“贞节”; 她的捐门槛是为了赎“罪”。她拼命反抗的东西，实际上恰恰成了她拼命维护的东西。她是为了坐稳奴隶而进行的抗争，是在封建礼教和封建迷信的泥沼中进行的抗争。她反抗地越厉害，说明受的封建礼教的毒害越深。她的反抗具有浓烈的悲剧性。封建礼教已经深入人心，生活在封建势力占统治地位的中国农村的祥林嫂，其悲剧是无法避免的。祥林嫂的悲剧是一个时代的悲剧。
二、封建礼教的代言人――婆婆、四婶
从小说的 故事 情节看，祥林嫂的悲剧命运源于她的婆婆。作者通过卫老婆子之口交代了她婆婆的特点：“那女人虽是山里人模样，然而应酬很从容，说话也能干。”为了给小儿子娶媳妇，善于算计的婆婆公然地把逃到鲁镇的祥林嫂象畜生般捆走卖到山坳里去了。封建时代要求女子“三从”“、四德”，对家长绝对服从，女人一生的命运都寄托在男人身上。在婆婆家，祥林死后祥林嫂无子可从，作为封建家长的婆婆就可以把她随意卖掉;在山坳里，贺老六病死，儿子被狼吃掉，祥林嫂就只能被大伯赶出去，成为无家可归之人。这种封建思想根深蒂固，就连认为绑架祥林嫂的行为损害了自己尊严的鲁四老爷在气愤过后也释然地说：“可恶!然而……”
四婶是大户人家的太太，表面看来温柔敦厚，心地善良，实际上也是一个自私、顽固、残忍的封建礼教的维护者，一个杀害祥林嫂的凶手。是她，从精神上彻底打垮了祥林嫂，用封建礼教这把利剑把祥林嫂逼上了绝路。四婶对祥林嫂的态度可以说经历了三个阶段：念叨――不满――扫地出门。而发生这一切变化的根源在于祥林嫂能否为她出力。她对祥林嫂念叨是因为祥林嫂整日不停地劳作;她对祥林嫂不满是因为祥林嫂在遭受了丧夫失子的痛苦后，精神变得不济，做事时常丢三落四，又总是絮絮叨叨。她从内心深处开始嫌弃“不干不净”的祥林嫂，在祭祀时不让祥林嫂沾祭器，从精神上宣判了祥林嫂的死刑。尽管祥林嫂用自己辛苦挣得的血汗钱捐了一条千人骑、万人跨的门槛，希望自己能够重新获得做人的权利，但四婶的一句“祥林嫂，你放着罢!我来摆。”“祥林嫂，你放着罢!我来拿。”彻底打破了她的希望。害怕自己成为异类的祥林嫂最终还是无奈地成为了人们眼中的异类，被四婶扫地出门，在家家祝福的 除夕 夜，倒毙在了风雪交加的街头。作者通过这一形象的塑造，从更深层次挖掘出了祥林嫂悲剧的社会根源。
三、有意和无意的帮凶――柳妈、卫老婆子、老妇人
柳妈的出场是在小说的高潮部分――祥林嫂第二次到鲁镇的时候。关于柳妈她深受封建礼教的毒害又反过来用封建礼教害人。她对同处于被剥削阶层的祥林嫂本应同情、宽容，但有意无意中却充当了刽子手的角色。她不怀好意地用她那明亮的小眼睛盯着祥林嫂额角那引以为耻的伤疤，取笑力气大的祥林嫂何以竟自己愿意了，恐吓她死后两个死鬼的男人还要相争，阎罗大王只好把她锯为两半。并“好心”地为祥林嫂出主意――用自己的血汗钱到土地庙捐一条门槛来赎了这一生的罪名，然后又把自己和祥林嫂谈话的内容张扬出去，使人们得到了取笑祥林嫂的新材料。柳妈这一形象，使人们从更深广的角度认识到社会对祥林嫂的不宽容。处在如此险恶环境中的祥林嫂的被毁灭是一种历史的必然。
卫老婆子和老妇人是小说中着墨不多的人物。但通过淡淡的笔墨，仍能窥探出他们的内心世界。卫老婆子是一个见风使舵、圆滑世故之人，她以介绍人打工为职业，从中谋利。她一开始以热心肠的身份出现，热情帮助孤苦无依的祥林嫂，极尽甜言蜜语之能事，把祥林嫂介绍到鲁四老爷家帮工。转而又加入到与婆婆一起绑架贩卖祥林嫂的行列中去。这个没有起码是非观念的女人，左右逢源，如鱼得水，从中尽情捞着自己的好处。对于祥林嫂的不幸遭遇，她不但不感到可惜、气愤，反而以艳羡的口气说他交了好运，儿子也胖，母亲也胖。她被金钱和封建礼教吞噬了灵魂，同时又帮着封建礼教吞噬着其他善良的人们。老妇人等则专以别人的痛苦为快乐。她让祥林嫂不断重复着自己悲惨的故事，不断揭开祥林嫂始终流血的伤疤。她始而同情，眼角流出几滴眼泪，口中发出几声叹息，继而也就冷漠，最终是厌弃了。这些麻木的看客，津津有味地咀嚼着别人的痛苦，成为祥林嫂悲剧命运的推波助澜者。
