翻译专业论文开题报告范文

翻译专业论文开题报告范文

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况：

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。

张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲：

thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：

年 月 日

开题报告是我们在完成文献调研后写成的关于学位论文选题与如何实施的论述性报告。下文是我为大家整理的关于商务英语毕业论文的开题报告的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!

以英语广告语为例

一、 课题背景

当今广告已成为我们生活不可或缺的一部分。我们对于中文广告词或许很了解，但用英文说出广告词却有些难度，同样让你看着英文广告词说中文广告词也是有难度的。本文针对这些问题，从词汇、句法、修辞三方面介绍了广告英语的语言特点，使读者对英语广告的中文含义有更好的、更深的了解;并通过实例分析介绍了广告英语翻译的方法和策略，使读者在了解广告词的同时，能够自己翻译广告词的意思。

二、 毕业设计方案或毕业论文研究方案

本文以英语广告语为对象，从而总结出广告语的创新与否对人们的影响以及广告的重要性。在这个研究目标的指向下，本文采取了理论与文本分析相结合的方法，在进行文献分析总结代写硕士论文前人研究经验的基础上，对各类创意广告语的使用技巧进行详细的文本分析。

目前我已收集了大量的相关信息，以及查阅了很多关于广告英语的资料，所以论文的大致思路已定，提纲如下：

浅论广告英语语言特点及翻译策略

1 英语广告的语言特点

英语广告的词汇特点

使用形容词的比较级和最高级

使用简单动词和口语词汇

使用错别字和杜撰新词

英语的句法特征

使用短语代替整句

使用简单句和省略句

使用祈使句

使用第一、第二人称

英语广告的修辞特征

比喻

排比

拟人

对比

仿拟

押韵

2 英语广告的翻译策略

英语广告的翻译方法

直译

意译

套译

再创型翻译

英语广告的翻译原则

功能定位翻译

语言审美性翻译

文化矫正性翻译

三、毕业设计(论文)预期成果及创新

本文的预期成果是通过分析资料信息，研究广告英语语言特点及翻译策略，以推进大学生对广告英语的认知及翻译能力。从词汇、句法及修辞三方面介绍英语广告的语言特征，并通过实例分析介绍了英语广告翻译的技巧、策略与原则。透彻地了解广告产品和广告语篇的内容及其艺术形式，遵循英汉两种不同语言的特点和表达习惯。

创新点：探索和研究了广告英语语言特点及其对大学生翻译英语广告的影响。

一、 选题的背景与意义：

(一)课题研究来源

在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目，本人很感兴趣，于是确定选择该题。

(二)课题研究的目的

本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义，来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。

(三)课题研究的意义

艾米莉·勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期着名小说家和作家，是着名的勃朗特姐妹之一， 也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》，但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。通过《呼啸山庄》，艾米莉·勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景，通过写两个截然不同的家族，三代人之间的爱恨情仇，充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉·勃朗特对自然的偏爱。小说中自然和文明冲突不断，艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突，例如，呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突，凯瑟琳两种不同的爱情观的冲突。这种冲突正是基于艾米莉·勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。英国文学史上着名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上，自然在她们心中是神圣之物，这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等着名诗人影响，自然，情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉·勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。而且，艾米莉·勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代，当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物，艾米莉·勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶，内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。 因此，要想真正读懂这部伟大的着作，就必须要了解小说中艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。只有了解艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的态度，才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意-人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。通过《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的从图矛盾，由此来叙述《呼啸山庄》中回归自然的观点。

二、 国内外研究现状：

(一)国内研究现状

1.陈茂林从艾米莉·勃朗特所受的自然的影响来分析，他的《回归自然返璞归真--<呼啸山庄>的生态批评》认为《呼啸山庄》是一部自然颂歌。小说中自然有着独特的作用，它使人精神放松，包容所有人，它似乎是一个有血有肉的灵魂，分享着人的痛苦和换了。作品表达了作者对自然的深深热爱，同时也反映了自然和文明的冲突和矛盾。 叶利荣则在其《追寻自我的历程--<呼啸山庄>主题探析》一文中提出：艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中塑造的两个富于激情和叛逆的人物形象--希斯克里夫和凯瑟琳，展示了他们在迷失之后寻找自我回归的艰难历程表现了处于自我冲突中的人的内心世界。他们充满抗争的一生是生命个体追寻自我历程的真实写照。

