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超声波论文文献中英文翻译

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超声波论文文献中英文翻译

原文 Ultrasonic distance meter Document Type and Number:United States Patent 5442592 Abstract:An ultrasonic distance meter cancels out the effects of temperature and humidity variations by including a measuring unit and a reference unit. In each of the units, a repetitive series of pulses is generated, each having a repetition rate directly related to the respective distance between an electroacoustic transmitter and an electroacoustic receiver. The pulse trains are provided to respective counters, and the ratio of the counter outputs is utilized to determine the distance being measured. Publication Date:08/15/1995 Primary Examiner:Lobo, Ian J. 一、BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to apparatus for the measurement of distance and, more particularly, to such apparatus which transmits ultrasonic waves between two points. Precision machine tools must be calibrated. In the past, this has been accomplished utilizing mechanical devices such as calipers, micrometers, and the like. However, the use of such devices does not readily lend itself to automation techniques. It is known that the distance between two points can be determined by measuring the propagation time of a wave travelling between those two points. One such type of wave is an ultrasonic, or acoustic, wave. When an ultrasonic wave travels between two points, the distance between the two points can be measured by multiplying the transit time of the wave by the wave velocity in the medium separating the two points. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide apparatus utilizing ultrasonic waves to accurately measure the distance between two points. When the medium between the two points whose spacing is being measured is air, the sound velocity is dependent upon the temperature and humidity of the air. It is therefore a further object of the,present invention to provide apparatus of the type described which is independent of temperature and humidity variations. 二、SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The foregoing and additional objects are attained in accordance with the principles of this invention by providing distance measuring apparatus which includes a reference unit and a measuring unit. The reference and measuring units are the same and each includes an electroacoustic transmitter and an electroacoustic receiver. The spacing between the transmitter and the receiver of the reference unit is a fixed reference distance, whereas the spacing between the transmitter and receiver of the measuring unit is the distance to be measured. In each of the units, the transmitter and receiver are coupled by a feedback loop which causes the transmitter to generate an acoustic pulse which is received by the receiver and converted into an electrical pulse which is then fed back to the transmitter, so that a repetitive series of pulses results. The repetition rate of the pulses is inversely related to the distance between the transmitter and the receiver. In each of the units, the pulses are provided to a counter. Since the reference distance is known, the ratio of the counter outputs is utilized to determine the desired distance to be measured. Since both counts are identically influenced by temperature and humidity variations, by taking the ratio of the counts, the resultant measurement becomes insensitive to such variations. 三、BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The foregoing will be more readily apparent upon reading the following description in conjunction with the drawing in which the single FIGURE schematically depicts apparatus constructed in accordance with the principles of this invention. 四、DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring now to the drawing, there is shown a measuring unit 10 and a reference unit 12, both coupled to a utilization means 14. The measuring unit 10 includes an electroacoustic transmitter 16 and an electroacoustic receiver 18. The transmitter 16 includes piezoelectric material 20 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 22 and 24. Likewise, the receiver 18 includes piezoelectric material 26 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 28 and 30. As is known, by applying an electric field across the electrodes 22 and 24, stress is induced in the piezoelectric material 20. If the field varies, such as by the application of an electrical pulse, an acoustic wave 32 is generated. As is further known, when an acoustic wave impinges upon the receiver 18, this induces stress in the piezoelectric material 26 which causes an electrical signal to be generated across the electrodes 28 and 30. Although piezoelectric transducers have been illustrated, other electroacoustic devices may be utilized, such as, for example, electrostatic, electret or electromagnetic types. As shown, the electrodes 28 and 30 of the receiver 18 are coupled to the input of an amplifier 34, whose output is coupled to the input of a detector 36. The detector 36 is arranged to provide a signal to the pulse former 38 when the output from the amplifier 34 exceeds a predetermined level. The pulse former 38 then generates a trigger pulse which is provided to the pulse generator 40. In order to enhance the sensitivity of the system, the transducers 16 and 18 are resonantly excited. There is accordingly provided a continuous wave oscillator 42 which provides a continuous oscillating signal at a fixed frequency, preferably the resonant frequency of the transducers 16 and 18. This oscillating signal is provided to the modulator 44. To effectively excite the transmitter 16, it is preferable to provide several cycles of the resonant frequency signal, rather than a single pulse or single cycle. Accordingly, the pulse generator 40 is arranged, in response to the application thereto of a trigger pulse, to provide a control pulse to the modulator 44 having a time duration equal the time duration of a predetermined number of cycles of the oscillating signal from the oscillator 42. This control pulse causes the modulator 44 to pass a "burst" of cycles to excite the transmitter 16. When electric power is applied to the described circuitry, there is sufficient noise at the input to the amplifier 34 that its output triggers the pulse generator 40 to cause a burst of oscillating cycles to be provided across the electrodes 22 and 24 of the transmitter 16. The transmitter 16 accordingly generates an acoustic wave 32 which impinges upon the receiver 18. The receiver 18 then generates an electrical pulse which is applied to the input of the amplifier 34, which again causes triggering of the pulse generator 40. This cycle repeats itself so that a repetitive series of trigger pulses results at the output of the pulse former 38. This pulse train is applied to the counter 46, as well as to the pulse generator 40. The transmitter 16 and the receiver 18 are spaced apart by the distance "D" which it is desired to measure. The propagation time "t" for an acoustic wave 32 travelling between the transmitter 16 and the receiver 18 is given by: t=D/V s where V s is the velocity of sound in the air between the transmitter 16 and the receiver 18. The counter 46 measures the repetition rate of the trigger pulses, which is equal to 1/t. Therefore, the repetition rate is equal to V s /D. The velocity of sound in air is a function of the temperature and humidity of the air, as follows: ##EQU1## where T is the temperature, p is the partial pressure of the water vapor, H is the barometric pressure, Γ w and Γ a are the ratio of constant pressure specific heat to constant volume specific heat for water vapor and dry air, respectively. Thus, although the repetition rate of the trigger pulses is measured very accurately by the counter 46, the sound velocity is influenced by temperature and humidity so that the measured distance D cannot be determined accurately. In accordance with the principles of this invention, a reference unit 12 is provided. The reference unit 12 is of the same construction as the measuring unit 10 and therefore includes an electroacoustic transmitter 50 which includes piezoelectric material 52 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 54 and 56, and an electroacoustic receiver 58 which includes piezoelectric material 60 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 62 and 64. Again, transducers other than the piezoelectric type can be utilized. The transmitter 50 and the receiver 58 are spaced apart a known and fixed reference distance "D R ". The electrodes 62 and 64 are coupled to the input of the amplifier 66, whose output is coupled to the input of the detector 68. The output of the detector 68 is coupled to the pulse former 70 which generates trigger pulses. The trigger pulses are applied to the pulse generator 72 which controls the modulator 74 to pass bursts from the continuous wave oscillator 76 to the transmitter 50. The trigger pulses from the pulse former 70 are also applied to the counter 78. Preferably, all of the transducers 16, 18, 50 and 58 have the same resonant frequency. Therefore, the oscillators 42 and 76 both operate at that frequency and the pulse generators 40 and 72 provide equal width output pulses. In usage, the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12 are in close proximity so that the sound velocity in both of the units is the same. Although the repetition rates of the pulses in the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12 are each temperature and humidity dependent, it can be shown that the distance D to be measured is related to the reference distance D R as follows: i D=D R (1/t R )/(1/t) where t R is the propagation time over the distance D R in the reference unit 12. This relationship is independent of both temperature and humidity. Thus, the outputs of the counters 46 and 78 are provided as inputs to the microprocessor 90 in the utilization means 14. The microprocessor 90 is appropriately programmed to provide an output which is proportional to the ratio of the outputs of the counters 46 and 78, which in turn are proportional to the repetition rates of the respective trigger pulse trains of the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12. As described, this ratio is independent of temperature and humidity and, since the reference distance D R is known, provides an accurate representation of the distance D. The utilization means 14 further includes a display 92 which is coupled to and controlled by the microprocessor 90 so that an operator can readily determine the distance D. Experiments have shown that when the distance between the transmitting and receiving transducers is too small, reflections of the acoustic wave at the transducer surfaces has a not insignificant effect which degrades the measurement accuracy. Accordingly, it is preferred that each transducer pair be separated by at least a certain minimum distance, preferably about four inches. Accordingly, there has been disclosed improved apparatus for the measurement of distance utilizing ultrasonic waves. While an illustrative embodiment of the present invention has been disclosed herein, it is understood that various modifications and adaptations to the disclosed embodiment will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and it is intended that this invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims. 译文 超声波测距仪 文件类型和数目:美国专利5442592 摘要:提出了一种超声波测距仪来抵消的影响温度和湿度的变化,包括测量单元和参考资料。在每一个单位,重复的一系列脉冲的产生,每有一个重复率,直接关系到各自之间的距离,发射机和接收机。脉冲提供给各自的主机,和比例的反产出是利用确定的距离被衡量的。 出版日期: 1995年8月15日 主审查员:罗保.伊恩j. 一、背景发明 本发明涉及到仪器的测量距离,更特别是,这种仪器传送超声波两点之间。 精密机床必须校准。在过去,这已经完成利用机械设备,如卡钳,微米等。不过,使用这种装置并不容易本身自动化技术。据了解,该两点之间距离才能确定通过测量传播时间的浪潮往返那些两点。这样一个类型的波是一种超声波,或声,海浪。当超声波旅行两点之间,距离两个点之间可以衡量乘以过境的时间波由波速,在中期分开两点。因此,这是一个对象本发明提供仪器利用超声波准确测量两点之间距离。 当中等两个点之间的间距是被衡量的是空气,声速是取决于温度和空气相对湿度。因此,它是进一步对象的,现在的发明,提供仪器的类型所描述的是独立于温度和湿度的变化。 二、综述发明 前述的和额外的对象是达到了根据这些原则的这项发明提供距离测量仪器,其中包括一个参考的单位和测量单位。参考和测量单位是相同的,每个包括一电发射机和接收机一电。间隔发射器和接收器的参考股是一个固定的参考距离,而间距之间的发射机和接收机的测量单位是距离来衡量。在每一个单位,发射机和接收机是再加上由一个反馈环路导致发射机产生的声脉冲是由接收机和转换成一个电脉冲这是然后反馈到发射机,使重复一系列脉冲的结果。重复率脉冲是成反比关系之间的距离发射器和接收器。在每一个单位,脉冲提供一个反。由于参考的距离是众所周知,比例反产出是利用,以确定所期望的距离来衡量。由于这两方面都是相同的影响,温度和湿度的变化,采取的比例罪状,由此产生的测量变得麻木等变化。 三、简要说明图纸 前述将更加明显后,读下列的说明,在与该绘图并在其中单一数字schematically描绘仪器兴建根据这些原则的这项发明。 四、详细说明 谈到现在的绘图,有结果表明,测量单位和10个参考单位12个,均加上一个利用的手段14 。测量单位包括1 10电发射机16日和1电接收机18 。变送器16包括压电材料20夹心阶层之间的对电极的22日和24日。同样,接收机18个,包括压电材料26夹心阶层之间的对电极的28日和30日。作为众所周知,采用电场整个电极22日和24日,强调的是,诱导,在压电材料20 。如果该字段各有不同,如所申请的一个电脉冲,声波是32所产生的。为进一步众所周知,当声波影响到接收器18 ,这诱导应力,在压电材料26 ,导致一种电信号,以产生全国电极28日和30日。虽然压电传感器已说明,其他电声装置,可利用,例如,静电,驻极体或电磁类型。 如表所示,电极28日和30日的接收18岁以下的耦合的投入一34放大器,其输出耦合输入一个探测器36 。探测器36是安排提供一个信号,脉冲前38时,输出放大器34已经超过预定的水平。脉冲前38 ,然后产生一个触发脉冲,这是提供给脉冲发生器40 。在为了提高灵敏度,该系统,传感器16和18岁以下的共振兴奋。有相应的提供了一个连续波振荡器42提供了一个连续振荡信号在一个固定的频率,最好是共振频率的传感器16和18 。这个振荡信号是提供给调制器44 。要有效地激发发射机16 ,可取的做法是提供几个周期的共振频率信号,而不是一个单脉冲或单周期。因此,脉冲发生器40是安排,在回应的应用存在的一个触发脉冲,提供一个控制脉冲调制器44有一个时间的平等的时间,时间预定人数的周期振荡信号从振荡器42 。这个控制脉冲调制器的原因, 44个通过了“水管爆裂”的周期,以激发发射机16 。 当电力是适用于所描述的电路,有足够的噪音在输入到放大器34 ,其输出触发脉冲发生器40至造成了一片叫好声,振荡周期,以提供整个电极22日和24日的发射器16 。变送器16因此产生声波32条,其中影响到接收器18 。接收器18 ,然后产生一个电脉冲,这是适用于输入放大器的34 ,这再次触发原因的脉冲发生器40 。这个周期重演,使重复一系列的触发脉冲结果的输出脉冲前38 。这脉冲列车是应用到46个柜位,以及向脉冲发生器40 。 变送器16日和接收18岁以下的间隔,除了由距离的“ D ” ,它是理想的衡量。传播时间的“ T ”为一声波32往来变送器16日和接收18所给予的: = D的吨/视频s 凡v s是声速在空气中之间的发射机16日和接收18 。柜台46措施重复率触发脉冲,这是平等的1 /汤匙因此,重复率是平等的一至中五的S /四该声速空气中是一个功能的温度和湿度的空气,内容如下: # # # # equ1其中T是温度, P是局部的压力,水汽, H是该气压, γ瓦特和γ一顷的比例不断的压力,具体的热不断货量具体的热水汽和干燥的空气,分别。因此,虽然重复率触发脉冲测量非常准确地反46 ,声速的影响,温度和湿度,使测量的距离d无法确定准确。 根据这些原则的这项发明,参考单位提供的是12 。参考单位12是相同的建设为测量单位的10个,因此,包括一电发射机50个,其中包括压电材料52夹心之间的一对电极的54和56 ,和一电接收机58 ,其中包括压电材料60夹心阶层之间的一对电极60,61,62和64 。再次,传感器以外的其他类型压电可以利用。变送器50和接收五十八顷间隔,除了已知的和固定的参考距离“博士” 。电极60,61,62和64耦合到输入的放大器66 ,其输出是耦合的投入探测器68 。输出探测器68是耦合的脉搏,前70产生触发脉冲。触发脉冲应用到脉冲发生器的72个控制调制器74通过扫射从连续波振荡器76至变送器50 。触发脉冲从脉冲前70也适用于反78 。 最好是,所有的传感器16 , 18 , 50和58具有相同的共振频率。因此,振荡器42和76都在运作,频率和脉冲发电机40和第72条提供平等的输出脉冲宽度。 在用法上,测量装置10和参考资料股一十二顷在接近,使该声速在这两个单位是相同的。虽然留级率的脉冲在测量单位, 10和参考资料股十二顷每个温度和湿度的依赖性,能证明的距离D来衡量。 其中T R是传播时间超过距离博士在参考股12 。这种关系是独立于双方的温度和湿度。 因此,产出的柜台46和78所提供的投入微处理器的90个利用的手段14 。微处理器90是适当的程序提供了一个输出是成正比的比例,产出的柜台46和78 ,这反过来又是成正比的重复率分别触发脉冲列车的测量单位, 10和参考资料股12 。作为描述,这个比例是独立的温度和湿度,由于参考的距离,博士,是众所周知的,提供了一个准确的代表性距离四,利用手段, 14日还包括一个显示92这是耦合和控制的微处理器,使90一个经营者可以随时确定的距离四 实验表明,当之间的距离发射和接收传感器是太小了,思考的声波在传感器的表面有一个不小的作用,降低了测量精度。因此,最好是每换一双分开,至少由某一个最小距离,最好是约四英寸。 因此,已披露的改善仪器的测量距离,利用超声波。而一个说明性的体现,本发明已披露者外,据了解,各种修改和适应所披露的体现,将是显而易见的那些普通的技巧与艺术,这是打算把这个发明只限于由范围所附的索赔。

