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有关商标翻译的论文开题报告

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有关商标翻译的论文开题报告

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浅谈商标翻译中文化信息的处理论文

在个人成长的多个环节中,大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧,论文对于所有教育工作者,对于人类整体认识的提高有着重要的意义。写论文的注意事项有许多,你确定会写吗?以下是我为大家整理的浅谈商标翻译中文化信息的处理论文,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

论文关键词:商标翻译;文化传递;消费者文化心理;产品促梢

相关论文查阅:大学生论文、工商财务论文、经济论文、教育论文

论文摘要:商标是商品的形象代表,不仅可以体现商品的价值,同时还能折射出其丰富的历史文化意蕴。译者在进行商标翻译时必须了解掌握本国与他国的民族文化差异,既要注意文化信息的传递,使异域文化在译入语中再现,又要迎合消费者的文化心理以达到产品促梢的目的。

商标是商品的形象代表,好的商标名犹如好的产品质量,同样能达到促销目的。商标是商品的标记,是关系到企业生存和发展的重要知识产权,有着企业“黄金名片”之称,是企业走向国外市场的“金护照”。商标不仅可以体现商品的价值,同时又能折射出其丰富的历史文化意蕴。中国是一个具有五千年文明史的古国,文化积淀丰富。如“孔府家酒”、“杏花村”等就有很丰富的文化内涵,体现在商标上,也显现出浓郁的东方文化色彩。龙是中华民族的图腾形象,常被用来比喻尊贵吉样和美好的事物,因此也经常出现在商标名中。比如“龙牌”酱油,“喜得龙”服饰等。“杜康””酒商标使人不由自主地想起曹操的诗句“何以解忧,唯有杜康。”“小糊涂仙”酒则使人联想起郑板桥的“难得糊涂”。这些富有诗意和文化内涵的商标反映了中华民族灿烂的历史文化,极为耐人寻味。商标的文化内涵对企业商品的宣传、推销起着重要的作用,直接影响到商品在市场上的竞争力。在进行商标翻译时,译者经常会遇到文化信息处理的问题。这时译者该如何处理商品广告中商标的翻译呢?既然商品广告的目的是促销,其商标的翻译也应该能起到促销的作用。由于各民族存在着许多文化差异,将一种文化中的商标翻译成另一种文化中的商标时,有时很可能产生令人尴尬的结局甚至意想不到的恶果。怎样才能克服和跨越商标广告传译中的文化障碍呢?

在进行商标的选用和翻译时必须了解掌握本国与异国的民族文化差异,既要注意文化信息的传递与对等,在译人语中找到准确的词语使异域文化在译人语中再现,又要迎合消费者的文化心理以达到促销目的。具体来说,在进行汉语商标翻译时,对其中所蕴含的文化信息的处理要注意以下几个方面:

一、要尽量传达原商标的文化内涵

语言学家注重商标译名的语言学特性,要求译名响亮悦耳、易记,词法简洁,有积极的联想寓意,与原名有联系(如音似)更佳。因为品牌具有巨大的无形价值,所以译者倾向于保留商标名原名的特点以保护其价值,音译类译法往往成为译者的第一选择。许多商标名是姓氏名或新造词,本身并无太多含义,就可以采用音译法。这种方法的目的在于保留原商标名的语言形式特征,以达到价值保存或品牌名“洋化”、“异化”的效果。如将“MOtorolS"译为“摩托罗拉”," Elizabeth Arden”译为“伊丽莎白·雅顿”," Mentholatum”译为“曼秀雷敦”," Est-ee Lauder”译为“雅诗兰黛”等,这些品牌特意向读者传递一种“异国情调”,满足了人们追求异国情调的心态,因此它们在中国的销售都很好。同样,一些中国品牌也可以直接采用音译法保留其中国特色。如安踏( ANTA )、利郎(LILANG )、拼牌(PIN)等。

但音译法也有弊端,对于那些文化内涵丰富的商标名,如果采用音译法,就是单纯强调原名的语言形式特征而牺牲其丰富语义,可能使译名过于单调、苍白而缺乏人文内涵,有时甚至可能产生负面的影响。例如,“长虹”以其汉语拼音CHANGHONG作为附注商标,但CHANGHONG在外国人眼里没有任何含义。“爱妻牌”洗衣机(广东产)这个商标给懂汉语的人以美好的印象。丈夫买回这个牌子的洗衣机,标志着丈夫深爱自己的妻子,一心要免除妻子洗衣的劳苦,妻子每次看到或使用这台洗衣机时便会联想到丈夫对自己的爱,因此这一品牌的洗衣机深受中国消费者的欢迎。如果将其译成AiQiWashing Machine,商标名变成了一个冷冰冰的符号,汉语里“爱妻”的丰富寓意在外国消费者心里则荡然无存。再如,将中国名酒“杜康”翻译成英语一般按发音译为Dukang,英语国家读者看到英语商标Dukang时,只会把它与酒联系起来,而不会想到中国历史上酿酒的高手“杜康”,也不会像中国人那样把“杜康”与“好酒”联系起来。“芳芳”牌化妆品在国外的商标被翻译为“FangFang",而fang在英文中是指“毒蛇的尖牙”,谁敢把有毒的东西往身上抹?如此一来,芳芳化妆品的销售在国际市场受挫也就是情理之中的事情了。

在这种情况下,译者就要采用变通的方法,有时可采用意译法,尽力传达原商标所蕴含的文化内涵。比如,“杜康”的音译Dukang作为商标,文化信息没有完全对等。我们不妨用希腊酒神的名字Bacchus作“杜康”酒的英语商标,这样,文化信息的对等无疑比“杜康”要好得多,因为Bacchus会使西方人产生更多有关好酒的联想。“芳芳”不如译成" Fragrance(芳香)”,效果要好得多。它使不同文化背景的消费者对同一产品产生相同或相似的认识,因此也达到了翻译的目的。中文商标“皇朝”葡萄酒,英文译名是“Dynasty",不仅使人一下就联想到古老而神秘的东方国度酿造了数百年的陈年好酒,还会让人禁不住诱惑想去品尝一下美酒的味道。“飞鸽”牌自行车有令人喜爱的英文商标“Flying Pi-geon,它是和平的象征,而Flying更是把自行车的特点表现得活灵活现。

二、优先考虑消费者文化接受心理,服务于商品推销

音、形、意等只是商标的表层符号,而真正能深刻影响读者的是其精神、文化、审美等深层次需要,如马斯洛提出的归属与爱、尊重和自我实现等高级需要。因此,商标译名应在音美、形美及意美的基础上揭示产品的价值、功能与特点,译名应符合其品牌形象定位,迎合读者在文化、审美及消费心理方面的需求,做到与译语文化及其价值体系有亲和力等。