2. 王宏洁则在《自然与文明的冲击》中认为，自然和文明的冲突矛盾也就是《呼啸山庄》中的其中一个重要主题。自然，要求人们生活需要顺从内心情感和自然本性，得到自然错给予的舒适和自得。而文明，则是不同于自然的一种新的生活方式，要求人们生活遵从道德和理智。文明由此带来了物欲横流的社会以及追逐自身利益的人类，因此纯净自然之人被文明所污染。而自然不会随着文明的出现和进步消失，自然会一直存在。所以自文明诞生开始，文明和自然的冲突就不断。

(二) 国外研究现状

1.英国着名女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她写道：“当夏洛蒂写作时，她以雄辩、光彩和热情说我爱,我恨,我受苦.她的经验，虽然比较强烈，却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有 我,没有家庭女教师，没有东家。有爱，却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励，促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去，而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到--一种部分虽受到挫折，但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎，通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是我爱或我恨,却是我们，全人类和你们，永存的势力……这句话没有说完。”

2.英国进步评论家阿诺·凯特尔(Arnold Kettle)在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时，他总结说：“《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰，也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒，他们生活在这个世界里，而且努力去改变它，有时顺利，却总是痛苦的，几乎不断遇到困难，不断犯错误。”

三、 课题研究内容及创新

(一)课题研究内容

艾米莉·勃朗特在《呼啸山庄》中多次运用象征主义，例如，呼啸山庄和西斯科拉里夫与儿时的凯瑟琳代表自然，他们崇尚自由，顺应自然和暴风雨似的生活原则而与呼啸山庄对立存在的画眉山庄以及林顿家庭则代表文明，他们彬彬有礼，服从一切社会原则。自然和文明表面风平浪静一直到西斯克里夫和凯瑟琳偶然闯进画眉山庄，于是冲突不断。凯瑟琳的自然之情开始受到文明的真正挑战，她开始背叛自己的内心情感，越来越像淑女，最终她舍弃对西斯克里夫的真爱嫁给埃德加·林顿，表面上文明占取了绝对优势。但是婚后的凯瑟琳被内心的自然之情折磨致死。而西斯克里夫也因为凯瑟琳的背叛自然性扭曲到极端，他变成了复仇的恶魔。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲，约束人的真实自然之情，造成了悲剧。尽管文明带来了进步，但是文明却扼杀了人性。最终，艾米莉·勃朗特让西斯克里夫在死前打开阻碍之窗-文明，让两人的游魂在荒野间游荡。种种表明艾米莉·勃朗特对两人爱情的同情以及要求人顺应人性，重返自然的思想。 本选题拟从三个部分加以阐述：

1. 自然和文明的定义

2. 自然和文明的较量： a.自然和文明的象征：呼啸山庄和画眉山庄;西斯克里夫和林顿及其哈的顿 b.自然和文明的斗争：凯瑟琳的爱情选择和西斯克里夫的疯狂报复导致人性的扭曲

3. 结论 人应该顺从自然，归顺自然。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲以及给人带来毁灭性的灾害。

(二)课题研究创新

本文主要通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义的运用，来解析自然和文明的冲突。艾米莉·勃朗特不仅塑造两个截然不同的庄园，分别代表自然和文明，还赋予住在两个山庄中类似他们山庄的性格，通过他们的对比以及他们交织时所产生的矛盾分歧来说明自认和文明之间的对抗。

四、课题的研究方法：

本选题拟采用多种研究手法，然后再结合定性分析研究法、综合查找法、归纳法、翻译法、文献综述法、文献检索法等多种研究方法加以详述。主要包括： 1、定性分析法：根据主观的判断和分析能力，推断出事物的性质和发展趋势的分析方法。 2、归纳法：通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，得出一般性的结论。 3、文献法：即历史文献法，就是搜集和分析研究各种现存的有关文献资料，从中选取信息，以达到某种调查研究目的的方法。 4、文献综述法： 即针对某个研究主题，对与之相关的各种文献资料进行收集整理，对所负载的知识信息进行归纳鉴别，清理与分析，并对所研究的问题在一定时期内已取得的研究状况，取得的成果，存在的问题以及发展的趋势进行系统而全面的叙述，评论，建构与阐述。其中，确定一个研究主题，收集整理专题文献，阅读与挖掘文献内容，清理与记述专题研究状况，建构与阐明专题研究发展趋势。