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This article described the three directions (before, left, right) ultrasonic ranging system is to understand the front of the robot, left and right environment to provide a movement away from the information. (Similar to GPS Positioning System)A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement1, the principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generatorPiezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown in Figure 1, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When it's two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, if the two are not inter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance, it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic , the principle of ultrasonic distance measurementUltrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiver immediately stop the clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m / s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier (s), that is: s = 340t / 2Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit DesignSystem is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming. Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 2. Draw only the front range of the circuit wiring diagram, left and right in front of Ranging Ranging circuits and the same circuit, it is kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launchRanging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to : mov 14h, # 12h; ultrasonic firing continued 200mshere: cpl ; output 40kHz square wavenop;nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;retRanging in front of single-chip termination circuit input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the port in a 40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port and , the working principle and circuit in front of the same , reception and processing of ultrasonicUsed to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0 = 1/, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25mV, the output from the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip and P1. 4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source of inquiry to deal with, interrupt priority level for the first left right after. Part of the source code is as follows:receive1: push pswpush accclr ex1; related external interrupt 1jnb , right; pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuitjnb , left; pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routinereturn: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1pop? accpop? pswretiright: ...?; right location entrance circuit interrupt service routine? Ajmp? Returnleft: ...; left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routine? Ajmp? Return4, the calculation of ultrasonic propagation timeWhen you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance . Some of its source code is as follows:RECEIVE0: PUSH PSWPUSH ACCCLR EX0; related external interrupt 0? MOV R7, TH0; read the time valueMOV R6, TL0?CLR CMOV A, R6SUBB A, # 0BBH; calculate the time differenceMOV 31H, A; storage resultsMOV A, R7SUBB A, # 3CHMOV 30H, A?SETB EX0; open external interrupt 0POP ACC?POP PSWRETIFourth, the ultrasonic ranging system software designSoftware is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine, shown in Figure 3 (a) (b) (c) below. Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving service routines from time to time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to read the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so . CONCLUSIONSRequired measuring range of 30cm ~ 200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is , and good reproducibility. Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error. Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection : As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, CX20106 integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency=====本文所介绍的三方向(前、左、右)超声波测距系统,就是为机器人了解其前方、左侧和右侧的环境而提供一个运动距离信息。(类似GPS定位系统)一 超声波测距原理1、压电式超声波发生器原理压电式超声波发生器实际上是利用压电晶体的谐振来工作的。超声波发生器内部结构如图1所示,它有两个压电晶片和一个共振板。当它的两极外加脉冲信号,其频率等于压电晶片的固有振荡频率时,压电晶片将会发生共振,并带动共振板振动,便产生超声波。反之,如果两电极间未外加电压,当共振板接收到超声波 时,将压迫压电晶片作振动,将机械能转换为电信号,这时它就成为超声波接收器了。2、超声波测距原理超声波发射器向某一方向发射超声波,在发射时刻的同时开始计时,超声波在空气中传播,途中碰到障碍物就立即返回来,超声波接收器收到反射波就立即停止计时。超声波在空气中的传播速度为340m/s,根据计时器记录的时间t,就可以计算出发射点距障碍物的距离(s),即:s=340t/2二 超声波测距系统的电路设计系统的特点是利用单片机控制超声波的发射和对超声波自发射至接收往返时间的计时,单片机选用8751,经济易用,且片内有4K的ROM,便于编程。电路原理图如图2所示。其中只画出前方测距电路的接线图,左侧和右侧测距电路与前方测距电路相同,故省略之。1、40kHz 脉冲的产生与超声波发射测距系统中的超声波传感器采用UCM40的压电陶瓷传感器,它的工作电压是40kHz的脉冲信号,这由单片机执行下面程序来产生。puzel: mov 14h, #12h;超声波发射持续200mshere: cpl ; 输出40kHz方波nop ;nop ;nop ;djnz 14h,here;ret前方测距电路的输入端接单片机端口,单片机执行上面的程序后,在 端口输出一个40kHz的脉冲信号,经过三极管T放大,驱动超声波发射头UCM40T,发出40kHz的脉冲超声波,且持续发射200ms。右侧和左侧测 距电路的输入端分别接和端口,工作原理与前方测距电路相同。2、超声波的接收与处理接收头采用与发射头配对的UCM40R,将超声波调制脉冲变为交变电压信号,经运算放大器IC1A和IC1B两极放大后加至IC2。IC2是带有锁 定环的音频译码集成块LM567,内部的压控振荡器的中心频率f0=1/,电容C4决定其锁定带宽。调节R8在发射的载频上,则LM567 输入信号大于25mV,输出端8脚由高电平跃变为低电平,作为中断请求信号,送至单片机处理.前方测距电路的输出端接单片机INT0端口,中断优先级最高,左、右测距电路的输出通过与门IC3A的输出接单片机INT1端口,同时单片机和接到IC3A的输入端,中断源的识别由程序查询来处理,中断优先级为先右后左。部分源程序如下:receive1:push pswpush accclr ex1 ; 关外部中断1jnb , right ; 引脚为0,转至右测距电路中断服务程序jnb , left ; 引脚为0,转至左测距电路中断服务程序return: SETB EX1; 开外部中断1pop? accpop? pswretiright: ...? ; 右测距电路中断服务程序入口? ajmp? returnleft: ... ; 左测距电路中断服务程序入口? ajmp? return4、计算超声波传播时间在启动发射电路的同时启动单片机内部的定时器T0,利用定时器的计数功能记录超声波发射的时间和收到反射波的时间。当收到超声波反射波时,接收电路 输出端产生一个负跳变,在INT0或INT1端产生一个中断请求信号,单片机响应外部中断请求,执行外部中断服务子程序,读取时间差,计算距离。其部分源程序如下:RECEIVE0: PUSH PSWPUSH ACCCLR EX0 ; 关外部中断0? MOV R7, TH0 ; 读取时间值MOV R6, TL0?CLR CMOV A, R6SUBB A, #0BBH; 计算时间差MOV 31H, A ; 存储结果MOV A, R7SUBB A, #3CHMOV 30H, A?SETB EX0 ; 开外部中断0POP ACC?POP PSWRETI四、超声波测距系统的软件设计软件分为两部分,主程序和中断服务程序,如图3(a)(b)(c) 所示。主程序完成初始化工作、各路超声波发射和接收顺序的控制。定时中断服务子程序完成三方向超声波的轮流发射,外部中断服务子程序主要完成时间值的读取、距离计算、结果的输出等工作。五、结论对所要求测量范围30cm~200cm内的平面物体做了多次测量发现,其最大误差为,且重复性好。可见基于单片机设计的超声波测距系统具有硬件结构简单、工作可靠、测量误差小等特点。因此,它不仅可用于移动机器人,还可用在其它检测系统中。思考:至于为什么接收不用晶体管做放大电路呢,因为放大倍数搞不好,CX20106集成放大电路,还带自动电平增益控制,放大倍数为76dB,中心频率是38k到40k,刚好是超声波传感器的谐振频率 。【希望可以帮助你】