翻译理论家尤金·奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更重要,因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景中才具有意义。”在这一个国家被认为是非常美好的东西,到了另一个国家其含义可能会完全相反。比如,在我国“蝙蝠”这个词给人美好的联想,因为“蝠”与“福”同音,因此在我国有“蝙蝠”牌电风扇,但是“蝙蝠”的英文bat却是吸血鬼的意思。又如,如果将“双羊”牌高档羊绒被的商标名译成英文Goats,销路不可能会好,原因在于英语中goat这个词除了本意“山羊”外,还有“色鬼”之意。配上这样的英文商标,无论这种羊绒被的质量有多好,英语国家的人也不会愿意把它铺上床的。凤凰在中国古代传说中是百鸟之王,汉语中的“凤凰”有“祥瑞尊贵”之意,许多商品的商标或图案喜欢用凤凰作标记。但是在英语文化中“凤凰”指“神话中生活在沙漠里的一种鸟,每500一600年自焚,并于灰烬中重生”。“凤凰”牌自行车的商标若直译为Phoe-nix,势必使人产生“死而复生、死里逃生”等不吉利的联想,英语文化受众难以从心理上接受这一英译商标。中国一男子内衣商标为“紫罗兰”,但是其英文名不能用“pansy,因为在英文中“pansy”指无大丈夫气概的男人或搞同性恋的男人,这样,大多数西方男性消费者是不会喜欢这个品牌的。还有一些实例:“西子”香皂如果译成Shitze Toilet Soap,Shitze与英文词shits泻肚子)同音;“普科”牌手电筒如果译成Puke Flashlight, Puke与英语词puke呕吐)同形,都可能造成不好的商标译名,值得我们引以为戒。

如果译者过分拘泥于音译或直译,不仅难以传递汉语原文寓意,有时还会译出不良的英语词形引起英语读者的误解。在音译与意译法无法照顾到受众文化接受心理的时候,要优先考虑受众心理,服务于商品推销的目的。

商标翻译者可以采用借译或改译的方法,迎合读者在文化、审美及消费心理方面的需求,这种方法也叫“音义结合法”。“音义结合法是传达商标神韵的有效手段。又称为谐音取义,即并非严格按照音译,而是取与原商标名发音大致相近的谐音,赋予译名实际意义,利用汉字所蕴含的多义文化信息,诱导接受信息者产生种种联想和遐想,起到跨文化营销的理想效果”。如“雅戈尔”服饰商标借译为Younger,英文意思是“更年轻”,译名富有神韵,给人一种“穿上它会更年轻”的美好暗示。“乐凯”胶卷,其汉语商标叫起来朗朗上口,易识易记,音译成“Lucky",增添了受众国的文化信息,词美意好,诱导接受信息者购买“Lucky",起到跨文化营销的理想效果。又如,与“长虹”商标的纯音译不同,“海信”采用了改译的方法,注册了“HiSense”的英文商标,它来自high sense,即“高灵敏、高清晰”的意思,这非常符合其产品特性。同时,high sense又可理解为“高远的见识”,体现了品牌的远大理想,具有全球战略眼光。

有时宁愿用一个无具体意义但不带任何负面效应的品牌名。即生造一个音韵性质较好且在多种文化中无明确含义,因此不会产生负面影响的商标名。例如索尼(SONY),不论是中文名还是英文名,都没有具体的内涵,不会带来任何负面效应。当然,此类译名在使用之初常会遇到困难,但随着时间的推移,同样会得到消费者的认知和接受。

三、译名要因地域而异

不同地区有不同的禁忌语。如果我们把商品投人市场时,商标的翻译违背了当地的禁忌语,就会造成不堪想象的后果,因此我们要做好调查研究,对同一商品在不同文化地区采用不同的'译名,杜绝这种情况的出现。

例如,在中国和日本“4”是一个禁忌语,人们普遍认为“4”即“死”,而“8”“9”和“6”人们却特别钟爱。不要把用“666”作商标的商品出口到英国,因为“666”在《圣经》里象征魔鬼。上海生产的“三枪”牌内衣,是名牌产品,“三枪”翻译成英语是Three Guns。如果将Three Guns牌内衣出口到日本、哥伦比亚及北非地区,会受到消费者的欢迎,因为“三”在这些国家表示“积极”的意思。但是,在乍得、贝宁等地,则不能将“三枪”翻译成Three Guns ,因为在乍得像“三”这样的奇数表示“消极”的意思,在贝宁,“三”含有“巫术”的意思。

在对英语国家推销产品时,不要把“白象”方便面的商标译为White Elephant,因为英语中white e1-ephant是“大而无用的东西”。也不要把中国传统出口产品“帆船牌”地毯的商标译为“Junk",因为英语中junk除了“帆船”之意外还有“垃圾破烂”的意思。

商标的作用就是让消费者能对商品的种类及特色一目了然,商标本身就是一则最为简洁有力的广告,给消费者的感性认识更为直接,更容易给消费者留下深刻的印象。其目的之一是诱使潜在的消费者对商品产生兴趣,激发其购买欲并使其采取购买行动。因此,与其他翻译不同的是,商标翻译不应单纯地以“忠实原文”、“形式对应”为衡量标准,而应立足于消费者的消费心理。译名不但要能较好地体现产品的特色,使原商标承载的信息的多重意义及功能最大限度地通过翻译体现出来,还应该考虑到消费者的文化接受心理和审美心理等,依据具体语境,灵活运用多种方法进行翻译。

一、中西方文化差异对奢侈品商标翻译的影响

奢侈品主要来自西方国家,由于中西方语言文化之间的差异,中西方的人们对同一语言信息的理解也可能不同,甚至截然相反。同样,深为某一群体喜爱和欣赏的信息未必另一文化群体会青睐。因此,好的译者在奢侈品商标翻译过程中必须将中西方文化差异对奢侈品商标翻译的影响考虑在内。