法捷耶夫曾说：“鲁迅，是短篇小说的名手，他善于简短地、清楚地在一些形象中表达一种思想，在一个插曲中表达一件巨大的事变，在某一个别的人物中表达一个典型。”作者在《祝福》中塑造的这三类女性形象，尽管身份不同，地位不一，却都深受封建礼教的毒害。在《我怎么做起小说来》中，鲁迅这样说：“说到‘为什么’做小说罢。我仍然抱着十多年前的‘启蒙主义’，以为必须是‘为人生’，而且要改良这人生。我深恶先前的称小说为‘闲书’，而且将‘为艺术的艺术’，看作不过是‘清闲’的新式别号。所以我的取材，多采自病态社会的不幸的人们中，意思是在揭出病苦，引起疗救的注意。”这也正是《祝福》中这些女性形象的意义所在。
参考文献：
[1]鲁迅.彷徨[M].人民文学出版社,1973。
[2]鲁迅.呐喊[M].人民文学出版社,1973。
[3]鲁迅.南腔北调集[M].人民文学出版社,2006。
标准论文格式字体：标准论文格式字体的第一页：论文题目（黑体、居中、三号字）（空一行）作者（宋体、小三）（空一行）[摘要]（四号黑体）空一格打印内容（四号宋体，200-300字）……（空一行）[关键词]（四号黑体）关键词内容（小四号宋体、每两个关键词之间空两格）标准论文字体格式的第二页：目录（居中、四号黑体）（空一行）（空一行）引言（小四号宋体）……页码（小四号宋体）一、标题（小四号宋体）……页码（小四号宋体）1.（小标题）（小四号宋体）……页码（小四号宋体）（1）（下级标题）（小四号宋体）……页码（小四号宋体）二、（标题）（小四号宋体）……页码（小四号宋体）1.（小标题）（小四号宋体）……页码（小四号宋体）（1）（下级标题）（小四号宋体）……页码（小四号宋体）参考文献（小四号宋体）……页码（小四号宋体）附录（小四号宋体）……页码（小四号宋体）致谢语（小四号宋体）……页码（小四号宋体）英文题目、摘要、关键词（小四号宋体）……页码（小四号宋体）第三页开始：毕业论文正文引言（居中、四号黑体）（空一行）（空一行）引言内容用小四号宋体打印（空一行）（空一行）一、（标题）（居中、四号黑体）（空一行）（空一行）1、（小标题）（四号宋体）（空一行）（1）（下级小标题）（小四号黑体）（正文内容用小四号宋体、下同）（空一行）（空一行）1、（小标题）（四号宋体）（空一行）（1）（下级小标题）（小四号黑体）···（空一行）（空一行）结论（内容用小四号宋体）（空一行）（空一行）附录（居中、四号黑体）附录内容（内容用小四号宋体）（空一行）（空一行）参考文献（居中、四号黑体）参考文献（内容用五号宋体）（空一行）（空一行）致谢（居中、四号黑体）（空一行）（空一行）致谢语（内容用小四号宋体）（空一行）（空一行）最后一页（英文题目）（居中、小四号Arial体）（空一行）（空一行）摘要（小四号Arial体）（内容用五号Arial体）关键词（小四号Arial体）（内容用五号Arial体、每个单词间空二格）备注：1、英文译文打印格式：标题用四号黑体、内容用小四号宋体。（来源：学术堂）
阅读是 学习英语 的基础，对于 英语学习 者来说培养自己的阅读能力十分重要，下面我为大家带来 英语阅读 短文摘抄，欢迎大家阅读!