五、 研究计划及预期成果

(一)研究计划

4月15日-4月18日：指定论文指导教师，学生选定题目; 4月19日-4月25日：完成任务书部分和开题报告; 4月26日-5月12日：完成论文第一稿; 5月13日-5月22日：完成并上交论文第二稿; 5月23日-5月31日完成论文三稿(5月31日上午11点之前上交，以便答辩老师阅读)，指导教师分组阅读论文，师生做好答辩准备; 6月1日-6月9日：论文答辩(答辩后，学生对教师提出的意见要及时修改，以便装订论文终稿)。 6月10日-6月12日：二次答辩及论文装订、成绩评定。

(二)预期成果

按照规定的时间和进度提交一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的，字数在5000英文 单词左右、英美文学方向的的学术论文。

六、 参考文献：

[1] Bronte Emily. Wuthering Heights [M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University Press, 1999.

[2] Cecil, Victorian Novelists: Essays in Revaluation. . 1934

[3] 艾米莉·勃朗特(Emily Bronte)着，方平译。呼啸山庄[M]. 上海译文出版社， 2001

[4] 夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)着，宋兆霖译。勃朗特两姐妹全集[M]. 河北教育出版社， 1996

[5] 陈茂林。 --回归自然 返璞归真《呼啸山庄》的生态批评 [J]. 外语教学。 2007(01)：69-73

[6] 栗华。 “野孩子”的爱与恨--对《呼啸山庄》意象和主题的一种阐释[J]. 北方论丛。 2001(6)：80-83

[7] 裴双。 --人类应有的前行姿态论《呼啸山庄》对野性与文明的取舍 [J]. 绍兴文理学院学报(哲学社会科学版)。 2007(04)：80-85

[8] 邵旭东。 何以写出《呼啸山庄》?--也谈艾米丽·勃朗特创作源泉问题[J]. 外国文学研究。1996(04)：77-81

七、指导教师评语：

翻译专业毕业论文开题报告范文

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况：

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。

张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲：

thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：

年 月 日

1. 论文的开题报告怎么写 论文的开题报告怎么写 【开题报告怎么写啊？我的论文题目是《运用现代教育技术优化数学 有格式的，由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想，因而篇幅不必过大，但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚，应包含两个部分：总述、提纲.1 总述开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等.2 提纲开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的，是一个研究构想的基本框架.可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式.在开题阶段，提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架，没有必要像论文目录那样详细.3 参考文献开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录4 要求开题报告应有封面页，总页数应不少于4页.版面格式应符合以下规定.开 题 报 告 学 生：一、 选题意义 1、 理论意义 2、 现实意义 二、 论文综述 1、 理论的渊源及演进过程 2、 国外有关研究的综述 3、 国内研究的综述 4、 本人对以上综述的评价 三、论文提纲 前言、 一、1、2、3、··· ···二、1、2、3、··· ···三、1、2、3、结论 四、论文写作进度安排 毕业论文开题报告提纲一、开题报告封面：论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师二、目的意义和国内外研究概况三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容四、研究条件和可能存在的问题五、预期的结果六、进度安排。 论文开题报告怎么写？ 说实在的 现在我刚好也遇到这个问题 一、如何选择问题 我一直萦绕于怀的，是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里，导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题：“你的 puzzle 是什么？”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是，中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄，笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧：这么简单的道理，这么明显的答案，到底哪儿不对了？！ 奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。不同于政策研究报告，学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下，理论才能够对话；只有通过对话，理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的，能这样当然最好，但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展，因此，在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”，这仅仅是对现象的探询，而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是：“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗？”在这个命题中，“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 简历下载 其次，选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后，而发现理论问题，则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步，大体上可以分“三步走”：第一步，先划定一个“兴趣范围”，如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等，广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章，找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步，总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具，如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步，考察问题的可研究性，也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如，西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题？或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释？或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷？通过回答这些问题，我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内，是否可能完成？资料获取是否可行？等等。 最后，如何陈述问题？陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结，而不是为了套理论而“削足适”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象，如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢？雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架，但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象，从而理清对象的内存逻辑，保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的？ 简历吧 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述，我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题：（ 1 ）时间：从 1980 年到 2000 年；（ 2 ）对象： *** 的叛乱者和决策行为，而不是市场、企业、治理结构等；（ 3 ）视角：政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究；（ 4 ）案例： 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》，这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定，我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上，问题也就水落石出了。同时，问题清楚了，我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准，在这个“信息冗余”的时代，能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述（ Literature Review） ”与“背景描述 （Backupground Description） ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”，关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次，文献综述是评论性的（ Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 （critical thinking） 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。 简历 清楚了文献综述的意涵，现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。 技巧一：瞄准主流。 主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。 