、思维方式差异的影响

罗素曾说过若把中国文明和欧洲文明进行比较后不难看出,中国文化的大部分内容在希腊文化中也是可以找到的,但人类文明中的另外两个元素:犹太教和科学,在中国文明中是找不到的。事实上,中国是一个缺乏宗教的国家,不仅上层社会中没有宗教,对于全体人民而言,也同样没有。罗素的话不无道理,在一定程度上说,古代中国人没有宗教,也没有科学,原因在于中西方思维方式的不同。中国是阴阳意象思维,只关心现象世界是具体“怎么样”,关心事物的功用,是经验感性的思维,造成了中国无宗教,无科学的文化性格。这种思维方式是经验总结式的思维方式,停留在现象表面的思维方式,即意象的思维方式。西方是因果逻辑思维,更关心现象世界的背后究竟“是什么”,关心事物的抽象本质,是超验理性的思维,造成了西方有宗教,有科学的文化性格。这种思维方式是注重因果逻辑的思维方式。因此,在进行奢侈品品牌翻译时就要考虑这一差异。比如,法国的服装品牌Chanel有着众多西方奢侈品品牌的一些共同特点,一个是以其品牌的创始人的姓氏命名的,另一个是以其产品的高质量和独特性而闻名的。这反映了西方人的逻辑分析思维方式,也就是他们在创造品牌和接受品牌时,更多的是考虑产品本身的质量和特点。而中国人的直觉感性思维方式导致中国人在接受和认可品牌时,不仅考虑产品本身的质量和特点,同时也会考虑品牌名称给人带来的感觉。Chanel品牌的常见中文翻译有两种:“夏奈尔”和“香奈儿”。笔者认为后者更受中国消费者的欢迎,因为“香奈儿”既保留了洋品牌的神秘色彩,同时又给人以遐想的空间。

、审美意趣差异的影响

美,其实是人的一种心理感觉。美感是审美主体在对审美客体的观察中,通过以直觉为起点的知、情、意心理因素的综合性心理活动,而产生的情理交融的精神性愉悦。“美”是对应事物的“真”、“善”和谐统一所产生的情感理想状态,这对于中西方民族来说是统一的。但中西民族的美感心理结构是不同的,中国人更多表现为美善统一,西方人更多表现出美真统一。也就是说,中国人的审美在情,美善统一,心物和谐;西方人的审美在形,美真统一,形式和谐。中国人都喜欢吉祥、如意,不管做什么事,都希望图个吉利。因此,奢侈品要想打进中国人的生活圈子,对商标的翻译就一定要符合中国人的审美观,尽量使用具有美好内涵而又高雅别致的词汇。比如,法国化妆品牌LANCOME的中文译名为“兰寇”就顺应了中国消费者的审美情趣。LANCOME这一名称来自于法国中部的一座城堡LANCOSME。由于这座城堡周围种植了很多玫瑰,充满了浪漫的意境,于是玫瑰花就成了兰寇品牌的象征。中文译名“兰寇”二字均是对植物的命名“,兰”可以给人兰草一般高贵的芳香感,香气清幽而淡雅,让人情不自禁地迷恋和沉醉在其香气里。“寇”则让人联想到含苞待放的豆寇花,继而联想到体态优美、妩媚多姿的少女,会让中国消费者产生绝美的联想。这么高端又上档次的译名,怎会不让广大女性消费者心动呢?不难看出,在中国,译者在对奢侈品牌进行翻译时,只有使用有那些有内涵又符合中国消费者群体审美心理的译名才能使这些商品备受青睐。只有当译名点成功地燃了消费者内心对美的追求欲望,并与消费者的审美意趣近乎一致时,才能彻底激起他们内心的购买欲,并将欲望付诸为行动去购买,从而为从事奢侈品经营的商家们带来一笔笔丰厚的利润,同时为企业塑造品牌形象。

、价值观念差异的影响

价值观念是文化中最深层的一部分,是一个国家或民族在长期的发展过程中所形成的关于事物的判断标准和价值取向。由于中西方的历史发展过程不同,因此而造成了他们价值观念上的不同。比如,欧美国家更重视个人主义。而由于儒家思想长期对中国的影响,在中国,中庸之道、谦虚、不重竞争和团结等则更受重视。并且,中国人很重视“面子”。“面子”文化是中国人的传统价值观念之一。事实上,面子文化对中国人的日常生活消费行为有着极深的影响。很多中国消费者把奢侈品当作他们身份及品位的象征,并因此而产生购买行为。因此,译者在把奢侈品品牌翻译成中文时,要尽量使用能代表一定身份地位并具有积极语义的词语。比如,瑞士的手表品牌Piaget一直遵循着“精湛技术,时尚创作”的品牌风格,每一件作品中都将精湛的工艺与无限的创意融入其中,将腕表与珠宝的精湛工艺完美地结合在了一起。其中文译名为“伯爵”(欧洲国家对贵族的称乎),这既突出了该品牌高端的技术和时尚的创意,又会让消费者感觉到其浓浓的贵族韵味。这一译名牢牢地抓住了中国消费者在购买奢侈品时的心理,满足了他们的虚荣心,也将“伯爵”其成功地打入了中国人的“面子”市场,成为一张象征身份的“黄金名片”。

、词语文化内涵差异的影响

语言既是人类社会所独有的一种文化现象,又是人类思维的工具和文化载体。因此,有些词语在中西方文化中蕴藏着迥异的文化内涵,能让人们联想到特殊的信息。例如,西方人对狗情有独钟,他们不但将狗视为宠物,还认为狗是人的忠实朋友,对狗倍加爱护。从英语的下列词汇中可以看出:“Heisaluckydog”(他是个幸运的人),“Lovemelovemydog”(爱屋及乌),“Everydoghashisday”(凡人皆有得意日),它们都含有褒义。而在中国传统的文化中,人们对狗是贬多褒少。在汉语词汇中也多含贬义,如“狗腿子”、“狼心狗肺”等,多表示“龌龊”、“厌恶”、“鄙视”等含义。在西方文化中有爱狗的传统,而中华民族则崇敬龙。比如,在中国就有“生龙活虎”、“龙腾虎跃”等这样的词汇,其中“龙”的含义都是褒义的。“龙”在我国历史上还曾被作为帝王的象征,而在西方文化里“龙”的含义恰恰相反,根据《圣经》里面的描述“,龙”是恶魔,是象征邪恶和恐怖的动物。法国的珠宝奢侈品牌Boucheron的中文译名宝诗龙就很好的诠释了其品牌风格“古典优雅、精细考究”,也是很好地利用了“龙”这一汉语词汇的文化内涵的一个典范,从而使中国消费者对该品牌一见钟情。德国汽车品牌BMW的中文译名“宝马”同样利用了词语的文化内涵。在中国文化中,宝马有日行千里之意,象征着该品牌车经久耐用。中国消费者很容易将汽车性能与宝马的特性联系在一起,从而爱上该品牌。再有,汽车品牌“Hummer”(“悍马”)也将中华文化的特点考虑在其品牌汉译中。“Hummer”的英语意思是“蜂鸟”。在西方文化中,蜂鸟的翅膀被视为需要一直不停的拍动才能飞行的物体,一旦停止煽动就会很快的死亡。因此被人们视为一种永不停歇、顽强不屈的崇高精神。但是,在中国的传统文化中,蜂鸟却没有西方的那种文化蕴含,自古以来就赋予“千里马”一种吃苦耐劳的高贵品格。根据汉英语言文化的差异,译者并没有把“Hummer”译为“蜂鸟”,而是巧妙地将其译成为“悍马”。“悍”字容括了其持久耐用的特点,而“马”字又会让中国消费者联想到驰骋千里的骏马。这样的译名既体现了该品牌浓厚的中国文化信息,也让其备受消费者的青睐。