In 1858, a French engineer, Aime Thome de Gamond, arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one-mile tunnel under the English Channel. He said that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. This platform would serve as a port and a railway station. The tunnel would be well-ventilated if tall chimneys were built above sea level. In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an Englishman, William Low. He suggested that a double railway-tunnel should be built. This would solve the problem of ventilation, for if a train entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it. Forty-two years later a tunnel was actually begun. If, at the time, the British had not feared invasion, it would have been completed. The world had to wait almost another 100 years for the Channel Tunnel. It was officially opened on March 7,1994, finally connecting Britain to the European continent.
1858，法国工程师，托梅二十一公里，计划到了英国一个长21英里隧道的英语频道。他说，这将有可能建立一个平台的中心通道。这个平台将用作码头和火车站。隧道通风良好如果高大的烟囱状海拔。1860，提出了一个更好的计划由一个英国人，威廉低。他提议建一条双轨隧道。这将解决通风问题，因为如果一列火车开进隧道，它就把新鲜空气的背后。四十二年后，隧道真的开始。如果，当时，英国不害怕入侵的话，它会被完成。世界不得不再等将近100年的英吉利海峡隧道。这是3月71994正式开通，将英国与欧洲大陆的。
Jeremy Hampden has a large circle of friends and if very popular at parties. Everybody admires him for his great sense of humour -- everybody, that is, except his six-year-old daughter, Jenny. Recently, one of Jeremy's closest friends asked him to make a speech at a wedding reception. This is the sort of thing that Jeremy loves. He prepared the speech carefully and went to the wedding with Jenny. he had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was a great success. As soon as he had finished, Jenny told him she wanted to go home. Jeremy was a little disappointed by this but he did as his daughter asked. On the way home, he asked Jenny if she had enjoyed the speech. To his surprise, she said she hadn't. Jeremy asked her why this was so and she told him that she did not like to see so many people laughing at him!
杰瑞米汉普登有一大群朋友如果很受欢迎的人。人人都钦佩他那绝妙的幽默感--人人，就是说，除他6岁的女儿珍妮。最近，杰瑞米的一个最亲密的朋友请他在一个婚礼上祝词。这是杰瑞米所喜欢的那种事。他认真准备了讲稿，带着珍妮去婚礼。他包含了很多有趣的 故事 ，并在讲话，当然，这是一个巨大的成功。他刚一讲完，珍妮就告诉他说她想回家。杰瑞米因此感到有点扫兴，但他还是按照女儿的要求做了。在回家的路上，他问珍妮是否喜欢演讲。使他吃惊的是，她说她不喜欢。杰瑞米问她为什么不，她告诉他，她不愿意看到那么多的人嘲笑他!
Firemen had been fighting the forest for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around. Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly. The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes. The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root. In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.
消防队员与森林大火搏斗了近三个星期才把火势控制。不久之前，高大的树木覆盖着方圆数英里的土地。现在，仍然升腾着烟雾，弥漫在荒凉的山丘上温暖地面。冬季即将来临，山丘对周围的村庄具有毁灭性的威胁，因为大雨不仅会冲走土壤，而且还会引起严重的水灾，以及。在大火最后被扑灭后，森林管理当局订购了好几吨特殊类型的草籽生长迅速。这种草籽大量地飞机。飞机撒播近一个月，当它开始下雨。当时，然而，很多地方的草已经生了根。在地方的大树已经生长了许多世纪的补丁绿色开始出现在这片烧焦的土地。
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英语阅读小短文五篇
英语阅读：AnEmptyBox
Once upon a time, a man punished his 5-year-old daughter for using up the family's only roll of expensive gold wrapping paper. Money was tight, and he became even more upset when on Christmas Eve, he saw that the child had pasted the gold paper so as to decorate a shoebox to put under the Christmas tree.
Nevertheless, the next morning the little girl, filled with excitement, brought the gift box to her father and said, "This is for you, Daddy!"
As he opened the box, the father was embarrassed by his earlier overreaction.