论文的开题报告怎么写啊？ 开题报告主要包括以下几个方面： （一）论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一，名称要准确、规范。 准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚，论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二，名称要简洁，不能太长。 不管是论文或者课题，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，一般不要超过20个字。 （二） 论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。 这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述，指出现实当中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本论文的研究有什么实际作用，然后，再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。 主要内容包括：⑴ 研究的有关背景（课题的提出）： 即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。 ⑵ 通过分析本地（校） 的教育教学实际，指出为什么要研究该课题，研究的价值，要解决的问题。 （三） 本论文国内外研究的历史和现状（文献综述）。 规范些应该有，如果是小课题可以省略。 一般包括：掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果；寻找有待进一步研究的问题，从而确定本课题研究的平台（起点）、研究的特色或突破点。 （四）论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向，符合什么要求等，这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论，也可以是 *** 的教育发展规划，也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 （五） 论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的，要解决哪些具体问题，也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标：即本论文写作的目标定位，确定目标时要紧扣课题，用词要准确、精练、明了。 常见存在问题是：不写研究目标；目标扣题不紧；目标用词不准确； 目标定得过高， 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。 确定论文写作目标时，一方面要考虑课题本身的要求，另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。 （六）论文的基本内容 研究内容要更具体、明确。 并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现，他们不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候，往往考虑的不是很具体，写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊，把写作的目的、意义当作研究内容。 基本内容一般包括：⑴对论文名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点：研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。 ⑵本论文写作有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。 （七）论文写作的方法 具体的写作方法可从下面选定： 观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、 个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法等。 （八）论文写作的步骤 论文写作的步骤，也就是论文写作在时间和顺序上的安排。论文写作的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度，一般情况下，都是从基础问题开始，分阶段进行，每个阶段从什么时间开始，至什么时间结束都要有规定。 课题研究的主要步骤和时间安排包括：整个研究拟分为哪几个阶段；各阶段的起止时间。 毕业论文开题报告怎样写？范文！ 一、如何选择问题 我一起萦绕于怀的，是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里，导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题：“你的 puzzle 是什么？”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是，中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄，笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧：这么简单的道理，这么明显的答案，到底哪儿不对了？！奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。 不同于政策研究报告，学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下，理论才能够对话；只有通过对话，理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的，能这样当然最好，但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展，因此，在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”，这仅仅是对现象的探询，而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是：“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗？”在这个命题中，“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 其次，选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后，而发现理论问题，则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步，大体上可以分“三步走”：第一步，先划定一个“兴趣范围”，如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等，广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章，找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步，总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具，如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步，考察问题的可研究性，也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如，西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题？或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释？或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷？通过回答这些问题，我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内，是否可能完成？资料获取是否可行？等等。 最后，如何陈述问题？陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结，而不是为了套理论而“削足适履”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象，如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢？雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架，但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象，从而理清对象的内存逻辑，保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的学 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述，我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题：（ 1 ）时间：从 1980 年到 2000 年；（ 2 ）对象： *** 的叛乱者和决策行为，而不是市场、企业、治理结构等；（ 3 ）视角：政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究；（ 4 ）案例： 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》，这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定，我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上，问题也就水落石出了。同时，问题清楚了，我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准，在这个“信息冗余”的时代，能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述（ Literature Review） ”与“背景描述 （Backupground Description） ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”，关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次，文献综述是评论性的（ Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 （critical thinking） 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。清楚了文献综述的意涵，现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。技巧一：瞄准主流。 主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章，通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典。