Introduction vibrations of frequencies greater than the upper limit of the audible range for humans—that is, greater than about 20 kilohertz. The term sonic is applied to ultrasound waves of very high amplitudes. Hypersound, sometimes called praetersound or microsound, is sound waves of frequencies greater than 1013 hertz. At such high frequencies it is very difficult for a sound wave to propagate efficiently; indeed, above a frequency of about × 1013 hertz, it is impossible for longitudinal waves to propagate at all, even in a liquid or a solid, because the molecules of the material in which the waves are traveling cannot pass the vibration along rapidly enough. TableMany animals have the ability to hear sounds in the human ultrasonic frequency range. Some ranges of hearing for mammals and insects are compared with those of humans in the Table. A presumed sensitivity of roaches and rodents to frequencies in the 40 kilohertz region has led to the manufacture of “pest controllers” that emit loud sounds in that frequency range to drive the pests away, but they do not appear to work as advertised. Transducers An ultrasonic transducer is a device used to convert some other type of energy into an ultrasonic vibration. There are several basic types, classified by the energy source and by the medium into which the waves are being generated. Mechanical devices include gas-driven, or pneumatic, transducers such as whistles as well as liquid-driven transducers such as hydrodynamic oscillators and vibrating blades. These devices, limited to low ultrasonic frequencies, have a number of industrial applications, including drying, ultrasonic cleaning, and injection of fuel oil into burners. Electromechanical transducers are far more versatile and include piezoelectric and magnetostrictive devices. A magnetostrictive transducer makes use of a type of magnetic material in which an applied oscillating magnetic field squeezes the atoms of the material together, creating a periodic change in the length of the material and thus producing a high-frequency mechanical vibration. Magnetostrictive transducers are used primarily in the lower frequency ranges and are common in ultrasonic cleaners and ultrasonic machining applications. By far the most popular and versatile type of ultrasonic transducer is the piezoelectric crystal, which converts an oscillating electric field applied to the crystal into a mechanical vibration. Piezoelectric crystals include quartz, Rochelle salt, and certain types of ceramic. Piezoelectric transducers are readily employed over the entire frequency range and at all output levels. Particular shapes can be chosen for particular applications. For example, a disc shape provides a plane ultrasonic wave, while curving the radiating surface in a slightly concave or bowl shape creates an ultrasonic wave that will focus at a specific point. Piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers also are employed as ultrasonic receivers, picking up an ultrasonic vibration and converting it into an electrical oscillation. Applications in research One of the important areas of scientific study in which ultrasonics has had an enormous impact is cavitation. When water is boiled, bubbles form at the bottom of the container, rise in the water, and then collapse, leading to the sound of the boiling water. The boiling process and the resulting sounds have intrigued people since they were first observed, and they were the object of considerable research and calculation by the British physicists Osborne Reynolds and Lord Rayleigh, who applied the term cavitation to the process of formation of bubbles. Because an ultrasonic wave can be used carefully to control cavitation, ultrasound has been a useful tool in the investigation of the process. The study of cavitation has also provided important information on intermolecular forces. Research is being carried out on aspects of the cavitation process and its applications. A contemporary subject of research involves emission of light as the cavity produced by a high-intensity ultrasonic wave collapses. This effect, called sonoluminescence, is believed to create instantaneous temperatures hotter than the surface of the Sun. The speed of propagation of an ultrasonic wave is strongly dependent on the viscosity of the medium. This property can be a useful tool in investigating the viscosity of materials. Because the various parts of a living cell are distinguished by differing viscosities, acoustical microscopy can make use of this property of cells to “see” into living cells, as will be discussed below in Medical applications. Ranging and navigating Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) has extensive marine applications. By sending out pulses of sound or ultrasound and measuring the time required for the pulses to reflect off a distant object and return to the source, the location of that object can be ascertained and its motion tracked. This technique is used extensively to locate and track submarines at sea and to locate explosive mines below the surface of the water. Two boats at known locations can also use triangulation to locate and track a third boat or submarine. The distance over which these techniques can be used is limited by temperature gradients in the water, which bend the beam away from the surface and create shadow regions. One of the advantages of ultrasonic waves over sound waves in underwater applications is that, because of their higher frequencies (or shorter wavelengths), the former will travel greater distances with less diffraction. Ranging has also been used to map the bottom of the ocean, providing depth charts that are commonly used in navigation, particularly near coasts and in shallow waterways. Even small boats are now equipped with sonic ranging devices that determine and display the depth of the water so that the navigator can keep the boat from beaching on submerged sandbars or other shallow points. Modern fishing boats use ultrasonic ranging devices to locate schools of fish, substantially increasing their efficiency. Even in the absence of visible light, bats can guide their flight and even locate flying insects (which they consume in flight) through the use of sonic ranging. Ultrasonic echolocation has also been used in traffic control applications and in counting and sorting items on an assembly line. Ultrasonic ranging provides the basis of the eye and vision systems for robots, and it has a number of important medical applications (see below). The Doppler effect If an ultrasonic wave is reflected off a moving obstacle, the frequency of the resulting wave will be changed, or Doppler-shifted. More specifically, if the obstacle is moving toward the source, the frequency of the reflected wave will be increased; and if the obstacle is moving away from the source, the frequency of the reflected wave will be decreased. The amount of the frequency shift can be used to determine the velocity of the moving obstacle. Just as the Doppler shift for radar, an electromagnetic wave, can be used to determine the speed of a moving car, so can the speed of a moving submarine be determined by the Doppler shift of a sonar beam. An important industrial application is the ultrasonic flow meter, in which reflecting ultrasound off a flowing liquid leads to a Doppler shift that is calibrated to provide the flow rate of the liquid. This technique also has been applied to blood flow in arteries. Many burglar alarms, both for home use and for use in commercial buildings, employ the ultrasonic Doppler shift principle. Such alarms cannot be used where pets or moving curtains might activate them. Materials testing Nondestructive testing involves the use of ultrasonic echolocation to gather information on the integrity of mechanical structures. Since changes in the material present an impedance mismatch from which an ultrasonic wave is reflected, ultrasonic testing can be used to identify faults, holes, cracks, or corrosion in materials, to inspect welds, to determine the quality of poured concrete, and to monitor metal fatigue. Owing to the mechanism by which sound waves propagate in metals, ultrasound can be used to probe more deeply than any other form of radiation. Ultrasonic procedures are used to perform in-service inspection of structures in nuclear reactors. Structural flaws in materials can also be studied by subjecting the materials to stress and looking for acoustic emissions as the materials are stressed. Acoustic emission, the general name for this type of nondestructive study, has developed as a distinct field of acoustics. High-intensity applications High-intensity ultrasound has achieved a variety of important applications. Perhaps the most ubiquitous is ultrasonic cleaning, in which ultrasonic vibrations are set up in small liquid tanks in which objects are placed for cleaning. Cavitation of the liquid by the ultrasound, as well as the vibration, create turbulence in the liquid and result in the cleaning action. Ultrasonic cleaning is very popular for jewelry and has also been used with such items as dentures, surgical instruments, and small machinery. Degreasing is often enhanced by ultrasonic cleaning. Large-scale ultrasonic cleaners have also been developed for use in assembly lines. Ultrasonic machining employs the high-intensity vibrations of a transducer to move a machine tool. If necessary, a slurry containing carborundum grit may be used; diamond tools can also be used. A variation of this technique is ultrasonic drilling, which makes use of pneumatic vibrations at ultrasonic frequencies in place of the standard rotary drill bit. Holes of virtually any shape can be drilled in hard or brittle materials such as glass, germanium, or ceramic. Ultrasonic soldering has become important, especially for soldering unusual or difficult materials and for very clean applications. The ultrasonic vibrations perform the function of cleaning the surface, even removing the oxide layer on aluminum so that the material can be soldered. Because the surfaces can be made extremely clean and free from the normal thin oxide layer, soldering flux becomes unnecessary. Chemical and electrical uses The chemical effects of ultrasound arise from an electrical discharge that accompanies the cavitation process. This forms a basis for ultrasound's acting as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions, including oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, polymerization and depolymerization, and molecular rearrangement. With ultrasound, some chemical processes can be carried out more rapidly, at lower temperatures, or more efficiently. The ultrasonic delay line is a thin layer of piezoelectric material used to produce a short, precise delay in an electrical signal. The electrical signal creates a mechanical vibration in the piezoelectric crystal that passes through the crystal and is converted back to an electrical signal. A very precise time delay can be achieved by constructing a crystal with the proper thickness. These devices are employed in fast electronic timing circuits. Medical applications Although ultrasound competes with other forms of medical imaging, such as X-ray techniques and magnetic resonance imaging, it has certain desirable features—for example, Doppler motion study—that the other techniques cannot provide. In addition, among the various modern techniques for the imaging of internal organs, ultrasonic devices are by far the least expensive. Ultrasound is also used for treating joint pains and for treating certain types of tumours for which it is desirable to produce localized heating. A very effective use of ultrasound deriving from its nature as a mechanical vibration is the elimination of kidney and bladder stones. Diagnosis Much medical diagnostic imaging is carried out with X rays. Because of the high photon energies of the X ray, this type of radiation is highly ionizing—that is, X rays are readily capable of destroying molecular bonds in the body tissue through which they pass. This destruction can lead to changes in the function of the tissue involved or, in extreme cases, its annihilation. One of the important advantages of ultrasound is that it is a mechanical vibration and is therefore a nonionizing form of energy. Thus, it is usable in many sensitive circumstances where X rays might be damaging. Also, the resolution of X rays is limited owing to their great penetrating ability and the slight differences between soft tissues. Ultrasound, on the other hand, gives good contrast between various types of soft tissue. Ultrasonic scanning in medical diagnosis uses the same principle as sonar. Pulses of high-frequency ultrasound, generally above one megahertz, are created by a piezoelectric transducer and directed into the body. As the ultrasound traverses various internal organs, it encounters changes in acoustic impedance, which cause reflections. The amount and time delay of the various reflections can be analyzed to obtain information regarding the internal organs. In the B-scan mode, a linear array of transducers is used to scan a plane in the body, and the resultant data is displayed on a television screen as a two-dimensional plot. The A-scan technique uses a single transducer to scan along a line in the body, and the echoes are plotted as a function of time. This technique is used for measuring the distances or sizes of internal organs. The M-scan mode is used to record the motion of internal organs, as in the study of heart dysfunction. Greater resolution is obtained in ultrasonic imaging by using higher frequencies—., shorter wavelengths. A limitation of this property of waves is that higher frequencies tend to be much more strongly absorbed. Because it is nonionizing, ultrasound has become one of the staples of obstetric diagnosis. During the process of drawing amniotic fluid in testing for birth defects, ultrasonic imaging is used to guide the needle and thus avoid damage to the fetus or surrounding tissue. Ultrasonic imaging of the fetus can be used to determine the date of conception, to identify multiple births, and to diagnose abnormalities in the development of the fetus. Ultrasonic Doppler techniques have become very important in diagnosing problems in blood flow. In one technique, a three-megahertz ultrasonic beam is reflected off typical oncoming arterial blood with a Doppler shift of a few kilohertz—a frequency difference that can be heard directly by a physician. Using this technique, it is possible to monitor the heartbeat of a fetus long before a stethoscope can pick up the sound. Arterial diseases such as arteriosclerosis can also be diagnosed, and the healing of arteries can be monitored following surgery. A combination of B-scan imaging and Doppler imaging, known as duplex scanning, can identify arteries and immediately measure their blood flow; this has been extensively used to diagnose heart valve defects. Using ultrasound with frequencies up to 2,000 megahertz, which has a wavelength of micrometre in soft tissues (as compared with a wavelength of about micrometre for light), ultrasonic microscopes have been developed that rival light microscopes in their resolution. The distinct advantage of ultrasonic microscopes lies in their ability to distinguish various parts of a cell by their viscosity. Also, because they require no artificial contrast mediums, which kill the cells, acoustic microscopy can study actual living cells. Therapy and surgery Because ultrasound is a mechanical vibration and can be well focused at high frequencies, it can be used to create internal heating of localized tissue without harmful effects on nearby tissue. This technique can be employed to relieve pains in joints, particularly in the back and shoulder. Also, research is now being carried out in the treatment of certain types of cancer by local heating, since focusing intense ultrasonic waves can heat the area of a tumour while not significantly affecting surrounding tissue. Trackless surgery—that is, surgery that does not require an incision or track from the skin to the affected area—has been developed for several conditions. Focused ultrasound has been used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease by creating brain lesions in areas that are inaccessible to traditional surgery. A common application of this technique is the destruction of kidney stones with shock waves formed by bursts of focused ultrasound. In some cases, a device called an ultrasonic lithotripter focuses the ultrasound with the help of X-ray guidance, but a more common technique for destruction of kidney stones, known as endoscopic ultrasonic disintegration, uses a small metal rod inserted through the skin to deliver ultrasound in the 22- to 30-kilohertz frequency region. Infrasonics The term infrasonics refers to waves of a frequency below the range of human hearing—., below about 20 hertz. Such waves occur in nature in earthquakes, waterfalls, ocean waves, volcanoes, and a variety of atmospheric phenomena such as wind, thunder, and weather patterns. Calculating the motion of these waves and predicting the weather using these calculations, among other information, is one of the great challenges for modern high-speed computers. TableAircraft, automobiles, or other rapidly moving objects, as well as air handlers and blowers in buildings, also produce substantial amounts of infrasonic radiation. Studies have shown that many people experience adverse reactions to large intensities of infrasonic frequencies, developing headaches, nausea, blurred vision, and dizziness. On the other hand, a number of animals are sensitive to infrasonic frequencies, as indicated in the Table. It is believed by many zoologists that this sensitivity in animals such as elephants may be helpful in providing them with early warning of earthquakes and weather disturbances. It has been suggested that the sensitivity of birds to infrasound aids their navigation and even affects their migration. One of the most important examples of infrasonic waves in nature is in earthquakes. Three principal types of earthquake wave exist: the S-wave, a transverse body wave; the P-wave, a longitudinal body wave; and the L-wave, which propagates along the boundary of stratified mediums. L-waves, which are of great importance in earthquake engineering, propagate in a similar way to water waves, at low velocities that are dependent on frequency. S-waves are transverse body waves and thus can only be propagated within solid bodies such as rocks. P-waves are longitudinal waves similar to sound waves; they propagate at the speed of sound and have large ranges. When P-waves propagating from the epicentre of an earthquake reach the surface of the Earth, they are converted into L-waves, which may then damage surface structures. The great range of P-waves makes them useful in identifying earthquakes from observation points a great distance from the epicentre. In many cases, the most severe shock from an earthquake is preceded by smaller shocks, which provide advance warning of the greater shock to come. Underground nuclear explosions also produce P-waves, allowing them to be monitored from any point in the world if they are of sufficient intensity. The reflection of man-made seismic shocks has helped to identify possible locations of oil and natural-gas sources. Distinctive rock formations in which these minerals are likely to be found can be identified by sonic ranging, primarily at infrasonic frequencies.

超声波电机论文

与传统的电机不同,超声波电机无绕组和磁极,无需通过电磁作用产生运动力。一般由振动体(相当于传统电机中的定子,由压电陶瓷和金属弹性材料制成)和移动体(相当于传统电机中的转子,由弹性体和摩擦材料及塑料等制成)组成。在振动体的压电陶瓷振子上加高频交流电压时,利用逆压电效应或电致伸缩效应使定子在超声频段(频率为20KHZ以上)产生微观机械振动。并将这种振动通过共振放大和摩擦耦合变换成旋转或直线型运动。实现超声波驱动有两个前提条件:首先,需在定子表面激励出稳态的质点椭圆运动轨迹;其次,将定子表面质点水平方向的微观运动转换成转子的宏观运动或平动。第一个前提条件对应着机电能量转换,利用逆压电效应由电能转化成机械振动能:第二个前提条件对应着运动形式转化,往往通过定转子间的摩擦力来实现,近年来亦有通过气体或液体为中间介质接触为非接触型超声波电机,也称为声悬浮超声波电机。从超声电机的工作原理可见,其正常工作离不开两个能量转换作用:机电转换作用和摩擦转换作用。机电转换作用是指压电陶瓷的逆压电效应,即对压电陶瓷振子加高频振荡电流,使它以超声波的频率振动。摩擦转换作用是指弹性体(定子与压电陶瓷的合称)的振动经过定子与转子工作面间的摩擦作用转化成转子的直线运动或旋转运动。要保证大力矩输出、止动性好,必须满足的条件就是有效足够的机电转换作用和有效稳定的摩擦转换作用。

超声电机作为一种新型的微电机,在轿车电器、办公自动化设备、精密仪器仪表、计算机、工业控制系统航空航天、智能机器人等领域都有着广泛的应用前景。根据超声波电机的研究成果,目前国外已经成功应用于照相机的自动焦距装置、传送装置、自动升降装置、精密绘图仪、微机械驱动器等领域。(1)光学机器超声波电机在照相机、摄像机、显微镜等光学仪器的聚焦系统中作为驱动原件,能获得很满意的效果。接触式USM具有低速大转矩的特点,在许多应用场合中可免去减速装置直接驱动。最典型的应用于照相机的自动焦距镜头中,与采用传统电机镜头相比,具有安静、无电磁噪声;定位精度高;调焦时间短;无齿轮减速、机构简单等优点。光学显微镜,自动焦距,显微定位,微纳米计算尺,LCD等显示平板的生产测试检查,晶片检查定位,消除振动系统,天文观测仪器,自适应光学系统,微型扫描仪,基因处理,微型手术,光学镜面调整等都应用了超声波电机。(2)汽车超声波电机用于汽车车窗的驱动装置中,可使它体积扁小、低速时具有大转矩的优点发挥得淋漓尽致。它还可用于磁悬浮列车上,为使列车悬浮于轨道上,使通过轨道上线圈的超导电流产生强磁场,需要大力矩和控制性能良好的驱动器,这对于USM来说是最适合的。(3)航天中的运用电机在低温和真空条件下的运行特性对航空航天的发展是极为重要的。超声波电机具有的结构简单、重量轻、不受磁场干扰、真空下无需润滑油的优点,是电磁电机在航空航天领域所不具有的。1995年末,美国航空航天局喷气推进实验室首次将直线超声波电机用于多功能爬行系统,该系统用于航天飞船外舱壁的检查,其承载重量与自重比达10:1。利用其低速大力矩和高精度等特点,NASA将其用于火星探测器的轻量机械臂上,采用超声波电机取代有刷直流电机后,Mars ArmⅡ结构虽与Mars ArmⅠ相似,但重量减轻了40%,其主要原因是用超声波电机能直接驱动,另外还可大大缩小工作空间,如NASA的Calileo航天器上的滤波齿轮(Filter wheel)在使用超声波电机前后的尺寸缩小了4倍。利用其驱动方式灵活的特点,日本宇宙研究所研制了两种直线超声波电机用于空间伸展结构的伸展和收缩。利用超声波电机的响应快等特点,美国和法国用于导弹的测控系统;利用结构简单可微型化的特点,日本研制微型超声波电机用于微卫星等领域。此外,日本和美国等国家正在进行超声波电机的各种研究,用于航天等军事领域。由此可见,超声波电机以其高转矩重量比、快速响应、高精度和断电自锁等特点、将在航天航空等军工领域中受到愈来愈大的重视。(4)工业机床中的应用由于超声波电机结构刚度大、定位精度高,它可用于工具驱动与控制装置以及工件的定点传输。如机床的精密进给机构、刀具的磨损调度装置、微细电火花机的加工装置、工件准确定位与装夹、缩紧装置及夹具的快速调整。(5)医疗与生物学领域中的应用生物材料微型操作器、计量设备、微型喷嘴、冲击发生器、肾结石破碎治疗机、气管超声扫描器。许多科学仪器,医疗器械会产生强磁场或者对电磁场干扰具有严格的要求,而超声波电机能避免这些问题,所以可以用于核磁共振环境下设备的驱动。(6)民用产品的应用首先由于超声电机的安静、体积小等优点,可用于压缩机的使用上,在家电领域具有广泛的用途;传统的电机驱动由于在中间环节,不可避免的存在累计误差,而超声波电机控制性能好,体积小,可用于精密控制,如电子手表;同时利用其控制精度高的特点,可用于IC、LSI等数控机器,印刷线路板加工、检测,晶片遇见排列、焊接、封装,半导体片等精密冲载。环状压电机可用于楼宇窗帘的自动开闭。 应用领域 举例说明 光学仪器 照相机、摄像机、显微镜 汽车 座椅调节电机、头靠调节电机、自动天线电机、自动门锁电机、自动窗电机、顶板调节电机、计价器电机、电子反光镜等 航空航天 飞机飞艇等 工业控制 镗床、磨床、机器人等 医疗器械等 生物材料微型操作器、计量设备、微型喷嘴、冲击发生器、肾结石破碎治疗机、器官超声扫描器 民用产品 压缩机、电子手表、IC、LSI等数控机器、印刷线路加工、检测器、晶片元件、半导体片、窗帘自动器