But when he opened it, he found it was empty and again his anger flared. "Don't you know, young lady, " he said harshly, "when you give someone a present there's supposed to be something inside the package!"
The little girl looked up at him with tears rolling from her eyes and said: "Daddy, it's not empty. I blew kisses into it until it was all full."
The father was crushed. He fell on his knees and put his arms around his precious little girl. He begged her to forgive him for his unnecessary anger.
An accident took the life of the child only a short time later. It is told that the father kept that little gold box by his bed for all the years of his life. Whenever he was discouraged or faced difficult problems he would open the box, take out an imaginary kiss, and remember the love of this beautiful child who had put it there.
In a very real sense, each of us as human beings have been given an invisible golden box filled with unconditional love and kisses from our children, family, friends and God.
There is no more precious possession anyone could hold.
英语阅读：HappinessEquateswithFun?
I live in Hollywood. You may think people in such a glamorous, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.
Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more abiding emotion.
Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends.
I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful inpiduals have constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that spells "happiness".
But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children, profound loneliness.
The way people cling to the belief that a fun-filled, pain-free life equates happiness actually diminishes their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equated with happiness, then pain must be equated with unhappiness. But, in fact, the opposite is true: More times than not, things that lead to happiness involve some pain.
As a result, many people avoid the very endeavors that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment, civic or charitable work, and self-improvement.
英语阅读：TodayisaGift
Two men, both seriously ill, occupied the same hospital room. One man was allowed to sit up in his bed for an hour each afternoon to help drain the fluid from his lungs. His bed was next to the room‘s only window. The other man had to spend all his time flat on his back. The men talked for hours on end.
They spoke of their wives and families, their homes, their jobs, their involvement in the military service, where they had been on vacation. And every afternoon when the man in the bed by the window could sit up, he would pass the time by describing to his roommate all the things he could see outside the window. The man in the other bed began to live for those one-hour periods where his world would be broadened and enlivened by all the activity and color of the world outside.
The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks and swans played on the water while children sailed their model boats. Young lovers walked arm in arm amidst flowers of every color of the rainbow. Grand old trees graced the landscape, and a fine view of the city skyline could be seen in the distance. As the man by the window described all this in exquisite detail, the man on the other side of the room would close his eyes and imagine the picturesque scene.
One warm afternoon the man by the window described a parade passing by. Although the other man couldn‘t hear the band - he could see it in his mind‘s eye as the gentleman by the window portrayed it with descriptive words.
Days and weeks passed. One morning, the day nurse arrived to bring water for their baths only to find the lifeless body of the man by the window, who had died peacefully in his sleep. She was saddened and called the hospital attendants to take the body away.
As soon as it seemed appropriate, the other man asked if he could be moved next to the window. The nurse was happy to make the switch, and after making sure he was comfortable, she left him alone. Slowly and painfully, he propped himself up on one elbow to take his first look at the world outside. Finally, he would have the joy of seeing it for himself. He strained to slowly turn to look out the window beside the bed. It faced a blank wall.
The man asked the nurse what could have compelled his deceased roommate who had described such wonderful things outside this window. The nurse responded that the man was blind and could not even see the wall. She said, "Perhaps he just wanted to encourage you."
英语阅读：IsPackingImportanttoYou?
A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had admired a beautiful sports car in a dealer's showroom, and knowing his father could well afford it, he told him that was all he wanted.
As Graduation Day approached, the young man awaited signs that his father had purchased the car. Finally, on the morning of his graduation, his father called him into his private study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son, and told him how much he loved him. He handed his son a beautiful wrapped gift box. Curious, but somewhat disappointed, the young man opened the box and found a lovely, leather-bound Bible, with the young man's name embossed in gold.
Angrily, he raised his voice to his father and said, "With all your money you give me a Bible?" He then stormed out of the house, leaving the Bible.
Many years passed and the young man was very successful in business. He had a beautiful home and a wonderful family, but realizing his father was very old, he thought perhaps he should go to see him. He had not seen him since that graduation day. Before he could make the arrangements, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and willed all of his possessions to his son. He needed to come home immediately and take care of things.
When he arrived at his father's house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. He began to search through his father's important papers and saw the still new Bible, just as he had left it years ago.