二、奢侈品商标翻译原则

根据“功能对等”原则,为了消除文化差异从而准确地再现源语文化,译者在进行奢侈品商标翻译时要遵循以下原则:第一,努力创造出既能体现原文语义又展现原文文化特色的译作。由于不同的语言象征着不同的文化特点,译者要最大限度地将源语文化进行还原。第二,当意义和文化不能同时兼顾时,译者应优先舍弃形式对等。通过在译文中改变原文的方法对原文的语意和原文化特色的还原。第三,当形式的改变还是无法还原原文的意思或反映出其文化特质时,可以采用“重创”(实际就是将源语文章的文化内涵用译语的词汇来阐述和说明的一种翻译方法)的方式来解决文化上的差异,使源语和目的语达到意义层面上对等的效果。

三、结束语

在奢侈品商标的翻译中,中西方由于思维方式、审美意趣、价值观念和词语文化内涵等方面的不同而产生的文化差异是在所难免的,因此,译者想要跨越文化差异,使中国消费者接受并喜爱商标的译名,就必须依据文化差异进行适度的、灵活的调整来解决。根据尤金·奈达的功能对等理论,译者应力图实现最自然和贴切的文化信息对等,充分把握原语和目的语文化内涵。要实现这一点,就需要对中西方文化进行对比,从而了解文化上存在的差异并在翻译时进行调整,最终在目的语中找到对等的语言表达方式。

关键词:商标;音译;意译;移译;原则

引言

我国与世界各国的经贸往来日益活跃,越来越多的外国产品涌入国内市场,同时又有更多的国内产品打入世界市场。商标是企业宣传和推销产品的利器,也是消费者认识或购买商品的向导,其作用已为越来越多的企业所重视。因此研究商标的翻译方法,提高商标的翻译质量是极其重要的一环。笔者结合商标的特征及自己对商标翻译的研究,从实际的角度出发,对商标翻译适用的方法进行了进一步探讨。

一、翻译方法

1、来源于专有名词(如:“张小泉”剪刀、Philips 电器);

2、来源于普通名词(如:“海鸥”相机、“playboy ”服饰);3、来源于臆造词汇(如:“乐凯”胶卷)。对于第一类商标一般采用音译。如“Philips-菲利浦”;第二类则常用意译法,如“pearl –珍珠”;第三类可用音译也可用意译。以上方法只是一般规律,针对一个特定的商标到底应采用那一种译法,需根据具体情况及实际效果而定。大致来看,商标翻译可采用四种方法:

1、音译法(transliteration );

2、意译法(free translation );

3、音义结合法(combining transliteration and free translation);4移译法(transference )。

(一)音译法

音译法即根据译入词的发音规律将愿意的文字拼写出来的翻译方法。有相当一部分商标,尤其是专有名词和臆造词的商标往往是不具备任何语意的,而只是作为一个标识符号来用。在这种情况下,翻译主要不在传递名称本身的语意信息,而是创造赏心悦目的美感,再现原文的音韵之美,或体现商标所蕴涵的异国情调。要实现这一类翻译目的,用音译法当属一种较为恰当的选择。例如:“Audi”(汽车)、“Hilton”(香烟)、“Coca-Cola”(饮料)分别译为“奥迪”、“希尔顿”和“可口可乐”;国内产品“茅台”(酒)、“康佳”(电器)、“上菱”(电梯),则分别译成“Mao Tai”、“Konk”、“Shang Ling”。这些商标自身都不具备任何意义,意译不仅符合译入语的发音习惯,而且也符合作为商标应简洁明快的特征,不失为商标名称翻译的佳作。

(二)意译法

意译法是从意义出发,将原文的大意表达出来。用意译法有时会更加地体现商品的功能和品质。如国产的“皇朝”葡萄酒、“永久”自行车、“太阳神”口服液;进口的“Blue Ribbon”啤酒、“Crow”汽车、“International”收音机等等。对这类品牌的翻译若仍用音译法的话,不仅会大大破坏原文的意境美,难以达到原文吸引消费者的效果,而且还有可能因字数过多导致不便记忆。而使用意译则能有效再现原文的意境,同时又能避免译文冗长的问题,是一种更为可行的翻译方法。例如美国一种香烟商标“Good Companion ”,若意译为“良友”,则简洁并使人产生亲切感。中国商标也是同样道理。

(三)音、意译结合法

对于原无实际意义的商标,按照译入语的发音规律进行音译,同时在措辞上又能考虑到译入语的文化和消费者的心理接受特点,富裕译文一定的实际意义,从而在内容和形式上做到了音义兼顾,这种音译意译结合的方法是商标翻译中又较为理想的选择。因为这不仅从形式上再现原名称的发音美,在内容上也能体现产品的特征。

(四)移译法

移译法是将原文原封不动地移到译文中去。相对于前面提到的几种译法,这应是最简单的一种。在英语中,某些商标是由企业名称、产品名称或产品构成成分等词语构成,因为名称过长不符合商标特征而取其首字母缩略形式。在汉语中若取原文的音译或意译,会同样出现名称过长的问题。在此情况下,用移译法不失为解决问题的良策。

怎么写开题报告呢?首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来,包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了,所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的,把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究,拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分:一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景,主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究,所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”,意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题,或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”,背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中,伦教作为珠江三角洲一角,在经济迅速发展的同时,她的文化发展怎么样,有哪些成就,对居民有什么影响,有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多,既可以是社会背景,也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容,顾名思义,就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”,课题研究的内容就是:“以佛山新八景为重点,考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天,结合佛山经济发展的趋势,拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的,应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题,在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的:1、通过再现长征历程,追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩,对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神,有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说,培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动,使同学的信息技术得到提高,进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分,应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说,研究性学习的课题研究方法有:实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查,从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法(根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题,以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法)、人物采访法(直接向有关人员采访,以掌握第一手材料的方法)、文献法(通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论)等等。在课题研究中,应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法,不一定面面俱到,只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤,当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面:准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴,但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位,学生不能明确自己的职责,有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿,有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组,每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长,由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况,把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分,一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展,必然需要一些经费来启动,所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少,比如搜集资料需要多少钱,实地调查的外出经费,问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用,课题组所要占用的场地费,有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料,结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动,粮草先行”,没有足够的资金作后盾,课题研究势必举步维艰,捉襟见肘,甚至于半途而废。因此,课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好,未雨绸缪,才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。