开题报告范文例文大全6篇。本科毕业论文开题报告论文题目the Application and Innovation zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights一、选题的意义和研究现状zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。二、研究方案zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。预期的结果（大纲）:zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．A Survey of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Definition of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Origin of Gothic NovelszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Historical ReasonszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Folklore in Germantic NationalityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Drama in the RenaissancezFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Bible and Legends in ChristianityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Development of the Novel ItselfzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Challenge of Romanticism to RationalismzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Sublime and BeautifulzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载2. 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Description of Figure Emotion and PsychologyzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载Reference2．拟采用的研究方法zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足;zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．研究进度安排zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条）zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间?论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11?12页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[7] 肖明翰. 2001. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[8] 鲜于静. 2003. 神秘和怪诞的魅力??福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA]. 中国学位论文全文库. zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载英语论文开题报告范文例文大全6篇。Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

翻译硕士专业论文开题报告

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况：

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。

张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲：

thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：

年 月 日

翻译硕士怎么写开题报告

开题报告主要说明这个课题应该进行研究，自己有条件进行研究以及准备如何开展研究等问题，也可以说是对课题的论证和设计。开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的重要环节。以下是我整理的翻译硕士怎么写开题报告，欢迎阅读。

1、选题意义和背景。

随着中国加入世界贸易组织，中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场，提高在国际市场上的知名度，企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料，读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍，也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等，这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整，从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构，以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说，本文有三种类型，分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为，企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之，而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此，外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能，要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受，并让读者产生共鸣，继而付诸行动，实现译文预期的功能。

比利时语用学家维索尔伦（Verschuem）提出了顺应论，将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式，也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度，还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益，因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同，译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动，就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整，而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来，并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译，试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。

2、论文综述/研究基础。

1987年维索尔伦（Verschueren）提出顺应论之后，在语用学界引起了很大反响，不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索，而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中，成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。

1 国外顺应论研究状况。

比利时语用学家维索尔伦（Verschueren）在《IprA工作文集》（IprA WorkingDocument 1） （1987, 45-48）中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》，标志着顺应论的提出。1995年，他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》（handbook of Pragmatics）中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为，语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观，并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年，阿萨卡瑟（AsaKasher）主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts）论文集中，维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》（v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication ）的文章，主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年，在他的专着《语用学新解》（Understaning Pragmatics）中，维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用，这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角，突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支（语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学）的看法，而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观，贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面，可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角，可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命，可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析，也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。

2 国内顺应论研究状况。

钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学：语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》（1991,62-66）的文章中，将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面，即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析，并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨，认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》（2000,230-232），该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分，也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来，使其不再属于语言资源的语言学，而是加入到语言使用的语言学去，作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用，这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题，还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。

国内除钱冠连外，2007年何自然主编的《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是，该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向，集语用学的三个前沿理论（关联论、顺应论、模因论）为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。

关于顺应论的部分，该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合，为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出，顺应论是宏观语用学的核心，顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》（2000, 50-52）中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论，探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系，指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》（2007,51-55）从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映，纵观维索尔伦的语用思想，折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外，刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础，除了对语言顺应论做出肯定，他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙，以解释所有的语言运用，有运用过度之嫌”（李元胜，2007:124）。

中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究，还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中，顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。

从理论研究的角度来看，有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示，戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》（2000,7-11） -文中，为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程，它超越了以往语言学研究的框架，将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出，根据顺应论，语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程，两者可以相互影响，同样，翻译作为语言转换的过程，也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应，这种顺应应该以满了交际双方的需要为目的，对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。

有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法，王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》（2005,55-59） -文中，针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论，他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法，而不是翻译策略，动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时，他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。

顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中，学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外，还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去，比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析，同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。

叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics）中，首先对应用翻译进行了定位，然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化，并以《选美中国》为例，结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争，提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时，译者可以采取异化策略，担负起传播中国文化的使命，扩大目的语读者的'文化语境、认知语境，激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索，增强我国软实力。

纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状，可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面，研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究，而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申，缺乏创新点，并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定，导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。

3、参考文献。

Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社，2004.

Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.

戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江，外语学刊。2002 （3） :7-11.

公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.

何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 （1） ; 19-25.

何自然。《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海，上海教育出版社。2007.

何自然，冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙，湖南教育出版社。2002.

胡芳毅，贾占波。《外宣翻译：意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海，上海翻译。2010⑴：23-28.

蒋澄生，廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州，广东工业大学学报。2005 （1） : 68-71.

贾文波。《应用翻译功能论（第二版）》[M].北京，中国出版集团公司。2012.

李明。《商务英语翻译（汉译英）》[M]?北京，高等教育出版社。2007.