超声波又称为环形USM它的结构和原理传统的马达都是基于电磁原理工作的,将电磁能量变换成转动能量。而USM则是基于利用超声波振动能量变换成转动能量的全新原理来工作的。根据将超声波振动能量变换的方法来分,有三类USM:1、驻波型(StandingWaveType);2、行波型(TravelingWaveType);3、振簧型(VibratingReedType).CanonEF镜头中使用的USM,全部属于行波型。环形USM的结构很简单:由具有弹性的定子和转子组成。定子是一金属环,底部有压电陶瓷元件,上部均匀排列着梯形凸出物。定子是用特殊材料制造的,它的热膨胀系数同压电陶瓷元件的一样,这样可以避免温度变化的影响。转子是一个铝质环,通过凸缘状弹簧与定子结合在一起。由于铝材比较软,所以结合部位是经过特殊处理,增加其耐磨性能。USM的基本特点:1、具有低转速大扭矩的输出特性;2、制动力矩大;3、结构简单;4、马达启动和制动的可控性非常好;5、转动声音非常小,几乎无声。Canon环形USM除具备上述基本特点外,自身的特点:6、高效率,低功耗;7、环形的马达可以与镜身完美地结合;8、低转速,特别适合镜头的AF驱动;9、转动速度可以在范围内任意控制;10、可以实现灵敏度可调的电子MF;11、工作环境温度是:-30℃~+60℃。现在基本使用的是USM-M1和USM-L1,USM-L2已经不再使用。

论文超声波法检测

摘要]本文主要介绍了超声波的特点,超声波传感器的原理与应用等多个方面。文中阐述了超声波与可听声波的区别,超声波传感器在医疗,工业生产,液位测量,测距系统等多个领域中得到了广泛的应用。因超声波具有的独特的特性,使得超声波传感器越来越在生产生活中体现了其重要性,具有一定的研究价值。 [关键词]超声波 传感器 疾病诊断 测距系统 液位测量 一、超声波传感器概述 1.超声波 声波是物体机械振动状态的传播形式。超声波是指振动频率大于20000Hz以上的声波,其每秒的振动次数很高,超出了人耳听觉的上限,人们将这种听不见的声波叫做超声波。超声波是一种在弹性介质中的机械振荡,有两种形式:横向振荡(横波)及纵向振荡(纵波)。在工业中应用主要采用纵向振荡。超声波可以在气体、液体及固体中传播,其传播速度不同。另外,它也有折射和反射现象,并且在传播过程中有衰减。超声波在媒质中的反射、折射、衍射、散射等传播规律,与可听声波的规律并没有本质上的区别。与可听声波比较,超声波具有许多奇异特性:传播特性──超声波的衍射本领很差,它在均匀介质中能够定向直线传播,超声波的波长越短,这一特性就越显著。功率特性──当声音在空气中传播时,推动空气中的微粒往复振动而对微粒做功。在相同强度下,声波的频率越高,它所具有的功率就越大。由于超声波频率很高,所以超声波与一般声波相比,它的功率是非常大的。空化作用──当超声波在液体中传播时,由于液体微粒的剧烈振动,会在液体内部产生小空洞。这些小空洞迅速胀大和闭合,会使液体微粒之间发生猛烈的撞击作用,从而产生几千到上万个大气压的压强。微粒间这种剧烈的相互作用,会使液体的温度骤然升高,从而使两种不相溶的液体(如水和油)发生乳化,并且加速溶质的溶解,加速化学反应。这种由超声波作用在液体中所引起的各种效应称为超声波的空化作用。 超声波的特点:(1)超声波在传播时,方向性强,能量易于集中;(2)超声波能在各种不同媒质中传播,且可传播足够远的距离;(3)超声波与传声媒质的相互作用适中,易于携带有关传声媒质状态的信息(诊断或对传声媒质产生效应)。 2.超声波传感器 超声波传感器是利用超声波的特性研制而成的传感器。以超声波作为检测手段,必须产生超声波和接收超声波。完成这种功能的装置就是超声波传感器,习惯上称为超声换能器,或者超声探头。 超声波探头主要由压电晶片组成,既可以发射超声波,也可以接收超声波。超声探头的核心是其塑料外套或者金属外套中的一块压电晶片。构成晶片的材料可以有许多种。超声波传感器主要材料有压电晶体(电致伸缩)及镍铁铝合金(磁致伸缩)两类。电致伸缩的材料有锆钛酸铅(PZT)等。压电晶体组成的超声波传感器是一种可逆传感器,它可以将电能转变成机械振荡而产生超声波,同时它接收到超声波时,也能转变成电能,所以它可以分成发送器或接收器。有的超声波传感器既作发送,也能作接收。 超声波传感器由发送传感器(或称波发送器)、接收传感器(或称波接收器)、控制部分与电源部分组成。发送器传感器由发送器与使用直径为15mm左右的陶瓷振子换能器组成,换能器作用是将陶瓷振子的电振动能量转换成超能量并向空中幅射;而接收传感器由陶瓷振子换能器与放大电路组成,换能器接收波产生机械振动,将其变换成电能量,作为传感器接收器的输出,从而对发送的超进行检测。控制部分主要对发送器发出的脉冲链频率、占空比及稀疏调制和计数及探测距离等进行控制。二、超声波传感器的应用 1.超声波距离传感器技术的应用 超声波传感器包括三个部分:超声换能器、处理单元和输出级。首先处理单元对超声换能器加以电压激励,其受激后以脉冲形式发出超声波,接着超声换能器转入接受状态,处理单元对接收到的超声波脉冲进行分析,判断收到的信号是不是所发出的超声波的回声。如果是,就测量超声波的行程时间,根据测量的时间换算为行程,除以2,即为反射超声波的物体距离。把超声波传感器安装在合适的位置,对准被测物变化方向发射超声波,就可测量物体表面与传感器的距离。超声波传感器有发送器和接收器,但一个超声波传感器也可具有发送和接收声波的双重作用。超声波传感器是利用压电效应的原理将电能和超声波相互转化,即在发射超声波的时候,将电能转换,发射超声波;而在收到回波的时候,则将超声振动转换成电信号。 2.超声波传感器在医学上的应用 超声波在医学上的应用主要是诊断疾病,它已经成为了临床医学中不可缺少的诊断方法。超声波诊断的优点是:对受检者无痛苦、无损害、方法简便、显像清晰、诊断的准确率高等。 3.超声波传感器在测量液位的应用 超声波测量液位的基本原理是:由超声探头发出的超声脉冲信号,在气体中传播,遇到空气与液体的界面后被反射,接收到回波信号后计算其超声波往返的传播时间,即可换算出距离或液位高度。超声波测量方法有很多其它方法不可比拟的优点:(1)无任何机械传动部件,也不接触被测液体,属于非接触式测量,不怕电磁干扰,不怕酸碱等强腐蚀性液体等,因此性能稳定、可靠性高、寿命长;(2)其响应时间短可以方便的实现无滞后的实时测量。 4.超声波传感器在测距系统中的应用 超声测距大致有以下方法:①取输出脉冲的平均值电压,该电压 (其幅值基本固定)与距离成正比,测量电压即可测得距离;②测量输出脉冲的宽度,即发射超声波与接收超声波的时间间隔 t,故被测距离为 S=1/2vt。如果测距精度要求很高,则应通过温度补偿的方法加以校正。超声波测距适用于高精度的中长距离测量。 三、小结 文章主要从超声波与可听声波相比所具有的特性出发,讨论了超声波传感器的原理与特点,并由此总结了超声波传感器在生产生活各个方面的广泛应用。但是,超声波传感器也存在自身的不足,比如反射问题,噪声问题的等等。因此对超声波传感器的更深一步的研究与学习,仍具有很大的价值。 参考文献: [1]单片机原理及其接口技术.清华大学出版社. [2]栗桂凤,周东辉,王光昕.基于超声波传感器的机器人环境探测系统.2005,(04). [3]童敏明,唐守锋.检测与转换技术.中国矿业大学出版社. [4]王松,郑正奇,邹晨祎.超声定位车辆路径监测系统的设计.2006,(10). [5]俞志根,李天真,童炳金.自动检测技术实训教程.清华大学出版社. 转贴于 中国论文下载中心

煤矿机械轴类超声检测技术应用论文

1超声检测(UT)

超声检测是无损检测技术的一种,是通过超声波进入物体遇到缺陷时,一部分声波会产生反射,接收器接收反射波,并对反射波进行分析,精确地测出缺陷,并能确定缺陷位置和大小的一种检测技术。超声检测适用于探测被检物内部的面积型缺陷。超声检测的优点是穿透力强、设备轻便、检测成本低、检测效率高,能即时得到检测结果,又能实现自动化检测,在缺陷检测中对危害性较大的裂纹类缺陷特别敏感等。

2煤矿机械运行现况

煤矿采用的大部分机械设备都在粉尘、潮湿、有害气体等恶劣的环境中运行,时常会受到巨大冲击载荷,且长期处于高强度运转状态。高速运行、重载的工作环境所产生的交变载荷,非常容易使材料的内部缺陷或主轴加工过程中因加工工艺产生的缺陷扩大,形成危险性裂纹。还有司机操作不当、设计安装、主轴锻造等带来的缺陷,主轴本身在运行过程中材质强度和刚度发生变化等产生疲劳裂纹,如果这些危险性裂纹不能及时被发现,就有可能导致机械主轴突然断裂,引发重大安全事故,将给矿方带来不必要的损失。

3煤矿需要检测机械主轴

需要检测的主要主轴有:主通风机主轴、提升机滚筒主轴、天轮主轴、输送带机滚筒主轴、罐笼或箕斗提升主轴、架空乘人装置驱动轮与迂回轮主轴等。上述主轴由于受到组装在轴上的结构件约束或覆盖,这些部件所在轴上的部位正是应力集中、易产生表面或内部裂纹的区域,如采用其他无损检测方法检测,需把这些组装部件全部从主轴上分解拆卸下来,这样做不但浪费大量的人力物力财力,而且直接影响煤矿正常生产。为解决这一难题,更好地为煤矿机械设备运行提供条件,采用超声检测对主轴进行不解体检测,效果会更好些。

4机械主轴超声检测技术

准备工作

掌握被检机械主轴现实状况检测人员到达检测现场后,首先与矿方沟通,索要有关机械主轴的基本资料,根据提供的资料掌握主轴采用的材质、热处理状态、几何形状、尺寸、组装件结构及数量、受力状态,现场检测条件及环境等现实状况,为超声检测提供条件。其次,根据掌握的资料情况,与矿方制定检测计划。

超声检测部位的选择根据主轴的传动结构,受力状况,应力集中的程度选择主轴的联轴器变径部位、滚筒与主轴连接部位,主轴与电机固定端的变径部位、键槽的根部等作为重点超声检测部位。

超声检测面清理在选定的检测部位用棉纱清理污染物、用砂纸打磨锈蚀处等。

探头和标准试块选择超声检测时,根据被检主轴的材质晶粒度状态选择探头,一般超声波检测选用的探头即可。标准试块根据被检主轴的形状、长度选用CS-I、CS-2C、CSK-ⅢA、CSK-ⅡA、RB-2等型号标准试块作为超声检测灵敏度校验。

仪器灵敏度调节检测仪器灵敏度通过调节超声波探伤仪上的[增益]、[衰减器]、[发射强度]等旋钮来实现。径向检测时采用直探头检测方法,直探头灵敏度调节有工件底波调节法和对比试块法。当径向主轴长度S≤3N(近场区)时采用试块对比法,S>3N(近场区)的主轴采用大平底底波调整法调整检测灵敏度。斜探头检测灵敏度调整是利用CSK-IIA或者RB-2试块将检测系统灵敏度调整为2或3水平。

耦合剂的选择超声波检测中常采用机油、变压器油、甘油、水、水玻璃作为耦合剂。

主轴超声检测方法

主轴超声检测采用直探头和斜探头两种探头,直探头主要检测主轴的裸露部位,斜探头主要检测主轴的联轴器变径部位、滚筒与主轴连接部位,主轴与电机固定端的变径部位、主轴与风机扇叶连接部位、键槽的根部等。

直探头扫查

1)径向扫查:让矿方用扳手打开主轴端盖,在主轴端部涂上耦合剂,将纵波直探头放置主轴端面以压力为~1kg、20~50mm/s速度做100%扫查,扫查过程中要用探头呈“W”型重叠扫查。探头扫查的同时,应随时观察仪器屏幕的波形变化并对有关显示的信息逐一判断。

2)周向扫查:在主轴裸露部位涂上耦合剂,用直探头以同样的压力和速度做100%扫查周向的全方位扫查。直探头扫查的同时,并随时观察仪器屏幕的波形变化,对有关显示的信息逐一判断。

斜探头扫查主轴的联轴器变径部位、滚筒与主轴连接部位,主轴与电机固定端的变径部位、键槽的根部等未裸露部位采用横波斜探头检测技术,以~1kg的压力、20~50mm/s的速度沿主轴径向100%扫查。

5缺陷定位、定量、评定

缺陷定位

缺陷定位就是根据探伤仪器示波屏上缺陷回波的水平刻度值与扫描速度来对缺陷进行定位。直探头纵波检测时,仪器时基线扫描线按照1︰n的比例调整好以后,从仪器水平刻度上缺陷波的位置,可以直接得到缺陷离探测面的距离。例如:时基线按声程的1︰2比例调节,主轴底波应在10格出现,当在6格处出现缺陷波时,那么该缺陷离开探测面距离为:2×60=120mm。横波斜探头检测主轴时,缺陷位置可由折射角(β)和声程x来确定(极坐标系),也可由缺陷的水平距离L和深度来确定(直角坐标系)。

缺陷的'定量

缺陷的定量是指在检测中测定的缺陷大小、数量、长短、面积等。缺陷定量的准确与否,直接关系到测试成败。只有准确确定缺陷大小才能让矿方及时采取更换或维修等措施,避免出现重大事故及时消除潜在隐患。目前主轴缺陷的定量法当量法和测长法。主轴横向疲劳裂纹深度的测定采用当量法,对裂纹长度的测定采用测长法。当量法在主轴探伤中常用当量试块比较法和底波高度(dB)相对对比法。

缺陷的评定

检测完成后,根据缺陷波长短、数量、波形特征,按照GB/T6402-2008《钢锻件超声检测方法》、JB/T1581-2014《汽轮机、汽轮发电机转子和主轴锻件超声波探伤方法》等标准要求给出缺陷准确的评定,矿方才能依据缺陷性质,决定是否需要采取措施来解决存在的缺陷,也可以决定在使用过程中密切关注的缺陷发展程度。总之,超声检测技术可以在不破坏构件的条件下,检测机械主轴结构件的内部缺陷,不但可以进行定性评价,还可以对缺陷的大小和位置等进行定量,并给出评价结果,为煤矿机械设备的正常运行提供可靠的保证,也为煤矿企业的安全生产提供了可靠的保障。

超声波检测技术是现代科学技术发展的产物,其检测的过程会很好的保护试件的质量和性能,这是我为大家整理的超声波检测技术论文,仅供参考!