关于商标翻译论文的开题报告

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

怎么写开题报告呢?首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来,包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了,所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的,把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究,拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分:一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景,主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究,所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”,意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题,或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”,背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中,伦教作为珠江三角洲一角,在经济迅速发展的同时,她的文化发展怎么样,有哪些成就,对居民有什么影响,有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多,既可以是社会背景,也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容,顾名思义,就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”,课题研究的内容就是:“以佛山新八景为重点,考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天,结合佛山经济发展的趋势,拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的,应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题,在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的:1、通过再现长征历程,追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩,对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神,有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说,培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动,使同学的信息技术得到提高,进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分,应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说,研究性学习的课题研究方法有:实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查,从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法(根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题,以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法)、人物采访法(直接向有关人员采访,以掌握第一手材料的方法)、文献法(通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论)等等。在课题研究中,应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法,不一定面面俱到,只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤,当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面:准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴,但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位,学生不能明确自己的职责,有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿,有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组,每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长,由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况,把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分,一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展,必然需要一些经费来启动,所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少,比如搜集资料需要多少钱,实地调查的外出经费,问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用,课题组所要占用的场地费,有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料,结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动,粮草先行”,没有足够的资金作后盾,课题研究势必举步维艰,捉襟见肘,甚至于半途而废。因此,课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好,未雨绸缪,才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。

商标翻译的毕业论文开题报告

我也不知道阿,你写好了给我好不好阿,我也快用到了,

怎么写开题报告呢?首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来,包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了,所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的,把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究,拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分:一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景,主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究,所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”,意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题,或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”,背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中,伦教作为珠江三角洲一角,在经济迅速发展的同时,她的文化发展怎么样,有哪些成就,对居民有什么影响,有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多,既可以是社会背景,也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容,顾名思义,就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”,课题研究的内容就是:“以佛山新八景为重点,考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天,结合佛山经济发展的趋势,拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的,应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题,在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的:1、通过再现长征历程,追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩,对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神,有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说,培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动,使同学的信息技术得到提高,进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分,应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说,研究性学习的课题研究方法有:实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查,从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法(根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题,以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法)、人物采访法(直接向有关人员采访,以掌握第一手材料的方法)、文献法(通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论)等等。在课题研究中,应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法,不一定面面俱到,只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤,当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面:准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴,但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位,学生不能明确自己的职责,有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿,有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组,每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长,由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况,把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分,一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展,必然需要一些经费来启动,所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少,比如搜集资料需要多少钱,实地调查的外出经费,问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用,课题组所要占用的场地费,有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料,结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动,粮草先行”,没有足够的资金作后盾,课题研究势必举步维艰,捉襟见肘,甚至于半途而废。因此,课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好,未雨绸缪,才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。

新闻标题翻译论文开题报告

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

毕业论文一般离不开“三步曲”——提出问题,分析问题,解决问题。开题报告是开题者对论文主题的一种文字说明材料,开题报告包括综述、关键技术、可行性分析和时间安排等方面。下面给你详细的内容:开题报告作为毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。 由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想,因而篇幅不必过大,但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题。 开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题,并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法。 开题报告是由选题者把自己所选的课题的概况(即"开题报告内容"),向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述。然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。亦可采用"德尔菲法"评分;再由科研管理部门综合评议的意见,确定是否批准这一选题。开题报告的内容大致如下:课题名称、承担单位、课题负责人、起止年限、报名提纲。报名提纲包括: (1)课题的目的、意义、国内外研究概况和有关文献资料的主要观点与结论; (2)研究对象、研究内容、各项有关指标、主要研究方法(包括是否已进行试验性研究); (3)大致的进度安排; (4)准备工作的情况和目前已具备的条件(包括人员、仪器、设备等); (5)尚需增添的主要设备和仪器(用途、名称、规格、型号、数量、价格等); (6)经费概算; (7)预期研究结果; (8)承担单位和主要协作单位、及人员分工等。

每个学校的论文开题报告和文献综述都是有不同的、细节性的要求的吧?学校会要求统一的模板的。 主要要写的方面包括:研究的目的与选题的意义、重要性,研究对象的现状及存在的问题,本研究的目标与创新点,研究的方法、资料的收集、前期的准备工作等。

关于毕业论文开题报告,指导老师应该会把格式之类的给你吧,总之,把大纲写好,自己观点你写明白就也就是几百字吧,不用太详细,包括选题背景、论文内容、创新点等大纲就先介绍《晚间新闻》节目内容,可以选几天的具体新闻写,播出时间、长度等吧。再把民生新闻定义说一下,特点是什么。这种娱乐化表现在哪里、受众对于晚间新闻的反应是什么,你可以做个调查。娱乐化的新闻,有什么样的影响包括正面、反面的影响等等。这种你觉得这类新闻还有什么改进的地方…都可以说一下