李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都，成都大学学报 2007⑶：123-126.

刘恩祥，刘颖，李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山，佛山科学技术学院学报（社会科学版）》。2011 （1） :70-73.

卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆，肇庆学院学报。2007⑶：53-56.

钱冠连。《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京，外语教学与研究。2000（3） :230-232.

钱冠连。《语用学：语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京，外语教学与研究。1991（1）：61-66.

孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南，山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版）。2007 （6） :51-55.

潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京，外语与外语教学。2002 （6）：50-52.

王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京，外语研究。2005（4） :55-59.

叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海，上海交通大学出版社。2009.

张运桥，严敏芬。《语用三观：关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州，外语艺术教育研究。2009（3） :36-38.

4、论文提纲。

1 引言

2 文献综述

国外顺应论研究状况

国内顺应论研究状况

3 顺应论简介

顺应论的三个核心概念

变异

商讨性

顺应

顺应论的两个分析维度

语境因素的顺应

语言结构顺应

顺应论在翻译中的应用

4 从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构

企业外宣翻译的文本和语言特点

语篇重构的概念

从顺应论的视角看形式的语篇重构

语篇衔接和连贯方式与形式的语篇重构

语言风格与形式的语篇重构

从顺应论的视角看内容的语篇重构

心理世界与内容的语篇重构

文化现象与内容的语篇重构

社会规范和政治制度与内容的语篇重构

5 结论

5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。

本论文选取了两篇企业外宣材料，分别是《西麦克展览公司简介》和《海天味业网站宣传资料》，并由本人对其进行翻译。根据翻译过程中出现的问题，并结合顺应论的相关分析维度和语篇重构的两大类型，分析译者为顺应目的语读者的语言习惯、文化背景、社会规约和心理因素等所做出的调整。

6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。

本文以顺应论为基础，结合语篇重构的概念，分析了西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料英译过程中的语篇重构现象。企业外宣材料不仅仅涉及到基本信息传达，而且涉及到企业文化、价值观念、影晌力的传递。因此企业外宣翻译不是简单机械地表达和传递信息，还要从目的语读者的角度对原文作出调整，使目的语读者在阅读外宣材料时被其所传递的企业信息所吸引，继而激发他们采取行动。因此，译者为了符合目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯、思维方式、文化背景要对原文进行内容上和形式上的语篇重构。包括语篇衔接与连贯方式的顺应、语言风格的顺应、心理世界的顺应、文化现象的顺应以及社会规范和政治制度的顺应。同时译者为了达到以上这些顺应的目的，选择顺应的过程中也包含了对原文从词语、句子结构、篇章衔接以及内容上进行重构。

对于企业的外宣翻译，只有设身处地地从目的语读者的角度去思考和翻译，巧妙地对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语读者的语言和文化，才能激发读者付诸行动，为企业的形象宣传和经济发展带来实实在在的好处。

7、预期的结果。

企业外宣翻译要通过对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语社会的语言语境、心理世界、社交世界、文化世界等，才能更好地实现外宣翻译的交际功能，达到良好外宣效果。

英语翻译专业论文开题报告

开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日

英语专业开题报告范例

想学好一篇英语专业的论文，需要先写好开题报告，那么英语专业开题报告该怎么写呢？下面给大家提供一份英语专业开题报告，一起来看看吧！

1、选题意义和背景。

选题背景：

（一）对当前英语学习现象的考问

（二）理论学习的熏陶

选题意义：

理论意义

本研究从现象学的角度定义“学习状态”,学习状态是一种意识，这种状态是整体的、自上而下。学生在学习英语的过程中是不断的发展变化的，他们的语言意识品质是逐渐地养成。每一阶段的教育都要有意识的形成，而每一个意识的形成都需要有可以接纳它的内在前提。中学生在中学六年的英语学习过程中，每一个阶段都为下一个阶段的学习提供内在前提，这就是我们所说的中学生的英语学习状态的变化。通过对此的研究，我们能够明确教师的“教”就是使得学生逐步地形成他们的英语语言意识品质，养成其英语素养。这样的一种理论理解，带有根本性的变革的意义。

教育归根到底是“一种意识品质的养成”,意识是最原初的形态，它是人的觉察状态，蕴含着“知、情、意、行”最初始的合而未分的胚芽。一旦教育使学生具有了某种意识，它就会像种子拥有的生命基因那样作用于学生的心灵，在一个个与之相合的具体情境之中一次次地生根发芽，舒枝展叶，它外显于人的形状、姿态就是素养的体现，就是意识品质养成的结果。