关于超声波无损检测技术的应用研究

摘要:超声波无损检测技术是现代科学技术发展的产物,其检测的过程会很好的保护试件的质量和性能,从而获取物品的性质和特征对其进行检测。超声波无损检测技术通过结合高科技的技术来完成检测的过程,检测的结果真实可靠,可以体现出超声波无损检测技术的应用性,同时超声波无损检测技术在检测时,也存在一些缺点。

关键词:超声波无损检测;脉冲反射式技术;检测技术

中图分类号:P631 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2374(2014)05-0029-02

超声波无损检测技术在检测的过程中,会使用到很多的技术,这些技术既满足了检测的需要,又能有效的解决检测中出现的问题。经过技术人员的不断探索,通过人工神经网络的技术来减少检测的缺陷,并实现了降低噪音的效果,满足了超声波无损检测的更高要求。在检测的过程中,要合理科学的利用技术手法,来提高检测结果的准确性。

1 超声波无损检测技术的发展趋势和主要功能

超声波无损检测技术的发展趋势

在超声波无损检测技术应用的过程中,需要很多理论知识的支持,检测时也对检测的方法和工艺流程有严格的要求,这些规范的检测方式使超声波无损检测的结果可以更准确。发现检测缺陷时,技术人员应用非接触方式的检测技术,运用激光超声来提高检测的效果,所以未来超声波无损检测技术一定会向着自动化操作的水平去发展。自动化的检测方法可以简化检测工作,实现专业检测的目标,扩大超声波无损检测技术应用的范围,同时随着超声技术的应用,在检测的过程中,也会实现数字化检测的目标,利用超声信号来处理技术的应用,使检测技术可以实现统一使用的要求,同时数字化操作的检测过程也会提高检测的准确性,有利于检测技术的发展。所以超声波无损检测技术将会实现全面的现代化操作要求,利用现代化科学技术的发展,来规范超声波无损检测的检测行为,也具备了处理缺陷的功能,提高了检测的效率。

超声波无损检测技术系统的主要功能

目前,我国超声波无损检测主要应用的技术是脉冲反射式的检测方法,这种技术的应用可以准确的定位缺陷出现的位置和形式,具有非常高的灵敏度,简化了技术人员检查缺陷的工作,完善了技术标准。脉冲反射式的检测技术还具有非常高的灵活性和适用性,可以适应超声波无损检测的要求,并实现一台仪器检测多种波形的检测工作。根据脉冲反射式的检测技术要求,可以实现缺陷检查的功能、操作界面切换显示的功能、显示日历时钟的功能,在实际的检测过程中功能键的使用也非常方便,简化了技术人员的操作过程,并且脉冲反射式技术具有灵敏度高的功能,使其可以及时的发现检测过程中出现的缺陷,有利于技术人员进行检修的工作,提高了检测工作的工作效率。

系统主要功能的技术指标

脉冲反射式技术在使用的过程中有很多的要求,其中要满足功能使用的技术指标,从而实现规范化的操作标准。反射电压的电量要控制在400伏,实现半波或者射频的检波方式,检测的范围要在4000-5000毫米之间,只有满足了这些技术标准才能合理的设置出技术应用的框架。同时在超声波无损检测技术应用的过程中有严格要求的电路设计,如果不能满足技术的指标要求,那么在实际检测的过程中,会存在很大的风险,会对技术人员造成严重的生命安全威胁。所以在检测工作实施之前,必须要按照相关的技术指标来合理的构建检测的环境,提高检测工作的安全性,保障检测工作可以顺利的进行。

2 超声波无损检测技术检测的方法和缺陷的显示

超声波无损检测技术检测的主要应用方法

超声波无损检测技术的检测方法按照具体的分类可以分为很多种,从检测的原理进行分析,超声波无损检测技术应用的主要方法是穿透法、脉冲反射法、共振法,按照检测探头来分类,检测的主要方法有单探头法、双探头法、多探头法,按照检测试件的耦合类型来分类,检测的主要方法有液浸法、直接接触法。这些具体的方法可以满足很多情况下的检测工作,并且提高了检测结果的准确性,完善了超声波无损检测技术的检测要求,所以技术人员要根据具体的检测环境和试件的类型来选择正确的检测方法,通过方法的应用要提高检测工作的效率,降低缺陷出现的可能。随着我国现代化科学技术的不断发展,人们对检测技术的应用也提出了更高的要求,检测工作的检测范围也越来越广,同时要求在对试件检测的过程中,不可以损坏试件的质量和性能,同时还要保准检测结果的准确性,所以技术人员要严格的按照检测标准,完成检测的工作,要对检测的方法进行改善,使其可以满足时代发展的要求。

缺陷的显示

在超声波无损检测技术检测的过程中,会出现不同类型的缺陷,主要分为A、B、C三种类型的显示,在工业检测的过程中,A类显示是应用最广泛的一种类型,在显示器上以脉冲的形式显示出来,对显示器上的长度和宽度进行标记,从而当超声波返回缺陷信号时,可以在屏幕上明确的显示出缺陷出现的位置。B类显示是通过回波信号来完成显示的过程,回波信号发出时会点亮提示灯,通过显示器的显示可以观察到缺陷出现的水平位置,这种类型的显示比较直观,有利于技术人员的观察和分析。C类显示是通过反射的回波信号来调制显示的内容,通过亮灯和暗灯来显示接收的结果,检测到缺陷时会出现亮灯,因此技术人员只需要观察灯的变化,就可以判断缺陷出现的情况。所以在实际检测的过程中,技术人员一定要认真观察缺陷出现的位置和内容,从而制定出科学合理的改善方案,来降低缺陷出现的可能,提高超声波无损检测技术检测的效果。

缺陷的定位

对于脉冲反射式超声检测技术来说,显示器的水平数值变化就是缺陷出现的位置,这时技术人员要对缺陷出现的位置进行定位,从而可以分析在检测过程中出现缺陷的环节。根据反映出的缺陷声波,经过计算,得出准确的缺陷产生的位置。

3 结语

科学技术的发展会带动我国的生产力水平的提高,同时也会促进技术的研发,超声波无损检测技术就是因为科学技术的不断发展,才实现了检测的目标,在检测的过程中,可以结合现代化的技术来提高检测的效率和结果的准确性。超声波无损检测技术实现了无损试件的检测要求,提高了检测的质量和水平,应该得到社会各界的关注,扩大检测的范围。

参考文献

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[2] 中国机械工程委员会无损检测分会编.超声波检测第二版(无损检测Ⅱ级培训教材)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2012.

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作者简介:李新明(1992―),男,湖北人,大连理工大学学生。

长输管道超声波内检测技术现状

【摘要】超声波内检测技术是长输管道的主要检测技术。本文介绍了长输管道超声波内检测的技术优势、国内外的发展现状,以供参考。

【关键词】长输管道 超声波 内检测 优势 现状

一、前言

长输管道是石油、天然气重要的运输手段,要保证管道的稳定运行,就要加强日常的检测和维护,及时发现问题,防止重大事故发生。

二、管道内检测主要技术及优势

管道内检测是涵盖检测方案决策、管道检测、检测数据解释分析和管道安全评价等过程的系统工程。利用智能检测器进行管线内检测是目前较为普遍的方式,该方法是通过运行在管道内的智能检测器收集、处理、存储管道检测数据,包括管道壁厚、管道腐蚀区域位置、管道腐蚀程度、管道裂纹和焊接缺陷,再将处理数据与显示技术结合描绘管道真实状况的三维图像,为管道维护方案的制定提供决策依据。超声波内检测技术和漏磁检测技术是现在最常用的海管内检测技术。

超声波内检测技术是在检测器中心安放一个水平放置的超声波传感器,传感器沿着平行于管壁的方向发射声波,声波沿着平行于管壁的方向行进直至被一个旋转镜面反射后,垂直穿透管道壁,声波触碰管道外壁后按照原路径反射回传感器,计算机计算声波发射及反射回传感器的时间,该时间就被转换为距离及管道壁厚的测量值。声波反射镜面每秒旋转2周,检测器每米可以采集3万个左右的测量值。超声波内检测技术可以原理简单,数据准确可靠,该方法可以精确测量管道的壁厚,不仅可以测量金属管线,对于非金属管线,如高密度聚乙烯管也能够有效测量,并且可测管道管径的尺寸范围较大,甚至能够测量壁厚等级80以上的大壁厚管道,对于变径管道同样适用。

管道漏磁检测技术利用磁铁在管壁上产生的纵向回路磁场来探测管道内外壁的金属损失以及裂纹等缺陷,确定上述缺陷的准确位置,检测器所带磁铁将检测器经过的管壁饱磁化,使管壁周圈形成磁回路。若管道的内壁或外壁有缺陷,围绕着管道缺陷,管道壁的磁力线将会重新进行分布,部分磁力线会在这个过程中泄露从而进入到周围的介质中去,这就是所谓的漏磁场。磁极之间紧贴管壁的探头检测到泄漏的磁场,检测到的信号经过滤波、放大、转换等处理过程后会被记录到存储器中,通过数据分析系统的处理对信号进行判断和识别。管道的漏磁检测技术具有准确性高的优点,通过在气管线中低阻力和低磨损的设计取得较高质量的数据,可以在没有收球和发球装置的情况下完成检测,对于路径超过200公里的长输管道能够以每分钟200米左右的速度进行检测。

三、长输管道建设工艺技术发展现状

1、管道焊接

管道焊接是管道建设的最重要的一个方面,现场焊接的效率高,安全性和可靠性在每个管道的建设是重要的角色。从国内长途管道工程在1950年的第一条运输管道建设以来,管道现场焊接施工在我国发展的半个世纪里主要经历了有四个发展过程,分别是:手工电弧焊上向焊、手工电弧焊下向焊、半自动焊和自动焊。

(1)手工电弧焊上向焊和手工电弧焊下向焊。90年代初手工电弧焊下向焊和手工电弧焊下向焊作为当时国内传输管道的一种焊接方法,得到了广泛的应用,突出的优点是高电流、焊接速度高,根焊接速度可达20到50厘米/分钟,焊接效率高。目前在进行焊接位置相对困难的位置和焊接设备难进入的位置时采用手工电弧焊焊接。

(2)半自动焊。电焊工通过半自动焊枪进行焊接,由连续送丝装置送丝焊接的一种方式叫做半自动焊。半自动焊是长输管道焊接的主要方式,因为在焊接送丝比较连续,就省了换焊条和其他辅助工作时间,同时熔敷率高、减少焊接接头,减少焊接电弧,电弧焊接缺陷、焊接合格率提高,

(3)自动焊。自动焊方法使整个焊接过程自动化,人工主要从事监控操作。国内开始从西到东的天然气管道项目,就是大面积的自动焊接的应用程序。自动焊接技术在新疆,戈壁等地区比较适合。

2、非开挖穿越施工技术

遇到埋管道的建设,跨越河流,道路,铁路等障碍时,有许多问题如果使用传统开挖方法则会比较难实施,而“非开挖”铺设地下管道是当前国际管道项目进行了先进的施工方法,已广泛应用于这个国家。我国近年来建设大量的长输管道采用了盾穿越技术,有许多大河流使用了盾构穿越。顶管穿越通过短距离管道穿越技术在1970年代后期开始得到使用。传统意义上的顶管施工是以人工开采为主。后来当使用螺旋钻开采和输送管顶土,后来又派生出了土压力平衡方法,泥水平衡方法,通过顶管技术,可以达到超过1千米以上的距离。通过液压以控制管切割前方的覆土,以保证顶管的方向正确,和顶采用继电器,激光测距,头部方位校正方法顶推的施工工作,长距离顶管的问题和方向问题得到了解决。

3、定向穿越技术

我国从美国引进的定向钻是在1985年首次应用于黄河的长输管道建设。在过去的20年里,非开挖定向穿越管道技术在我国得到了迅速的发展。定向钻井在非开挖管道穿越技术已广泛应用于管道业。定向钻用于铺设管道取得了巨大的成就。我国在2002年2月以2308米和273米直径的长度穿越了钱塘江,是世界上最长的穿越长度,被载入吉尼斯世界纪录。定向穿越管道施工技术是一个多学科,多技术,根据于一体的系统工程,任何部分在施工过程中存在的问题的设备集成,并可能导致整个项目的失败,造成了巨大的损失。而被广泛使用,由于定向钻井,通过建设,使技术已经取得了长足的进步和发展的方向。硬石国际各种施工方法,如泥浆马达,震荡的顶部,双管钻进的建设。广泛采用PLC控制,电液比例控制技术,负荷传感系统,具有特殊的结构设计软件的使用。

四、管道超声内检测技术现状

1、相控阵超声波检测器

美国GE公司研制的超声波相控阵管道内检测器于2005年开始应用于油气管道内检测,目前已检测管道长度4700km,该检测器包括两种不同的检测模式:超声波壁厚测量模式和超声腐蚀检测模式,适用于管径610~660mm的成品油管道。该检测器有别于传统检测器的单探头入射管道表面检测的方法,采用探头组的形式来布置探头环,几个相邻并非常靠近(间距左右)的探头组成一个探头组,一个探头组内的探头按照一定的时间顺序来激发并产生超声波脉冲,而该激发顺序决定了产生的超声波脉冲的方向和角度,因此控制一个探头组内不同探头的激发顺序就可以产生聚焦的超声波脉冲。检测器包括3个探头环、44个探头组,每个探头环提供一种检测模式,可根据不同的管道检测需求来确定探头环。

该检测器与其他内检测器相同,包括清管器、电源、相控阵传感器、数据处理和储存模块4部分。清管器位于整个检测器的头部并装有聚氨酯皮碗,一方面负责清管以确保检测精度,另一方面起密封作用,使得检测器可以在前后压力差的作用下驱动前进。探头仓由3个独立的探头环组成,每个探头环的探头布置都能实现超声波信号周向全覆盖。检测器能够实现长25mm、深1mm的裂纹检测,检测准确率超过90%;最小检测腐蚀面积10×10mm ,检测精度大于90%。

2、弹性波管道检测器

安桥管道公司管理着世界上最长和最复杂的石油管道网络。其研发的内检测器已经在超过15000km的管道中开展检测。其中基于声波原理的检测器主要有弹性波检测器和超声波管道腐蚀检测器。弹性波检测器的弹性波信号可以在气体管道中传播,主要用于检测管道的焊缝特征,尤其是对长焊缝和应力腐蚀裂纹有较好的检测效果。最新的MKIII弹性波检测器最多可以装备96个超声波传感器,用于在液体祸合条件下发射接收超声波信号,进行管道检测。MKIII弹性波检测器的最大运行距离为150km,相对于二代产品的45km有了很大程度的提高。

五、结束语

综上所述,随着科技水平的快速发展和进步,超声波内检测技术也将更加完善,对于长输管道的检测也将更加准确,为管道的正常使用和安全运行发挥更大的作用。

参考文献

[1]宋生奎,宫敬,才建,等.油气管道内检测技术研究进展[J].石油工程建设,2013,31(2):10-14.