With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. As he was reading, a car key dropped from the back of the Bible. It had a tag with the dealer's name, the same dealer who had the sports car he had desired. On the tag was the date of his graduation, and the words… "PAID IN FULL".
How many times do we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected? I trust you enjoyed this. Do not spoil what you have by desiring what you have not; but remember that what you now have was once among the things you only hoped for. Sometimes we don't realize the good fortune we have or we could have because we expect "the packaging" to be different. What may appear as bad fortune may in fact be the door that is just waiting to be opened.
英语阅读：TheBabyEagle
Once upon a time there was a baby eagle living in a nest perched on a cliff overlooking a beautiful valley with waterfalls and streams, trees and lots of little animals, scurrying about enjoying their lives.
The baby eagle liked the nest. It was the only world he had ever known. It was warm and comfortable, had a great view, and even better, he had all the food and love and attention that a great mother eagle could provide. Many times each day the mother would swoop down from the sky and land in the nest and feed the baby eagle delicious morsels of food. She was like a god to him, he had no idea where she came from or how she worked her magic.
The baby eagle was hungry all the time, but the mother eagle would always come just in time with the food and love and attention he craved. The baby eagle grew strong. His vision grew very sharp. He felt good all the time.
Until one day, the mother stopped coming to the nest.
The baby eagle was hungry. "I'm sure to die," said the baby eagle, all the time.
"Very soon, death is coming," he cried, with tears streaming down his face. Over and over. But there was no one there to hear him.
Then one day the mother eagle appeared at the top of the mountain cliff, with a big bowl of delicious food and she looked down at her baby. The baby looked up at the mother and cried "Why did you abandon me? I'm going to die any minute. How could you do this to me?"
The mother said, "Here is some very tasty and nourishing food, all you have to do is come get it."
"Come get it!" said the baby, with much anger. "How?"
The mother flew away.
The baby cried and cried and cried.
A few days later, "I'm going to end it all," he said. "I give up. It is time for me to die."
He didn't know his mother was nearby. She swooped down to the nest with his last meal.
"Eat this, it's your last meal," she said.
The baby cried, but he ate and whined and whined about what a bad mother she was.
"You're a terrible mother," he said. Then she pushed him out of the nest.
He fell.
Head first.
Picked up speed.
Faster and faster.
He screamed. "I'm dying I'm dying," he cried. He picked up more speed.
He looked up at his mother. "How could you do this to me?"
He looked down.
The ground rushed closer, faster and faster. He could visualize his own death so clearly, coming so soon, and cried and whined and complained. "This isn't fair!" he screamed.
Something strange happens.
The air caught behind his arms and they snapped away from his body, with a feeling unlike anything he had ever experienced. He looked down and saw the sky. He wasn't moving towards the ground anymore, his eyes were pointed up at the sun.
"Huh?" he said. "What is going on here!"
"You're flying," his mother said.
"This is fun!" laughed the baby eagle, as he soared and ped and swooped.
"Yes it is!" said the mother.
英语短文写作是大学英语教学的重要组成部分,也是衡量学生英语综合水平和应用能力的标准。下面是我带来的英语短篇 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
英语短篇文章1
11 Body Hacks that You Should Know About
Have you got any tiny itchy issues with your body sometimes but don’t know how to deal with them? Say how to kill the brain freeze or what to do when your limbs fall asleep? The following 11 body hacks will help you get the issues fixed.
1. To lessen the pain when you have an injection from the doctor, cough!
Studies have shown that the act of a sudden cough cause less pain to a person while having the injection.
2. Push your tongue against the roof of your mouth and press a finger between your eyebrows if you want to clear a stuffy nose or relieve the sinus pressure.
This causes the vomer bone to rock and your congestion will be loosened.
3. Lay on your left side if you want to sleep after having a big full meal.
The stomach is higher than the oesophagus when you sleep on your right; thus allowing food and stomach acid to go up to your throat.
4. If you have a toothache, rub some ice on the on the webbed area between your thumb and index finger.
By numbing your hand, your pain intensity will be reduced.
5. When you have a nosebleed, put some cotton on your upper gums behind the small dent below your nose and press on it.
By giving pressure on the gums, the supply of the blood to the nose can be blocked.
6. If your throat is a little itchy, scratch your ear.
By doing so, you stimulate the nerves in the ear and create a reflex in the throat which causes a muscle spasm that kills the itchy feeling.