由此可见，英语课堂不再是英语知识的传递而是英语语言意识品质的养成。英语课堂不是单。纯的听说读写技能的训练，而是英语素养的养成。这种理论依据的寻找在方法论上也是一种新的探索，它不仅丰富了英语教育的研究，而月为中学英语教学设计提供了经过论证的建议，同时也为现存的教育实践活动提供理论借鉴与支撑。

实践意义

首先，本研究笔者致力于寻求英语教学的理论依据，从分析学生的语言学习状态入手，明确中学英语教学的基点。然后再分析语言是什么，明确英语作为一门语言的意义和作为一门中学课程的意义，形成对中学英语教学内涵实质的理解。

中学英语教师的“教”就是使得学生养成他们的英语素养：语言意识品质。这一理解不仅丰富了当前的英语教育理论和英语教学研究，同时也能够为教育实践者提供理论借鉴。

其次，本研究通过对中学生入学初的英语学习状态和高三毕业时的学习状态的把握形成对中学英语教学的理解。教师要做到就是在六年的教学中，让学生从最开始的状态达到高三毕业时应有的状态，这也就明确了中学英语教学就是要形成学生的英语语言素养。在此基础上，呈现的课例体现着学生从最初拥有的英语学习状态到高三毕业时的英语学习状态的自然的、整体的过渡。这些能够为中学英语教与学提供更有效的具有借鉴意义的具体措施。

并且本研究对我自身的教育理论和实践也具有较强的训练意义，对以后投入中学英语教育有很大的实践和理论指导意义，让我能够自信、有理、有据地从事中学英语教学。

再次，英语教师专业发展需要有一个根本的追求，本文的研究能够为其提供一个明确的解答：英语课堂不是英语知识的传递而是英语语言意识品质的养成。这样的一种理解，可以使得我们英语教师在日常的教学实践中不至于陷入“语言工具论之争一”和“题海战术”之中。

对英语教的依据的明确，使得教师的教学是直接拿着英语本身去感染学生，学生拥有的是英语语言本身，而不是单词的累积、语法的机械记忆等等。学生养成的是英语素养，而不是解英语题的技巧或是听说读写的技能。

作为英语教师，我们可以在中学六年的日常教学实践中实现学生英语语言意识品质的养成。让学生真正学懂英语，让英语学习不再成为一种负担，让英语本身的语言力量去感染他们。并且使得他们对使用英语这门语言来理解和表达所思所想充满热切的愿望，对英语及其蕴含的文化充满着新奇。这也是作为一名英语教师应该努力的方向，也是实现教师专业化发展的重要表现。

2、论文综述/研究基础。

（一）关于“学习状态”的研究在对学生学习状态的相关文献进行分析梳理时，笔者发现国内外的关于学习状态的研究主要是从心理学的'角度展开的。国外在这一方面的研究，在提到learning state时，更多的指的是远程学习中的学习状态，与国内所指的学生课堂或者学习过程中的学习状态是迥然不同的。在查阅到的相关文献中，学习状态多指的是在课堂或是课堂之外的学习过程中的学习状态。

（二）关于中学生英语学习的研究在中国知网中，输入“中学生英语习得”这一关键词共检索出5篇文章，其中一篇《略论语法翻译法在我国中学英语教学中的积极意义》从我国英语教学的具体情况谈起，谈及了中学英语学习的特点，认为在《新课程标准》背景下，语法翻译教学法仍具有重要的意义。

文中并没有涉及中学生语言习得的内容，仅论述了语法翻译法这一教学方法在中学英语教学中的意义。剩余的四篇中的两篇文章《课堂教学环境下如何创设语境培养中学生英语习得的能力》和《善用朗读，促进中学生英语习得》探讨的是如何通过创设语境和善用朗读这些具体的英语教学方法来促进学生语言的习得。

他们只是从微观的视角来阐述具体的英语教学方法，并未对学生英语习得做整体的分析。《语言迁移对英语语法习得的影响》这篇硕士论文以影响语言习得的一个重要因素-语言迁移中的一可加工理论为切入点，通过实证调查的方式探讨了这一理论对中学生英语语法习得的影响。