[2]石永春,刘剑锋,王文军.管道内检测技术及发展趋势[J].工业安全与环保,2012,32(8):46-48

[3]丁建林.我国油气管道技术和发展趋势.油气储运,2013,22(9):22-25.

[4]宋生奎,宫敬,才建等.油气管道内检测技术研究进展.石油工程建设,2014,31(2):11-13.

[5]高福庆.管道内检测技术及发展.石油规划设计,2010,11(1):78

超声波检测的论文

煤矿机械轴类超声检测技术应用论文

1超声检测(UT)

超声检测是无损检测技术的一种,是通过超声波进入物体遇到缺陷时,一部分声波会产生反射,接收器接收反射波,并对反射波进行分析,精确地测出缺陷,并能确定缺陷位置和大小的一种检测技术。超声检测适用于探测被检物内部的面积型缺陷。超声检测的优点是穿透力强、设备轻便、检测成本低、检测效率高,能即时得到检测结果,又能实现自动化检测,在缺陷检测中对危害性较大的裂纹类缺陷特别敏感等。

2煤矿机械运行现况

煤矿采用的大部分机械设备都在粉尘、潮湿、有害气体等恶劣的环境中运行,时常会受到巨大冲击载荷,且长期处于高强度运转状态。高速运行、重载的工作环境所产生的交变载荷,非常容易使材料的内部缺陷或主轴加工过程中因加工工艺产生的缺陷扩大,形成危险性裂纹。还有司机操作不当、设计安装、主轴锻造等带来的缺陷,主轴本身在运行过程中材质强度和刚度发生变化等产生疲劳裂纹,如果这些危险性裂纹不能及时被发现,就有可能导致机械主轴突然断裂,引发重大安全事故,将给矿方带来不必要的损失。

3煤矿需要检测机械主轴

需要检测的主要主轴有:主通风机主轴、提升机滚筒主轴、天轮主轴、输送带机滚筒主轴、罐笼或箕斗提升主轴、架空乘人装置驱动轮与迂回轮主轴等。上述主轴由于受到组装在轴上的结构件约束或覆盖,这些部件所在轴上的部位正是应力集中、易产生表面或内部裂纹的区域,如采用其他无损检测方法检测,需把这些组装部件全部从主轴上分解拆卸下来,这样做不但浪费大量的人力物力财力,而且直接影响煤矿正常生产。为解决这一难题,更好地为煤矿机械设备运行提供条件,采用超声检测对主轴进行不解体检测,效果会更好些。

4机械主轴超声检测技术

准备工作

掌握被检机械主轴现实状况检测人员到达检测现场后,首先与矿方沟通,索要有关机械主轴的基本资料,根据提供的资料掌握主轴采用的材质、热处理状态、几何形状、尺寸、组装件结构及数量、受力状态,现场检测条件及环境等现实状况,为超声检测提供条件。其次,根据掌握的资料情况,与矿方制定检测计划。

超声检测部位的选择根据主轴的传动结构,受力状况,应力集中的程度选择主轴的联轴器变径部位、滚筒与主轴连接部位,主轴与电机固定端的变径部位、键槽的根部等作为重点超声检测部位。

超声检测面清理在选定的检测部位用棉纱清理污染物、用砂纸打磨锈蚀处等。

探头和标准试块选择超声检测时,根据被检主轴的材质晶粒度状态选择探头,一般超声波检测选用的探头即可。标准试块根据被检主轴的形状、长度选用CS-I、CS-2C、CSK-ⅢA、CSK-ⅡA、RB-2等型号标准试块作为超声检测灵敏度校验。

仪器灵敏度调节检测仪器灵敏度通过调节超声波探伤仪上的[增益]、[衰减器]、[发射强度]等旋钮来实现。径向检测时采用直探头检测方法,直探头灵敏度调节有工件底波调节法和对比试块法。当径向主轴长度S≤3N(近场区)时采用试块对比法,S>3N(近场区)的主轴采用大平底底波调整法调整检测灵敏度。斜探头检测灵敏度调整是利用CSK-IIA或者RB-2试块将检测系统灵敏度调整为2或3水平。

耦合剂的选择超声波检测中常采用机油、变压器油、甘油、水、水玻璃作为耦合剂。

主轴超声检测方法

主轴超声检测采用直探头和斜探头两种探头,直探头主要检测主轴的裸露部位,斜探头主要检测主轴的联轴器变径部位、滚筒与主轴连接部位,主轴与电机固定端的变径部位、主轴与风机扇叶连接部位、键槽的根部等。

直探头扫查

1)径向扫查:让矿方用扳手打开主轴端盖,在主轴端部涂上耦合剂,将纵波直探头放置主轴端面以压力为~1kg、20~50mm/s速度做100%扫查,扫查过程中要用探头呈“W”型重叠扫查。探头扫查的同时,应随时观察仪器屏幕的波形变化并对有关显示的信息逐一判断。

2)周向扫查:在主轴裸露部位涂上耦合剂,用直探头以同样的压力和速度做100%扫查周向的全方位扫查。直探头扫查的同时,并随时观察仪器屏幕的波形变化,对有关显示的信息逐一判断。

斜探头扫查主轴的联轴器变径部位、滚筒与主轴连接部位,主轴与电机固定端的变径部位、键槽的根部等未裸露部位采用横波斜探头检测技术,以~1kg的压力、20~50mm/s的速度沿主轴径向100%扫查。

5缺陷定位、定量、评定

缺陷定位

缺陷定位就是根据探伤仪器示波屏上缺陷回波的水平刻度值与扫描速度来对缺陷进行定位。直探头纵波检测时,仪器时基线扫描线按照1︰n的比例调整好以后,从仪器水平刻度上缺陷波的位置,可以直接得到缺陷离探测面的距离。例如:时基线按声程的1︰2比例调节,主轴底波应在10格出现,当在6格处出现缺陷波时,那么该缺陷离开探测面距离为:2×60=120mm。横波斜探头检测主轴时,缺陷位置可由折射角(β)和声程x来确定(极坐标系),也可由缺陷的水平距离L和深度来确定(直角坐标系)。

缺陷的'定量

缺陷的定量是指在检测中测定的缺陷大小、数量、长短、面积等。缺陷定量的准确与否,直接关系到测试成败。只有准确确定缺陷大小才能让矿方及时采取更换或维修等措施,避免出现重大事故及时消除潜在隐患。目前主轴缺陷的定量法当量法和测长法。主轴横向疲劳裂纹深度的测定采用当量法,对裂纹长度的测定采用测长法。当量法在主轴探伤中常用当量试块比较法和底波高度(dB)相对对比法。

缺陷的评定

检测完成后,根据缺陷波长短、数量、波形特征,按照GB/T6402-2008《钢锻件超声检测方法》、JB/T1581-2014《汽轮机、汽轮发电机转子和主轴锻件超声波探伤方法》等标准要求给出缺陷准确的评定,矿方才能依据缺陷性质,决定是否需要采取措施来解决存在的缺陷,也可以决定在使用过程中密切关注的缺陷发展程度。总之,超声检测技术可以在不破坏构件的条件下,检测机械主轴结构件的内部缺陷,不但可以进行定性评价,还可以对缺陷的大小和位置等进行定量,并给出评价结果,为煤矿机械设备的正常运行提供可靠的保证,也为煤矿企业的安全生产提供了可靠的保障。

检查一下硬件硬件没问题就看看单片机是否工作顺便问一句你的程序仿真过吗有问题吗呵呵

超声波检测技术是现代科学技术发展的产物,其检测的过程会很好的保护试件的质量和性能,这是我为大家整理的超声波检测技术论文,仅供参考!

关于超声波无损检测技术的应用研究

摘要:超声波无损检测技术是现代科学技术发展的产物,其检测的过程会很好的保护试件的质量和性能,从而获取物品的性质和特征对其进行检测。超声波无损检测技术通过结合高科技的技术来完成检测的过程,检测的结果真实可靠,可以体现出超声波无损检测技术的应用性,同时超声波无损检测技术在检测时,也存在一些缺点。

关键词:超声波无损检测;脉冲反射式技术;检测技术

中图分类号:P631 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2374(2014)05-0029-02

超声波无损检测技术在检测的过程中,会使用到很多的技术,这些技术既满足了检测的需要,又能有效的解决检测中出现的问题。经过技术人员的不断探索,通过人工神经网络的技术来减少检测的缺陷,并实现了降低噪音的效果,满足了超声波无损检测的更高要求。在检测的过程中,要合理科学的利用技术手法,来提高检测结果的准确性。

1 超声波无损检测技术的发展趋势和主要功能

超声波无损检测技术的发展趋势

在超声波无损检测技术应用的过程中,需要很多理论知识的支持,检测时也对检测的方法和工艺流程有严格的要求,这些规范的检测方式使超声波无损检测的结果可以更准确。发现检测缺陷时,技术人员应用非接触方式的检测技术,运用激光超声来提高检测的效果,所以未来超声波无损检测技术一定会向着自动化操作的水平去发展。自动化的检测方法可以简化检测工作,实现专业检测的目标,扩大超声波无损检测技术应用的范围,同时随着超声技术的应用,在检测的过程中,也会实现数字化检测的目标,利用超声信号来处理技术的应用,使检测技术可以实现统一使用的要求,同时数字化操作的检测过程也会提高检测的准确性,有利于检测技术的发展。所以超声波无损检测技术将会实现全面的现代化操作要求,利用现代化科学技术的发展,来规范超声波无损检测的检测行为,也具备了处理缺陷的功能,提高了检测的效率。

超声波无损检测技术系统的主要功能

目前,我国超声波无损检测主要应用的技术是脉冲反射式的检测方法,这种技术的应用可以准确的定位缺陷出现的位置和形式,具有非常高的灵敏度,简化了技术人员检查缺陷的工作,完善了技术标准。脉冲反射式的检测技术还具有非常高的灵活性和适用性,可以适应超声波无损检测的要求,并实现一台仪器检测多种波形的检测工作。根据脉冲反射式的检测技术要求,可以实现缺陷检查的功能、操作界面切换显示的功能、显示日历时钟的功能,在实际的检测过程中功能键的使用也非常方便,简化了技术人员的操作过程,并且脉冲反射式技术具有灵敏度高的功能,使其可以及时的发现检测过程中出现的缺陷,有利于技术人员进行检修的工作,提高了检测工作的工作效率。

系统主要功能的技术指标

脉冲反射式技术在使用的过程中有很多的要求,其中要满足功能使用的技术指标,从而实现规范化的操作标准。反射电压的电量要控制在400伏,实现半波或者射频的检波方式,检测的范围要在4000-5000毫米之间,只有满足了这些技术标准才能合理的设置出技术应用的框架。同时在超声波无损检测技术应用的过程中有严格要求的电路设计,如果不能满足技术的指标要求,那么在实际检测的过程中,会存在很大的风险,会对技术人员造成严重的生命安全威胁。所以在检测工作实施之前,必须要按照相关的技术指标来合理的构建检测的环境,提高检测工作的安全性,保障检测工作可以顺利的进行。

2 超声波无损检测技术检测的方法和缺陷的显示

超声波无损检测技术检测的主要应用方法

超声波无损检测技术的检测方法按照具体的分类可以分为很多种,从检测的原理进行分析,超声波无损检测技术应用的主要方法是穿透法、脉冲反射法、共振法,按照检测探头来分类,检测的主要方法有单探头法、双探头法、多探头法,按照检测试件的耦合类型来分类,检测的主要方法有液浸法、直接接触法。这些具体的方法可以满足很多情况下的检测工作,并且提高了检测结果的准确性,完善了超声波无损检测技术的检测要求,所以技术人员要根据具体的检测环境和试件的类型来选择正确的检测方法,通过方法的应用要提高检测工作的效率,降低缺陷出现的可能。随着我国现代化科学技术的不断发展,人们对检测技术的应用也提出了更高的要求,检测工作的检测范围也越来越广,同时要求在对试件检测的过程中,不可以损坏试件的质量和性能,同时还要保准检测结果的准确性,所以技术人员要严格的按照检测标准,完成检测的工作,要对检测的方法进行改善,使其可以满足时代发展的要求。

缺陷的显示

在超声波无损检测技术检测的过程中,会出现不同类型的缺陷,主要分为A、B、C三种类型的显示,在工业检测的过程中,A类显示是应用最广泛的一种类型,在显示器上以脉冲的形式显示出来,对显示器上的长度和宽度进行标记,从而当超声波返回缺陷信号时,可以在屏幕上明确的显示出缺陷出现的位置。B类显示是通过回波信号来完成显示的过程,回波信号发出时会点亮提示灯,通过显示器的显示可以观察到缺陷出现的水平位置,这种类型的显示比较直观,有利于技术人员的观察和分析。C类显示是通过反射的回波信号来调制显示的内容,通过亮灯和暗灯来显示接收的结果,检测到缺陷时会出现亮灯,因此技术人员只需要观察灯的变化,就可以判断缺陷出现的情况。所以在实际检测的过程中,技术人员一定要认真观察缺陷出现的位置和内容,从而制定出科学合理的改善方案,来降低缺陷出现的可能,提高超声波无损检测技术检测的效果。

缺陷的定位

对于脉冲反射式超声检测技术来说,显示器的水平数值变化就是缺陷出现的位置,这时技术人员要对缺陷出现的位置进行定位,从而可以分析在检测过程中出现缺陷的环节。根据反映出的缺陷声波,经过计算,得出准确的缺陷产生的位置。

3 结语

科学技术的发展会带动我国的生产力水平的提高,同时也会促进技术的研发,超声波无损检测技术就是因为科学技术的不断发展,才实现了检测的目标,在检测的过程中,可以结合现代化的技术来提高检测的效率和结果的准确性。超声波无损检测技术实现了无损试件的检测要求,提高了检测的质量和水平,应该得到社会各界的关注,扩大检测的范围。

参考文献

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[2] 中国机械工程委员会无损检测分会编.超声波检测第二版(无损检测Ⅱ级培训教材)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2012.