7. Use your right ear to listen to the phone or hear people talk at a party.
Your right ear picks up words better while your left ear picks up sounds/music better.
8. If you start to feel dizzy and drunk, put your hand on something hard and stable.
Putting your hand on a stable subject help you feel more balance.
9. Putting your tongue flat against your mouth’s roof can prevent brain freeze.
This is because brain freeze happens when the nerves in your mouth’s roof get too cold.
10. If your hand falls asleep, move your neck and head.
The compressing nerves in your neck causes your hand to fall asleep, so move it side to side can relieve that.
11. If you feel nervous, try to blow your thumb.
Blowing cool wind to your thumb can slow down its pulse and calm you down eventually.
英语短篇文章2
15 Things You Might Have Misunderstood About Introverts
Introverts are a misunderstood bunch. Compared to extroverts, they think differently, act differently, and even look differently when they interact with people. But there are a lot of misconceptions about what it means to be “introverted.” Here are 15 of them:
Misconception #1: Introverts are shy.
Being “shy” and “introverted” are two completely different things. Introverts are not necessarily shy or afraid of people. They don’t just don’t prefer talking for the sake of talking.
Misconception #2: Introverts are unemotional.
Introverts may not show emotion with their facial expressions and gestures, but this doesn’t mean they’re not interested in what you’re saying. Introverts prefer to control their emotions around others and internalize them. Although someone who’s introverted may not appear engaged, this is usually not the case.
Misconception #3: Introverts don’t like working in groups.
Introverts often do their best work alone, so co-workers may misunderstand them and think they don’t want to partake in group work. While introverts do have a tendency to shut down in larger groups of people when they feel like their voice isn’t being heard, introverts excel in small group situations and enjoy working in these types of environments, as long as their opinion is valued.
Misconception #4: Introverts don’t like talking.
It’s not that introverts don’t like to talk, it’s that they prefer to listen before they talk. Introverts choose their words carefully and they think small talk is a waste of time. But, they’re more than willing to engage you in a deep conversation about topics they’re passionate about.
Misconception #5: Introverts are scared to look you in the eye.
In general, introverts may not make eye contact with you as much as extroverts. This is because they don’t feel the need to partake in social norms and rituals as much as extroverts, not because they’re “scared.”
Misconception #6: All introverts are poor public speakers.
Some introverts may not like speaking in large group settings; however, many introverts are naturally gifted speakers. And, introverts generally spend more time preparing for speeches and presentations rather than “flying by the seat of their pants.”
Misconception #7: Introverts just want to be left alone.
While it’s true that introverts prefer to “re-charge” with some quiet time reading or reflecting, they also crave human interaction and enjoy the company of others.
Misconception #8: Introverts over-analyze everything.
Introverts like to analyze situations and consider all possible scenarios before making decisions. Sometimes this can lead to “analysis paralysis,” but in general, it’s a positive trait that allows them to make tough decisions with a rational stream of thought.
Misconception #8: Introverts don’t like to go out in public.
False. Introverts may not be comfortable in crowded spaces, but they love experiencing new places, people, and things.
Misconception #9: Introverts are high strung.
The opposite is actually true. Introverts tend to be much more even-keeled and level than extroverts. They are able to objectively view all scenarios, even during times of stress.
Misconception #10: Introverts are underachievers.
Because we have such an affinity for the charismatic, personable, extroverted leader, some people assume that introverts are underachievers compared to extroverts. However, there are millions of successful introverted scientists, artists, physicians, writers, and philosophers. Achievement is not necessarily related to personality type.
Misconception #11: Introverts can “break out of their shell” and become extroverts.
Introversion is an inborn personality type that you can’t change. Many people falsely believe that introverts can (or want to) “unlearn” their quiet, passive tendencies.
Misconception #12: Introverts are rude.
Introverts get a bad rap because they don’t show emotion like extroverts do. This causes people to misunderstand them and mistake their stone-face demeanor for rudeness, which isn’t the case.
Misconception #13: Introverts are no fun.
Introverts are all about having a good time–they just prefer environments that are quieter and more low-key. They don’t mind going to parties, but they prefer to spend time socializing in their inner circle of friends.
Misconception #14: Introverts don’t make good leaders.