商标英译汉论文开题报告

可写 Introduction 或 Background 介绍写论文的目的 或 研究的目标

论英汉翻译中的语序调整(三) 在英汉翻译过程中,之所以产生这样的问题是因为英汉两种语言的语法结构、行文习惯、思维模式不同。英美人强调客观,常用物、抽象概念、非人称it 作主语,让事物以客观的口气呈现出来,使叙述显得公正、客观,结构趋于严密、紧凑,语气较为委婉、间接。中国人有“天人合一”的观点,强调人与自然浑然一体,常用人作主语,主语的思维模式往往是从自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人的行为或状态。英汉翻译时,所确定的主语是否恰当,必须考虑译文是否符合汉族人民的思维模式。例如: (3) Bitterness fed on the man who had made the worldlaugh. (这位曾使全世界人发出笑声的人自己却饱经辛酸。) (4) It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. (她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。) 例3 英文用抽象名词bitterness 作主语,汉语却用“这位曾使世界人发出笑声的人”作主语;例4 英文用形式主语it 作主语,汉语用“她”作主语,看来似乎风马牛不相及,其实这是中西方思维模式不同的缘故,例4 意思是:这种念头从来没有闪过她的脑际。原句当然可以说She has never thought tha theisa dishonest man. 但两相比较,前一句强调“他是个不诚实的人”是客观事实,字里行间显露出她对这事感到惊异,后一句只强调了主观印象。译文清楚明白地写出了“她”对“他为人不诚实”这一点的认识。英汉翻译中的语序转换 英语和汉语的语序有相同之处,但也有不同之处。因此,在英汉互译时,对原文的句子成分和词语的先后顺序,必须按照译出语的语序习惯进行安排,有时需要语序转换。英汉互译中的语序转换主要包括以下几个方面:一、定语位置的转换汉语中的定语,无论是单用还是几个词连用,通常放在所修饰的名词前面。英语则不然,单词作定语时,一般放在所修饰的名词之前,短语和从句做定语时则放在所修饰的名词之后,在汉译英时,必须要考虑定语的位置。如:睡觉的那个婴儿看上去很可爱。The sleeping baby looks lovely.你认识操场上踢球的那些男孩吗?Do you know the boys playing football on the playground ?这就是Polly呆的那个笼子。This is the cage that Polly lives in.需要说明的是,在英语中,不定代词的定语常后置,如:你有什么重要的事吗?Is there anything important in today's newspaper?二、状语位置的转换在英汉互译时,状语位置的变换极为复杂。因为在英汉两种语言中,状语的位置都不是很固定。出于强调程度、句子平衡和上下文的关联等方面的考虑,状语的位置都会发生一些变化。在翻译时,首先,要熟悉英汉两种语言状语位置的差异,然后,按译出语的习惯来调整安排。比如说,在汉语中,状语常放在主语之后、谓语之前,有时为了强调也放在主语之前,但译成英语时则不然。如:他整天都工作。He works allday long.我非常喜欢住在中国。I like living in China very much.另外,英语的方式状语一般常放在地点状语、时间状语之前,而汉语恰恰相反。如:我们得早点去那里。We have to go there early.她每天早晨在教室里高声朗读。She reads aloud in the classroom every morning.英汉互译时,需要变换位置的绝不限于定语和状语,其它句子成分和一些词语的位置,也要按照译出语的习惯作适当的调整和变换。比如说,英汉语言中各有一些并列的固定结构,其语序各不相同,如汉语中说“南北”,而英语说north and south;汉语说“新老”,英语则说old and new。这些需要大家在翻译时格外注意。?/P>英汉翻译中的词序错位现象 Saturday, 15 September 2007 英汉翻译中的词序错位现象(Different Word 0rders) 总的来说,汉英的语序基本一致。正是因为这种语序是基本一致的,在汉英翻译时不一致的地方就容易出差错。由于两种语言文化的表达、表述的习惯不同,形成一些固定说法的格式不同,如下面的例子,翻译时只有死记硬背。这种死记硬背非常重要,是翻译的重要基本功之一。在过去的翻译书中技巧讲得很多,但也应该重视固定说法的背诵功底。 1、英汉词序错位 例如: 水火 fire and water 贫富 rich and poor 新旧 old and new 长短 short and long 细长 long and thin 男婴 baby boy 女婴 baby girl 冷热 hot and cool 凉爽 nice and cool 物理化学 chemistry and physics 工农业 agriculture and industry 年月 month and year 田径(运动) track and field (events) 迟早 sooner or later,first and last 水土流失 soil erosion and water loss 新郎新娘 the bride and the bridegroom 手疾眼快 quick of eye and deft of hand 喜怒哀乐 anger, grief, joy and happiness 水乳交融 as well blended as milk and water 2、有一些情况汉英说法顺序差不多 例如: 上下 up and down 高低 high and low 老幼 old and young 父母 father and mother 夫妇 man and wife 来龙去脉 from beginning to end 来来往往 come and go, back and forth 3、汉语习语中常有同义重复表达。如“徘徊”、“回环”、“温暖”、“思想”、“道路”等,英语中也有这种结构 例如: time and tide 岁月 wear and tear 磨损 near and dear 亲近 lord and master 主人 wants and likes 喜好 the rank and file 百姓 论英汉翻译中的语序调整 [ 语序指各级语言单位在组合中的排列次序,是语言的重要组合手段之一,既反映了一定的逻辑事理,又体现了人们在长期使用语言过程中所形成的语言习惯,还反映了语言使用者的思维模式。以英语为母语的民族和汉族是不同的民族, 其思维模式必然不同,对同一客观事实的描述也就有着不同的语言表达顺序。文章从英汉翻译过程中主语的确立、信息焦点的突出方法、汉语时间句序的特点以及语序调整的实证性分析来探讨英汉翻译中的语序调整。 (一) 确定主语,调整语序。英语为主语显著的语言,主语突出,除省略句以外,一般情况下每个句子都有主语;句法重形合,要求句子各成分特别清楚,以免结构混乱,影响句意。 而汉语则是主题显著的语言,主题突出,主语不突出;句法重意合,指代关系在形式上不明显。在篇章中,某些句子的主语常常可以省略,有时必须省略;有些主语难以一眼看清,需要读者用心识别。因而在英译汉过程中,确定主语,调整句序往往是一个需要动脑筋的问题。例如: (1) Nightfall found him many miles short of his appointedpreaching place. 这句话按原文的语序,Nightfall (夜幕) 作主语,按原语序照样翻译下去,译文会显得别扭,不自然。按照汉语的语言习惯,应选用“他”作主语,因而正确的翻译是:夜幕降临时,他离预定的布道地点还有好多英里路。又如: (2)As is known to all ,2003 saw the successful launching ofChina’s first manned spaceship. 这句话可译为:众所周知,中国在2003 年成功地发射了第一艘载人宇宙飞船。