[3] 李洋,杨春梅,关雪晴.基于AD603的程控直流宽带放大器设计[J].重庆文理学院学报(自然科学版),2010,29(16):202-203.

[4] 段灿,何娟,刘少英.多小波变换在信号去噪中的应用[J].中南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2012,28(12):320-325

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作者简介:李新明(1992―),男,湖北人,大连理工大学学生。

长输管道超声波内检测技术现状

【摘要】超声波内检测技术是长输管道的主要检测技术。本文介绍了长输管道超声波内检测的技术优势、国内外的发展现状,以供参考。

【关键词】长输管道 超声波 内检测 优势 现状

一、前言

长输管道是石油、天然气重要的运输手段,要保证管道的稳定运行,就要加强日常的检测和维护,及时发现问题,防止重大事故发生。

二、管道内检测主要技术及优势

管道内检测是涵盖检测方案决策、管道检测、检测数据解释分析和管道安全评价等过程的系统工程。利用智能检测器进行管线内检测是目前较为普遍的方式,该方法是通过运行在管道内的智能检测器收集、处理、存储管道检测数据,包括管道壁厚、管道腐蚀区域位置、管道腐蚀程度、管道裂纹和焊接缺陷,再将处理数据与显示技术结合描绘管道真实状况的三维图像,为管道维护方案的制定提供决策依据。超声波内检测技术和漏磁检测技术是现在最常用的海管内检测技术。

超声波内检测技术是在检测器中心安放一个水平放置的超声波传感器,传感器沿着平行于管壁的方向发射声波,声波沿着平行于管壁的方向行进直至被一个旋转镜面反射后,垂直穿透管道壁,声波触碰管道外壁后按照原路径反射回传感器,计算机计算声波发射及反射回传感器的时间,该时间就被转换为距离及管道壁厚的测量值。声波反射镜面每秒旋转2周,检测器每米可以采集3万个左右的测量值。超声波内检测技术可以原理简单,数据准确可靠,该方法可以精确测量管道的壁厚,不仅可以测量金属管线,对于非金属管线,如高密度聚乙烯管也能够有效测量,并且可测管道管径的尺寸范围较大,甚至能够测量壁厚等级80以上的大壁厚管道,对于变径管道同样适用。

管道漏磁检测技术利用磁铁在管壁上产生的纵向回路磁场来探测管道内外壁的金属损失以及裂纹等缺陷,确定上述缺陷的准确位置,检测器所带磁铁将检测器经过的管壁饱磁化,使管壁周圈形成磁回路。若管道的内壁或外壁有缺陷,围绕着管道缺陷,管道壁的磁力线将会重新进行分布,部分磁力线会在这个过程中泄露从而进入到周围的介质中去,这就是所谓的漏磁场。磁极之间紧贴管壁的探头检测到泄漏的磁场,检测到的信号经过滤波、放大、转换等处理过程后会被记录到存储器中,通过数据分析系统的处理对信号进行判断和识别。管道的漏磁检测技术具有准确性高的优点,通过在气管线中低阻力和低磨损的设计取得较高质量的数据,可以在没有收球和发球装置的情况下完成检测,对于路径超过200公里的长输管道能够以每分钟200米左右的速度进行检测。

三、长输管道建设工艺技术发展现状

1、管道焊接

管道焊接是管道建设的最重要的一个方面,现场焊接的效率高,安全性和可靠性在每个管道的建设是重要的角色。从国内长途管道工程在1950年的第一条运输管道建设以来,管道现场焊接施工在我国发展的半个世纪里主要经历了有四个发展过程,分别是:手工电弧焊上向焊、手工电弧焊下向焊、半自动焊和自动焊。

(1)手工电弧焊上向焊和手工电弧焊下向焊。90年代初手工电弧焊下向焊和手工电弧焊下向焊作为当时国内传输管道的一种焊接方法,得到了广泛的应用,突出的优点是高电流、焊接速度高,根焊接速度可达20到50厘米/分钟,焊接效率高。目前在进行焊接位置相对困难的位置和焊接设备难进入的位置时采用手工电弧焊焊接。

(2)半自动焊。电焊工通过半自动焊枪进行焊接,由连续送丝装置送丝焊接的一种方式叫做半自动焊。半自动焊是长输管道焊接的主要方式,因为在焊接送丝比较连续,就省了换焊条和其他辅助工作时间,同时熔敷率高、减少焊接接头,减少焊接电弧,电弧焊接缺陷、焊接合格率提高,

(3)自动焊。自动焊方法使整个焊接过程自动化,人工主要从事监控操作。国内开始从西到东的天然气管道项目,就是大面积的自动焊接的应用程序。自动焊接技术在新疆,戈壁等地区比较适合。

2、非开挖穿越施工技术

遇到埋管道的建设,跨越河流,道路,铁路等障碍时,有许多问题如果使用传统开挖方法则会比较难实施,而“非开挖”铺设地下管道是当前国际管道项目进行了先进的施工方法,已广泛应用于这个国家。我国近年来建设大量的长输管道采用了盾穿越技术,有许多大河流使用了盾构穿越。顶管穿越通过短距离管道穿越技术在1970年代后期开始得到使用。传统意义上的顶管施工是以人工开采为主。后来当使用螺旋钻开采和输送管顶土,后来又派生出了土压力平衡方法,泥水平衡方法,通过顶管技术,可以达到超过1千米以上的距离。通过液压以控制管切割前方的覆土,以保证顶管的方向正确,和顶采用继电器,激光测距,头部方位校正方法顶推的施工工作,长距离顶管的问题和方向问题得到了解决。

3、定向穿越技术

我国从美国引进的定向钻是在1985年首次应用于黄河的长输管道建设。在过去的20年里,非开挖定向穿越管道技术在我国得到了迅速的发展。定向钻井在非开挖管道穿越技术已广泛应用于管道业。定向钻用于铺设管道取得了巨大的成就。我国在2002年2月以2308米和273米直径的长度穿越了钱塘江,是世界上最长的穿越长度,被载入吉尼斯世界纪录。定向穿越管道施工技术是一个多学科,多技术,根据于一体的系统工程,任何部分在施工过程中存在的问题的设备集成,并可能导致整个项目的失败,造成了巨大的损失。而被广泛使用,由于定向钻井,通过建设,使技术已经取得了长足的进步和发展的方向。硬石国际各种施工方法,如泥浆马达,震荡的顶部,双管钻进的建设。广泛采用PLC控制,电液比例控制技术,负荷传感系统,具有特殊的结构设计软件的使用。

四、管道超声内检测技术现状

1、相控阵超声波检测器

美国GE公司研制的超声波相控阵管道内检测器于2005年开始应用于油气管道内检测,目前已检测管道长度4700km,该检测器包括两种不同的检测模式:超声波壁厚测量模式和超声腐蚀检测模式,适用于管径610~660mm的成品油管道。该检测器有别于传统检测器的单探头入射管道表面检测的方法,采用探头组的形式来布置探头环,几个相邻并非常靠近(间距左右)的探头组成一个探头组,一个探头组内的探头按照一定的时间顺序来激发并产生超声波脉冲,而该激发顺序决定了产生的超声波脉冲的方向和角度,因此控制一个探头组内不同探头的激发顺序就可以产生聚焦的超声波脉冲。检测器包括3个探头环、44个探头组,每个探头环提供一种检测模式,可根据不同的管道检测需求来确定探头环。

该检测器与其他内检测器相同,包括清管器、电源、相控阵传感器、数据处理和储存模块4部分。清管器位于整个检测器的头部并装有聚氨酯皮碗,一方面负责清管以确保检测精度,另一方面起密封作用,使得检测器可以在前后压力差的作用下驱动前进。探头仓由3个独立的探头环组成,每个探头环的探头布置都能实现超声波信号周向全覆盖。检测器能够实现长25mm、深1mm的裂纹检测,检测准确率超过90%;最小检测腐蚀面积10×10mm ,检测精度大于90%。

2、弹性波管道检测器

安桥管道公司管理着世界上最长和最复杂的石油管道网络。其研发的内检测器已经在超过15000km的管道中开展检测。其中基于声波原理的检测器主要有弹性波检测器和超声波管道腐蚀检测器。弹性波检测器的弹性波信号可以在气体管道中传播,主要用于检测管道的焊缝特征,尤其是对长焊缝和应力腐蚀裂纹有较好的检测效果。最新的MKIII弹性波检测器最多可以装备96个超声波传感器,用于在液体祸合条件下发射接收超声波信号,进行管道检测。MKIII弹性波检测器的最大运行距离为150km,相对于二代产品的45km有了很大程度的提高。

五、结束语

综上所述,随着科技水平的快速发展和进步,超声波内检测技术也将更加完善,对于长输管道的检测也将更加准确,为管道的正常使用和安全运行发挥更大的作用。

参考文献

[1]宋生奎,宫敬,才建,等.油气管道内检测技术研究进展[J].石油工程建设,2013,31(2):10-14.

[2]石永春,刘剑锋,王文军.管道内检测技术及发展趋势[J].工业安全与环保,2012,32(8):46-48

[3]丁建林.我国油气管道技术和发展趋势.油气储运,2013,22(9):22-25.

[4]宋生奎,宫敬,才建等.油气管道内检测技术研究进展.石油工程建设,2014,31(2):11-13.

[5]高福庆.管道内检测技术及发展.石油规划设计,2010,11(1):78

电子信息工程]基于单片机超声波测距仪 摘 要随着科学技术的快速发展,超声波将在科学技术中的应用越来越广。本文对超声波传感器测距的可能性进行了理论分析,利用模拟电子、数字电子、微机接口、超声波换能器、以及超声波在介质的传播特性等知识,采用以AT89C51单片机为核心的低成本、高精度、微型化数字显示超声波测距仪的硬件电路和软件设计方法在此基础上设计了系统的总体方案,最后通过硬件和软件实现了各个功能模块。相关部分附有硬件电路图、程序流程图。为了保证超声波测距传感器的可靠性和稳定性,采取了相应的抗干扰措施。就超声波的传播特性,超声波换能器的工作特性、超声波发射、接收、超声微弱信号放大、波形整形、速度变换、语音提示电路及系统功能软件等做了详细说明。该测距仪最大测量距离是6米,精确度是。这套系统软硬件设计合理、抗干扰能力强、实时性良好,经过系统扩展和升级,可以用于倒车雷达、建筑施工工地以及一些工业现场,例如:测量液位、井深、管道长度等场合。可以广泛应用于工业生产、医学检查、日常生活、无人驾驶汽车、自动作业现场的自动引导小车、机器人、液位计等。关键词: AT89C51,超声波,传感器,LED目 录第1章 前言 概述 超声波测距特性 超声波用于距离测量的优势 超声波测距仪 设计要求 内容及任务 拟达到的要求或技术指标 6第2章 总体设计 方案的选择 传感器的选择 单片机的选择 超声波测距的原理 总体设计框图 9第3章 硬件电路设计 AT89C51系列单片机的应用 113.传感器的应用 传感器的定义及作用 压电式传感器 利用传感器发送接收 超声波传感器探测物体的方式 超声波发射与接收模块 超声波发射电路与驱动电路 超声波接收电路与放大电路 基于MAX7219的数码显示电路 温度测量电路 电源供应电路 报警电路 18第4章 误差和数据分析 测距计算中温度补偿 测距计算中误差分析 数据处理 21第5章 软体设计 显示子程序 外部中断子程序 测量距离子程序 定时中断子程序 总程序及其流程图 276 总结 设计系统的实用性与价值性 设计系统的不足和改进方法 29参考文献 31致谢 32附录 33附录1 硬件电路的设计 33附录2 软件编程 34附录 文献综述 60

超声波测距论文参考文献

2008-09-26 09:22

参考文献2008-09-26 09:22 翻译与原文2008-09-26 09:23 96,768 开题报告.doc2008-09-26 09:23 24,064 实习报告.doc2008-09-26 09:23 91,136 实习日记.doc2008-09-26 09:23 136,192 文献综述.doc2008-09-26 09:23 523,776 毕业论文.doc【摘要】超声波测距技术在当今社会生活中已有很广泛的应用,本论文在了解超声波测距原理的基础上,完成了基于时差测距原理的一种超声波测距系统的软硬件设计,其中的控制芯片是采用凌阳公司开发的SPCE061A系列单片机。论文着重介绍了SPCE061A与超声波测距模块组成的超声波测距系统的组成原理以及应用,另外也介绍了LED显示等模组的应用。该系统可广泛应用于小距离测距、机器人检测、车辆倒车雷达以及家居安防系统等应用方案。最后实际使用表明能实现基本测量。【关键词】SPCE061A 超声波 距离测量目 录一、 引言 4二、 凌阳SPCE061A简介 总述 性能 结构概览 61板卡说明 7三、 系统分析与设计 超声波测距基本原理 系统总体方案介绍 10四、 硬件电路设计 超声波发射模块 超声波接受模块 键盘模块 LED显示模块 超声波测距系统工作过程 14五、 以SPCE061A为核心的软件设计 总体设计 测距算法 系统调试 18六、 系统的测试与结果分析 系统误差分析 系统测试 21七、 结束语 22八、 参考文献 23九、 致谢 24十、附录(源程序)25