Introverts can be quiet but confident leaders. They are particularly effective at managing extroverts because they’re good listeners and don’t compete with them.
Misconception #15: Extroverts are happier than introverts.
Happiness has nothing to do with one’s personality type. There are happy and unhappy extroverts just like introverts. Personality type does not pre-dispose you to be unhappy.
Have you ever been misunderstood because of your personality type? If so, I’d love to hear from you below!
英语短篇文章3
Introverts are a misunderstood bunch. Compared to extroverts, they think differently, act differently, and even look differently when they interact with people. But there are a lot of misconceptions about what it means to be “introverted.” Here are 15 of them:
Misconception #1: Introverts are shy.
Being “shy” and “introverted” are two completely different things. Introverts are not necessarily shy or afraid of people. They don’t just don’t prefer talking for the sake of talking.
Misconception #2: Introverts are unemotional.
Introverts may not show emotion with their facial expressions and gestures, but this doesn’t mean they’re not interested in what you’re saying. Introverts prefer to control their emotions around others and internalize them. Although someone who’s introverted may not appear engaged, this is usually not the case.
Misconception #3: Introverts don’t like working in groups.
Introverts often do their best work alone, so co-workers may misunderstand them and think they don’t want to partake in group work. While introverts do have a tendency to shut down in larger groups of people when they feel like their voice isn’t being heard, introverts excel in small group situations and enjoy working in these types of environments, as long as their opinion is valued.
Misconception #4: Introverts don’t like talking.
It’s not that introverts don’t like to talk, it’s that they prefer to listen before they talk. Introverts choose their words carefully and they think small talk is a waste of time. But, they’re more than willing to engage you in a deep conversation about topics they’re passionate about.
Misconception #5: Introverts are scared to look you in the eye.
In general, introverts may not make eye contact with you as much as extroverts. This is because they don’t feel the need to partake in social norms and rituals as much as extroverts, not because they’re “scared.”
Misconception #6: All introverts are poor public speakers.
Some introverts may not like speaking in large group settings; however, many introverts are naturally gifted speakers. And, introverts generally spend more time preparing for speeches and presentations rather than “flying by the seat of their pants.”
Misconception #7: Introverts just want to be left alone.
While it’s true that introverts prefer to “re-charge” with some quiet time reading or reflecting, they also crave human interaction and enjoy the company of others.
Misconception #8: Introverts over-analyze everything.
Introverts like to analyze situations and consider all possible scenarios before making decisions. Sometimes this can lead to “analysis paralysis,” but in general, it’s a positive trait that allows them to make tough decisions with a rational stream of thought.
Misconception #8: Introverts don’t like to go out in public.
False. Introverts may not be comfortable in crowded spaces, but they love experiencing new places, people, and things.
Misconception #9: Introverts are high strung.
The opposite is actually true. Introverts tend to be much more even-keeled and level than extroverts. They are able to objectively view all scenarios, even during times of stress.
Misconception #10: Introverts are underachievers.
Because we have such an affinity for the charismatic, personable, extroverted leader, some people assume that introverts are underachievers compared to extroverts. However, there are millions of successful introverted scientists, artists, physicians, writers, and philosophers. Achievement is not necessarily related to personality type.
Misconception #11: Introverts can “break out of their shell” and become extroverts.
Introversion is an inborn personality type that you can’t change. Many people falsely believe that introverts can (or want to) “unlearn” their quiet, passive tendencies.
Misconception #12: Introverts are rude.
Introverts get a bad rap because they don’t show emotion like extroverts do. This causes people to misunderstand them and mistake their stone-face demeanor for rudeness, which isn’t the case.
Misconception #13: Introverts are no fun.
Introverts are all about having a good time–they just prefer environments that are quieter and more low-key. They don’t mind going to parties, but they prefer to spend time socializing in their inner circle of friends.
Misconception #14: Introverts don’t make good leaders.
Introverts can be quiet but confident leaders. They are particularly effective at managing extroverts because they’re good listeners and don’t compete with them.
Misconception #15: Extroverts are happier than introverts.
Happiness has nothing to do with one’s personality type. There are happy and unhappy extroverts just like introverts. Personality type does not pre-dispose you to be unhappy.
Have you ever been misunderstood because of your personality type? If so, I’d love to hear from you below!