原文主语是“2003”,但译文没有以“2003”作主语,而以“中国”这一行为主体作主语。用时间作主语是英语中较为常见的现象,这种用法不仅强调了时间的观念,而且也使句子简洁、生动。按照西方人的思维模式和英语表达习惯,英语还可以用地点等名词作主语。如:Nanjingwitnessed many great historic events. (在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。) 在英汉翻译过程中,之所以产生这样的问题是因为英汉两种语言的语法结构、行文习惯、思维模式不同。英美人强调客观,常用物、抽象概念、非人称it 作主语,让事物以客观的口气呈现出来,使叙述显得公正、客观,结构趋于严密、紧凑,语气较为委婉、间接。中国人有“天人合一”的观点,强调人与自然浑然一体,常用人作主语,主语的思维模式往往是从自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人的行为或状态。英汉翻译时,所确定的主语是否恰当,必须考虑译文是否符合汉族人民的思维模式。例如: (3) Bitterness fed on the man who had made the worldlaugh. (这位曾使全世界人发出笑声的人自己却饱经辛酸。) (4) It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. (她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。) 例3 英文用抽象名词bitterness 作主语,汉语却用“这位曾使世界人发出笑声的人”作主语;例4 英文用形式主语it 作主语,汉语用“她”作主语,看来似乎风马牛不相及,其实这是中西方思维模式不同的缘故,例4 意思是:这种念头从来没有闪过她的脑际。原句当然可以说She has never thought tha theisa dishonest man. 但两相比较,前一句强调“他是个不诚实的人”是客观事实,字里行间显露出她对这事感到惊异,后一句只强调了主观印象。译文清楚明白地写出了“她”对“他为人不诚实”这一点的认识。 (二) 突出信息焦点,调整语序。信息焦点即信息单位的焦点所在,是信息单位内在主重音或调核体现的一个或多个作为信息高峰值的单元。语言现象分析常用的方法是句子成分分析法,其实这远远不够,还要进行交际分析或实义分析, 即主述位分析。主位是陈述的对象(或称话题) ,是谈话的出发点,也是读者从上下文或从语言外的知识得知的内容,表达的是已知信息;述位则是对陈述对象所作的陈述,即对已知事物说了些什么,是交际的中心,叙述的目的,是读者未知或假定读者未知的内容,表达的是新信息。通常新信息是句子内容的重点或句子的强调点。由于新信息往往需要比已知信息陈述得更详细,因此需要用更长、更重的句尾。这种结构是按句尾重心的组织原则组织起来的。但是,英语中有些句子成分后置,并不是因为代表新信息,而是因为太长,太复杂,若不后移就会使句子结构头重足轻。所以,英汉翻译要根据不同情况弄清原文句子的信息焦点是什么,原文是通过什么方法来突出这一焦点,而译文又应以什么方法来突出这一焦点,以达到对等效果。 在英语句子中,信息焦点总是由新信息构成的,在正常情况下,这种焦点一般出现在句末。例如: (5) I am painting my room blue. 在一般情况下,blue 应为信息焦点,因此该句可译为:我在把我的房子刷成蓝色。如果上例是回答Are you paintingJohn’s room blue ? 这一问题的话,那么句中的信息焦点就落在my 上,因为这是新信息。所以,译文也需作相应的调整,以反映信息焦点的变化。那么该句就可译为:我是在把我自己的房间刷成蓝色。 英语突出信息焦点的主要方法有三种:语序调整、强调句型和拟似分裂句。在句子中,信息单位的重要性与其在句中所处的位置有关。若要提高某一词语在句中的信息价值,办法之一就是调整语序,将其前置或后移。虽然汉语的次序在信息处理方面所起的作用不如英语那么重要,但语序调整仍然是突出信息焦点的一个不可忽视的手段。例如: (6) This jug is difficult to pour cream out of . (这把壶里很难倒出奶油来。) (7) Cream is difficult to pour out of this jug. (奶油很难从这把壶里倒出来。) (8) 四川人不怕辣,贵州人辣不怕,湖南人怕不辣。 (9) Sitting at her desk in deep concentration was my sisterFlora. She looked as though she had spent a sleepless night . (全神贯注地坐在桌旁的是我妹妹弗洛拉,她看上去好像是通宵未睡。) 例6 将cream 置于句尾,强调奶油很稠。例7 将this jug置于句尾,强调这把壶嘴子小,奶油很难倒出来。例8 通过语序调整强调四川人不怕吃辣的东西,贵州人辣了一次后第二次仍不怕辣,湖南人辣的东西不怕,怕就怕在不辣,因为他们对辣东西已习以为常了。在这三个分句中,说话人当然在强调湖南人最不怕吃辣椒。例9 采用倒装句来调整信息焦点, 设置悬念,使文章更为生动,汉语译文也采用倒装句,收到同样的效果。 强调句型It is. . . that . . . 和拟似分裂句是英语用来突出信息焦点的重要语法手段,可以强调句中不同的成分。英译汉时,为了突出重点可以适当地调整句型,把原文的信息焦点转换为汉语的“是. . . . . . 的”等信息价值较高的句子成分。例如: (10) It was Jane who played Mozart at the party last night . (昨晚在晚会上演奏莫扎特作品的是珍妮。) (11) It was Mozart that Jane played at the party last night . (珍妮昨晚在晚会上演奏的是莫扎特的作品。) (12) What I am doing is teaching him a lesson. (我眼下在干的是就是教训他一顿。) (三) 依据汉语时间句序特点,调整语序。句序是以句为单位,包括语段中句子的顺序和复句内分句的次序。汉语界前辈吕叔湘先生曾指出:汉语中特多流水句。我国的翻译工作者也指出:时间顺序是汉语安排动词的基本规律。功能主义语言学派则从语言与外部世界关系的角度对汉语进行了研究,发现汉语的象似性程度很高,语言符合按自然的时间顺序排列的强趋势。例如: (13) 华老栓忽然坐起来,擦着火柴,点上遍身油腻的灯盏。 (14) 扫开一块雪,露出地面,用一枝短棒支起一面大的竹筛来,下面撒些秕谷,棒上系一条长绳,人远远地牵着,看鸟雀下来啄食,走到竹筛底下的时候,将绳子一拉,便罩住了。 (15) 我轻轻地扣着板门,刚才那个小姑娘出来开了门,抬头看了看,先愣了一下,后来就微笑了,招手叫我进去。 对汉语句子时间顺序进行实证性考察,发现除了现实的时间顺序原则外,还有抽象的时间顺序和心理的时间顺序。 抽象的时间顺序是指未进入现实时间流程的时间顺序,事件之间的时间关系只存在于人们的逻辑推理中。例如: (16) 你先出去,让我们起来。 上例前后两分句的动词“出去”、“起来”在说话者说这句话的时候还没有进入现实的时间流程,还不具备实际发生的时间,但两个分句的时间先后一目了然。心理的时间顺序是指人说话时主观心理轴上的时间顺序,一种是先交待已知的、次要的,然后交待未知的、重要的信息。“已知+ 未知”的信息结构是人们主观心理轴上的时间顺序在汉语中的反映。另一种是先认识的先说,后认识的后说。例如: (17) 玫瑰花儿可爱,棘多扎手。 (18) 这句话不只说出了气候上的一条规律,也是人类生活中的一条哲理。 例17 中说话人把前一分句作为已知信息,作为铺垫,意在后一分句。在例18 中,后一分句比前一分句意思递进了一层,是信息焦点,是强调的对象。 (19) 袭人羞得脸紫胀起来,想想原是自己把话说错了。 这句话是前果后因句,句序似乎跟前两种顺序相悖,但仔细体会一下人们说这话的心理:人们在叙述中顺着上文先说出某种结果,接着想到有必要,于是又补充说出一个理由或原因。补充说明的内容是事后的想法,它置于结果句后,是因为它是说话者后来想到或意识到的。 