检查一下硬件硬件没问题就看看单片机是否工作顺便问一句你的程序仿真过吗有问题吗呵呵

原文Ultrasonic distance meter Document Type and Number:United States Patent 5442592 Abstract:An ultrasonic distance meter cancels out the effects of temperature and humidity variations by including a measuring unit and a reference unit. In each of the units, a repetitive series of pulses is generated, each having a repetition rate directly related to the respective distance between an electroacoustic transmitter and an electroacoustic receiver. The pulse trains are provided to respective counters, and the ratio of the counter outputs is utilized to determine the distance being measured. Publication Date:08/15/1995 Primary Examiner:Lobo, Ian J.一、BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to apparatus for the measurement of distance and, more particularly, to such apparatus which transmits ultrasonic waves between two points. Precision machine tools must be calibrated. In the past, this has been accomplished utilizing mechanical devices such as calipers, micrometers, and the like. However, the use of such devices does not readily lend itself to automation techniques. It is known that the distance between two points can be determined by measuring the propagation time of a wave travelling between those two points. One such type of wave is an ultrasonic, or acoustic, wave. When an ultrasonic wave travels between two points, the distance between the two points can be measured by multiplying the transit time of the wave by the wave velocity in the medium separating the two points. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide apparatus utilizing ultrasonic waves to accurately measure the distance between two points. When the medium between the two points whose spacing is being measured is air, the sound velocity is dependent upon the temperature and humidity of the air. It is therefore a further object of the,present invention to provide apparatus of the type described which is independent of temperature and humidity variations. 二、SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The foregoing and additional objects are attained in accordance with the principles of this invention by providing distance measuring apparatus which includes a reference unit and a measuring unit. The reference and measuring units are the same and each includes an electroacoustic transmitter and an electroacoustic receiver. The spacing between the transmitter and the receiver of the reference unit is a fixed reference distance, whereas the spacing between the transmitter and receiver of the measuring unit is the distance to be measured. In each of the units, the transmitter and receiver are coupled by a feedback loop which causes the transmitter to generate an acoustic pulse which is received by the receiver and converted into an electrical pulse which is then fed back to the transmitter, so that a repetitive series of pulses results. The repetition rate of the pulses is inversely related to the distance between the transmitter and the receiver. In each of the units, the pulses are provided to a counter. Since the reference distance is known, the ratio of the counter outputs is utilized to determine the desired distance to be measured. Since both counts are identically influenced by temperature and humidity variations, by taking the ratio of the counts, the resultant measurement becomes insensitive to such variations. 三、BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The foregoing will be more readily apparent upon reading the following description in conjunction with the drawing in which the single FIGURE schematically depicts apparatus constructed in accordance with the principles of this invention. 四、DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring now to the drawing, there is shown a measuring unit 10 and a reference unit 12, both coupled to a utilization means 14. The measuring unit 10 includes an electroacoustic transmitter 16 and an electroacoustic receiver 18. The transmitter 16 includes piezoelectric material 20 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 22 and 24. Likewise, the receiver 18 includes piezoelectric material 26 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 28 and 30. As is known, by applying an electric field across the electrodes 22 and 24, stress is induced in the piezoelectric material 20. If the field varies, such as by the application of an electrical pulse, an acoustic wave 32 is generated. As is further known, when an acoustic wave impinges upon the receiver 18, this induces stress in the piezoelectric material 26 which causes an electrical signal to be generated across the electrodes 28 and 30. Although piezoelectric transducers have been illustrated, other electroacoustic devices may be utilized, such as, for example, electrostatic, electret or electromagnetic types. As shown, the electrodes 28 and 30 of the receiver 18 are coupled to the input of an amplifier 34, whose output is coupled to the input of a detector 36. The detector 36 is arranged to provide a signal to the pulse former 38 when the output from the amplifier 34 exceeds a predetermined level. The pulse former 38 then generates a trigger pulse which is provided to the pulse generator 40. In order to enhance the sensitivity of the system, the transducers 16 and 18 are resonantly excited. There is accordingly provided a continuous wave oscillator 42 which provides a continuous oscillating signal at a fixed frequency, preferably the resonant frequency of the transducers 16 and 18. This oscillating signal is provided to the modulator 44. To effectively excite the transmitter 16, it is preferable to provide several cycles of the resonant frequency signal, rather than a single pulse or single cycle. Accordingly, the pulse generator 40 is arranged, in response to the application thereto of a trigger pulse, to provide a control pulse to the modulator 44 having a time duration equal the time duration of a predetermined number of cycles of the oscillating signal from the oscillator 42. This control pulse causes the modulator 44 to pass a "burst" of cycles to excite the transmitter 16. When electric power is applied to the described circuitry, there is sufficient noise at the input to the amplifier 34 that its output triggers the pulse generator 40 to cause a burst of oscillating cycles to be provided across the electrodes 22 and 24 of the transmitter 16. The transmitter 16 accordingly generates an acoustic wave 32 which impinges upon the receiver 18. The receiver 18 then generates an electrical pulse which is applied to the input of the amplifier 34, which again causes triggering of the pulse generator 40. This cycle repeats itself so that a repetitive series of trigger pulses results at the output of the pulse former 38. This pulse train is applied to the counter 46, as well as to the pulse generator 40. The transmitter 16 and the receiver 18 are spaced apart by the distance "D" which it is desired to measure. The propagation time "t" for an acoustic wave 32 travelling between the transmitter 16 and the receiver 18 is given by: t=D/V s where V s is the velocity of sound in the air between the transmitter 16 and the receiver 18. The counter 46 measures the repetition rate of the trigger pulses, which is equal to 1/t. Therefore, the repetition rate is equal to V s /D. The velocity of sound in air is a function of the temperature and humidity of the air, as follows: ##EQU1## where T is the temperature, p is the partial pressure of the water vapor, H is the barometric pressure, Γ w and Γ a are the ratio of constant pressure specific heat to constant volume specific heat for water vapor and dry air, respectively. Thus, although the repetition rate of the trigger pulses is measured very accurately by the counter 46, the sound velocity is influenced by temperature and humidity so that the measured distance D cannot be determined accurately. In accordance with the principles of this invention, a reference unit 12 is provided. The reference unit 12 is of the same construction as the measuring unit 10 and therefore includes an electroacoustic transmitter 50 which includes piezoelectric material 52 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 54 and 56, and an electroacoustic receiver 58 which includes piezoelectric material 60 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 62 and 64. Again, transducers other than the piezoelectric type can be utilized. The transmitter 50 and the receiver 58 are spaced apart a known and fixed reference distance "D R ". The electrodes 62 and 64 are coupled to the input of the amplifier 66, whose output is coupled to the input of the detector 68. The output of the detector 68 is coupled to the pulse former 70 which generates trigger pulses. The trigger pulses are applied to the pulse generator 72 which controls the modulator 74 to pass bursts from the continuous wave oscillator 76 to the transmitter 50. The trigger pulses from the pulse former 70 are also applied to the counter 78. Preferably, all of the transducers 16, 18, 50 and 58 have the same resonant frequency. Therefore, the oscillators 42 and 76 both operate at that frequency and the pulse generators 40 and 72 provide equal width output pulses. In usage, the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12 are in close proximity so that the sound velocity in both of the units is the same. Although the repetition rates of the pulses in the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12 are each temperature and humidity dependent, it can be shown that the distance D to be measured is related to the reference distance D R as follows: i D=D R (1/t R )/(1/t) where t R is the propagation time over the distance D R in the reference unit 12. This relationship is independent of both temperature and humidity. Thus, the outputs of the counters 46 and 78 are provided as inputs to the microprocessor 90 in the utilization means 14. The microprocessor 90 is appropriately programmed to provide an output which is proportional to the ratio of the outputs of the counters 46 and 78, which in turn are proportional to the repetition rates of the respective trigger pulse trains of the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12. As described, this ratio is independent of temperature and humidity and, since the reference distance D R is known, provides an accurate representation of the distance D. The utilization means 14 further includes a display 92 which is coupled to and controlled by the microprocessor 90 so that an operator can readily determine the distance D. Experiments have shown that when the distance between the transmitting and receiving transducers is too small, reflections of the acoustic wave at the transducer surfaces has a not insignificant effect which degrades the measurement accuracy. Accordingly, it is preferred that each transducer pair be separated by at least a certain minimum distance, preferably about four inches. Accordingly, there has been disclosed improved apparatus for the measurement of distance utilizing ultrasonic waves. While an illustrative embodiment of the present invention has been disclosed herein, it is understood that various modifications and adaptations to the disclosed embodiment will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and it is intended that this invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.译文超声波测距仪文件类型和数目:美国专利5442592 摘要:提出了一种超声波测距仪来抵消的影响温度和湿度的变化,包括测量单元和参考资料。在每一个单位,重复的一系列脉冲的产生,每有一个重复率,直接关系到各自之间的距离,发射机和接收机。脉冲提供给各自的主机,和比例的反产出是利用确定的距离被衡量的。 出版日期: 1995年8月15日主审查员:罗保.伊恩j. 一、背景发明本发明涉及到仪器的测量距离,更特别是,这种仪器传送超声波两点之间。 精密机床必须校准。在过去,这已经完成利用机械设备,如卡钳,微米等。不过,使用这种装置并不容易本身自动化技术。据了解,该两点之间距离才能确定通过测量传播时间的浪潮往返那些两点。这样一个类型的波是一种超声波,或声,海浪。当超声波旅行两点之间,距离两个点之间可以衡量乘以过境的时间波由波速,在中期分开两点。因此,这是一个对象本发明提供仪器利用超声波准确测量两点之间距离。 当中等两个点之间的间距是被衡量的是空气,声速是取决于温度和空气相对湿度。因此,它是进一步对象的,现在的发明,提供仪器的类型所描述的是独立于温度和湿度的变化。 二、综述发明 前述的和额外的对象是达到了根据这些原则的这项发明提供距离测量仪器,其中包括一个参考的单位和测量单位。参考和测量单位是相同的,每个包括一电发射机和接收机一电。间隔发射器和接收器的参考股是一个固定的参考距离,而间距之间的发射机和接收机的测量单位是距离来衡量。在每一个单位,发射机和接收机是再加上由一个反馈环路导致发射机产生的声脉冲是由接收机和转换成一个电脉冲这是然后反馈到发射机,使重复一系列脉冲的结果。重复率脉冲是成反比关系之间的距离发射器和接收器。在每一个单位,脉冲提供一个反。由于参考的距离是众所周知,比例反产出是利用,以确定所期望的距离来衡量。由于这两方面都是相同的影响,温度和湿度的变化,采取的比例罪状,由此产生的测量变得麻木等变化。 三、简要说明图纸 前述将更加明显后,读下列的说明,在与该绘图并在其中单一数字schematically描绘仪器兴建根据这些原则的这项发明。 四、详细说明谈到现在的绘图,有结果表明,测量单位和10个参考单位12个,均加上一个利用的手段14 。测量单位包括1 10电发射机16日和1电接收机18 。变送器16包括压电材料20夹心阶层之间的对电极的22日和24日。同样,接收机18个,包括压电材料26夹心阶层之间的对电极的28日和30日。作为众所周知,采用电场整个电极22日和24日,强调的是,诱导,在压电材料20 。如果该字段各有不同,如所申请的一个电脉冲,声波是32所产生的。为进一步众所周知,当声波影响到接收器18 ,这诱导应力,在压电材料26 ,导致一种电信号,以产生全国电极28日和30日。虽然压电传感器已说明,其他电声装置,可利用,例如,静电,驻极体或电磁类型。 如表所示,电极28日和30日的接收18岁以下的耦合的投入一34放大器,其输出耦合输入一个探测器36 。探测器36是安排提供一个信号,脉冲前38时,输出放大器34已经超过预定的水平。脉冲前38 ,然后产生一个触发脉冲,这是提供给脉冲发生器40 。在为了提高灵敏度,该系统,传感器16和18岁以下的共振兴奋。有相应的提供了一个连续波振荡器42提供了一个连续振荡信号在一个固定的频率,最好是共振频率的传感器16和18 。这个振荡信号是提供给调制器44 。要有效地激发发射机16 ,可取的做法是提供几个周期的共振频率信号,而不是一个单脉冲或单周期。因此,脉冲发生器40是安排,在回应的应用存在的一个触发脉冲,提供一个控制脉冲调制器44有一个时间的平等的时间,时间预定人数的周期振荡信号从振荡器42 。这个控制脉冲调制器的原因, 44个通过了“水管爆裂”的周期,以激发发射机16 。 当电力是适用于所描述的电路,有足够的噪音在输入到放大器34 ,其输出触发脉冲发生器40至造成了一片叫好声,振荡周期,以提供整个电极22日和24日的发射器16 。变送器16因此产生声波32条,其中影响到接收器18 。接收器18 ,然后产生一个电脉冲,这是适用于输入放大器的34 ,这再次触发原因的脉冲发生器40 。这个周期重演,使重复一系列的触发脉冲结果的输出脉冲前38 。这脉冲列车是应用到46个柜位,以及向脉冲发生器40 。 变送器16日和接收18岁以下的间隔,除了由距离的“ D ” ,它是理想的衡量。传播时间的“ T ”为一声波32往来变送器16日和接收18所给予的: = D的吨/视频s 凡v s是声速在空气中之间的发射机16日和接收18 。柜台46措施重复率触发脉冲,这是平等的1 /汤匙因此,重复率是平等的一至中五的S /四该声速空气中是一个功能的温度和湿度的空气,内容如下: # # # # equ1其中T是温度, P是局部的压力,水汽, H是该气压, γ瓦特和γ一顷的比例不断的压力,具体的热不断货量具体的热水汽和干燥的空气,分别。因此,虽然重复率触发脉冲测量非常准确地反46 ,声速的影响,温度和湿度,使测量的距离d无法确定准确。 根据这些原则的这项发明,参考单位提供的是12 。参考单位12是相同的建设为测量单位的10个,因此,包括一电发射机50个,其中包括压电材料52夹心之间的一对电极的54和56 ,和一电接收机58 ,其中包括压电材料60夹心阶层之间的一对电极60,61,62和64 。再次,传感器以外的其他类型压电可以利用。变送器50和接收五十八顷间隔,除了已知的和固定的参考距离“博士” 。电极60,61,62和64耦合到输入的放大器66 ,其输出是耦合的投入探测器68 。输出探测器68是耦合的脉搏,前70产生触发脉冲。触发脉冲应用到脉冲发生器的72个控制调制器74通过扫射从连续波振荡器76至变送器50 。触发脉冲从脉冲前70也适用于反78 。 最好是,所有的传感器16 , 18 , 50和58具有相同的共振频率。因此,振荡器42和76都在运作,频率和脉冲发电机40和第72条提供平等的输出脉冲宽度。 在用法上,测量装置10和参考资料股一十二顷在接近,使该声速在这两个单位是相同的。虽然留级率的脉冲在测量单位, 10和参考资料股十二顷每个温度和湿度的依赖性,能证明的距离D来衡量。 其中T R是传播时间超过距离博士在参考股12 。这种关系是独立于双方的温度和湿度。 因此,产出的柜台46和78所提供的投入微处理器的90个利用的手段14 。微处理器90是适当的程序提供了一个输出是成正比的比例,产出的柜台46和78 ,这反过来又是成正比的重复率分别触发脉冲列车的测量单位, 10和参考资料股12 。作为描述,这个比例是独立的温度和湿度,由于参考的距离,博士,是众所周知的,提供了一个准确的代表性距离四,利用手段, 14日还包括一个显示92这是耦合和控制的微处理器,使90一个经营者可以随时确定的距离四 实验表明,当之间的距离发射和接收传感器是太小了,思考的声波在传感器的表面有一个不小的作用,降低了测量精度。因此,最好是每换一双分开,至少由某一个最小距离,最好是约四英寸。 因此,已披露的改善仪器的测量距离,利用超声波。而一个说明性的体现,本发明已披露者外,据了解,各种修改和适应所披露的体现,将是显而易见的那些普通的技巧与艺术,这是打算把这个发明只限于由范围所附的索赔。

看一下这个能不能用.

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