由上观之,汉语的句序比较固定,时间顺序是复句安排分句次序的一个经常起作用的原则。在英汉翻译中,由于汉语表达的需要,常需改变原文的句序,即使很短的句子也有句序调整的问题。例如: (20) I am glad to see you. (见到你很高兴。) 在英语里,一般都是先说出个人的感受,然后再说有关的情况,说明为什么会有那样的感受。汉语则往往相反,先说具体情况,然后再说个人的感受。 由于英语句子是树式结构,句子成分叠床架屋,层层叠叠,形成一个立体的空间构架,英语这种构造手法使得时间顺序的格式显示不出来。而汉语则不存在一个主干结构,它是由结构上现对独立的单句连接而成的,整个复句呈现出平面线性延伸。尽管分句流放不拘,疏散铺排,但整个复句并不杂乱无章,而是贯通一气。这其中之章法就是一定的顺序:一个个事件、一层层意思按照时间顺序排列,整个句子形散而神聚。因此在英汉翻译中,有时可以从源语到目的语直接传译, 如下图所示: X ————→Y但由于两种语言具有以上所述的结构差异,而译者往往要走一条曲折的路,如下图所示: X Y└—————————↑也就是说,为了顺利地进行传译,首先要对英语句子进行拆卸(unpack) 和逆转换(back - transform) ,将拆卸下来的各部分转换成核心句(kernel sentence) 形式,然后再由核心句传译成汉语的一个个分句,最后将分句按时间顺序作句序调整,生成汉语译文。如下图所示: 英语原文 汉语译文↓ ↑切分,逆转换 句序调整↓ ↑英语核心句——————→汉语分句对这一操作步骤,下面举例说明: (21) I put on my clothes by the light of a half - moon justsetting ,whose rays streamed through the narrow window near mycrib. 首先对英语原句进行“拆卸”处理,原句可切分出三个核心句: ①I put on my clothes by the light of a half - moon. (SVOA) ②A half - moon was just setting. (SV) ③The moon rays streamed through the narrow window nearmy crib. (SVA) 经分析,三个核心句的时间顺序依次为②—③—①。经过此番调整,就可以顺利地传译为: 半轮晓月渐渐西沉,月光透过小床旁边一个窄窄的窗子射进来,我趁着月光穿上衣服。 (22) It was an old woman , tall and shapely still , thoughwithered by time ,on whom his eyes fell when he stopped andturned. 首先对原句进行“拆分”处理,原句可切分为七个核心句: ①It was an old woman. ②She was tall. ③She was shapely still. ④She was withered by time. ⑤His eyes fell on her. ⑥He stopped. ⑦He turned. 经分析, 七个核心句的时间顺序依次为⑥—⑦—⑤—①—②—④—③。因此我们译为: 他站住,转过身来,定睛一看,原来是个年迈的妇女。她身材修长,虽受岁月折磨而略显憔悴,但丰韵犹存。 (四) 英汉翻译中语序调整的实证性分析。英汉翻译中, 语序调整是个复杂的问题,忽略对这一问题的研究是导致翻译作品洋腔洋调、晦涩难懂的主要原因。用以上的观点审视译著《简·爱》,确实在这方面发现了一些问题。 (23) It was cruel to shut me up alone without a candle. (多狠心呀,把我一个人关在里面,连支蜡烛也不点。) 本例原文句子重心应在cruel 上,不定式短语置于句末不是信息焦点,而是为了实现英语造句普遍遵循的末端重心的原则,避免头重足轻现象。按照汉语先具体再评价的原则,试改译为:把我一个儿关在里面,连支蜡烛也不点,真狠心呀! (24) I then sat with my doll on my knee , till the fire gotlow ,glancing round occasionally to make sure that nothing worsethan myself haunted the shadowy room. (随后,我把玩偶放在膝头上枯坐着,直到炉火渐渐暗淡,还不时东张西望,弄清楚除了我没有更可怕的东西光顾这昏暗的房间。) 译文与原文不符。经分析,原文至少可切分为三个核心句: ①I sat with my doll on my knee. (SVA) ②The fire got low. (SVC) ③I glanced round. . . (SVA) 切分出的三个核心句的时间顺序应为①—③—②。原文中③分句是①分句的伴随行为,它置于句末,是为了符合末端重心的原则。按照汉语复句时间顺序的生成规律,原译有失原意,试改译为:随后,我把玩偶放在膝头上枯坐,还不时东张西望,看看有没有什么比我更坏的东西光顾这昏暗的房间,这样直坐到炉火暗淡。 (25) This is all provoking to Miss Scatchered ,who is naturally neat ,punctual and particular. (这一桩桩都使斯卡查德小姐很恼火,她天生讲究整洁,遵守时刻,一丝不苟。) 先交待外围成分,已知信息,然后点题,提出未知信息,这是汉语行文的一般规律。原句第一分句是果,是未知信息,放在句末较好。因此原译句序应调整为:斯卡查德小姐天生讲究整洁,遵守时刻,一丝不苟;这一桩桩都使她非常恼火。 29. Have I not described a pleasant site for a dwelling ,whichI speak of it as bosomed in hill and wood , and riding from theverge of a stream ? (我不是描写了一个可爱的住所么? 我把它说成是偎依在小山和树林之中,屹立在小河之边上。) 按照“已知+ 未知”的汉语时间句序,应先有论据(已知信息) ,后有结论(未知信息) 。由于原译句序与此相悖,因此需作调整,试改译为:我说它掩映山林之中,坐临溪流之畔,不是把它描写成了一个可爱的住所么? 当然,原文的句序,即先说出结论,再给出论据的句序在汉语中也是有的,但是原译和改译却存在着文体上的差别。 先下结论再去寻找论据的句序是说话者思想不成熟的表现, 因为论据是说者事后才想到的。这种表达的顺序常出现在口语中,口语色彩比较浓。而《简·爱》的原文结构严谨,一点也不松散,是典型的书面语体。由此看来,原译与原文在文体上有出入。 通过以上英汉翻译过程中主语的确定、信息焦点的突出方法、汉语时间句序的特点以及英汉翻译的实证分析,可以了解到英汉两种语言有其各自的特点。要做到翻译忠实、通顺, 语序调整是有必要的。 [参考文献] [1 ]Bronte ,Charlotte. Jane Eyre [M] . London :Oxford University Press. 1987. [2 ]Danks ,Joseph H. . etal. Cognitive Process in Translationand Interpreting[M] . Sage Publications Inc. . 1997. [3 ]Nida ,Eugene A. . On Translation[M] . 谭载喜译,中国对外翻译出版公司,1984. [4 ]戴浩一. 时间顺序和汉语的语序[ J ] . 国外语言学, 1988 , (1) . [5 ]戴浩一. 以认知为基础的汉语功能语法刍议[J ] . 国外语言学,1990 , (4) . [6 ]吕叔湘. 汉语语法分析问题[M] . 商务印书馆,1979. [7 ]吕叔湘. 语文杂记[M] . 上海教育出版社,1984. [8 ]马秉义. 英汉主语差异初探[J ] . 外国语,1995 , (5) . [9 ]谢信一. 汉语中的时间和意象[J ] . 国外语言学,1991 ,你再到下面看看:

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