最后一篇《论语意与形式兼顾理论在中学英语课堂教学中的应用》作者选取国内外二语习得和外语教学研究的一个热点课堂教学中兼顾语义与形式的教学模式，探讨这种教学模式在中国中学英语教学中应用的可能性，讨论若干可操作的教学方法与步骤。认为语意与形式兼顾教学结合了纯语言形式教学和纯交际教学的优点，有利于提高学习者语言的流利性和准确性。

（三）关于中学英语教学的研究对此研究的关注，只是想了解当前的中学英语教学中教师是依据什么来设计教学促进学生英语语言意识品质的养成。

3、参考文献。

著作类：

[1]海德格尔着。孙周兴译。林中路[M].北京：商务印书馆。1996.

[2]海德格尔着。孙周兴译。在通向语言的途中[M].北京：商务印刷馆。1997.

[3]梅洛庞蒂。知觉现象学[Ml.北京：商务印刷馆。2001.

[4]帕默尔着。李荣译。语言学概论[M]北京：商务印书馆。1983年。

[5]刘永富。胡塞尔现象学·海德格尔本是学引论一从所知学的角度重新解解读胡塞尔与海德格尔[M].西安：西北大学出版社。2000.

[6]涂纪亮。现代欧洲大陆语言哲学[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社。1994.

[7]洪堡特。论人类语一言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响[M].北京：商务印书馆。2004.

[8]胡塞尔着，倪良康译。逻辑研究[M].海：上海译文出版社。第2卷。第一部分。

[9]伽达默尔着。洪汉鼎译真理与方法下卷[M].上海：上海译文出版社。2004.

[10]伽达默尔着。洪汉鼎译。真理与方法下卷[M]. 上海：上海译文出版社。2004.

[11]伽达默尔着夏镇平，宋建平译。哲学解释学[M].:上海上海译文出版社。2004.

期刊类：

[1]蔡哗，阎辉。关于艺术类专业学生学习状态的调查[J].艺术教育。一17.

[2]陈水生。不同生源类型高职生学习状态的调查与思考[J].职业教育研究。2006. 6:36一37.

[3]陈迎明，贺志军。当前培养大学生学习状态的思考与建议[J].长沙铁道学院学报（社会科学版）。 2007.

[4]高波。“追蝴蝶”一儿童学习状态之愿景[J].山东教育学院学报。一26.

[5]高常营，金延。工具还是存在-伽达默尔语言观探析[J].唐都学刊。2003（4）

[6]葛明。中学生英语学习策略水平及其与英语学业成绩的相关研究[J].心理科学。（2）：41-453.

[7]韩晓玲，陈忠华。解读洪堡特关于语言本质和语言“世界观”问题的哲学思想[J].烟台大学学报（哲学社会科学版）。2009第1期。

[8]姚小平。洪堡特-人文研究和语言研究[J].北京：外语教学与研究出版社。1995

[9]康静涵从学生的学习状态看教师的教学效果-兼评王文丽《五彩池》课堂教学[J].小学教学参考。2002.第10期。P8.

4、论文提纲。

绪论

一、研究缘起

（一）对当前英语学习现象的考问

（二）理论学习的熏陶

二、研究目的与研究意义

（一）研究目的二

（二）研究意义

三、理论界定

（一）学习状态

（二）语言学习状态

（三）英语作为中学课程意味着什么

四、文献综述

（一）关于“学习状态”的研究

（二）关于中学生英语学习的研究

（三）关于中学英语教学的研究

五、研究设计与论证

（一）研究设计与论证

（二）研究方法

第一章中学生的英语学习状态一中学英语教学的基点

一、中学生入学前的语言学习状态

二、中学生毕业时应该有的英语素养

第二章英语是什么？

一、语言是什么？

二、英语作为一门语言的意义

三、英语作为一门中学课程对学生的意义

（一）英语作为中学课程意味着英语语言的使用

（二）英语作为中学课程意味着一种世界观的养成

（三）英语作为中学课程意味着一种异域文化的熏陶

第三章中学英语教什么？

一、中学英语学习现状分析及其原因

（一）听说读写技能技巧训练下的中学英语教学

（二）“工具论至上”理念下的中学英语教学

（三）“像母语一样学习英语”理念下的中学英语教学

二、中学英语教学的内涵实质

第四章课例呈现中学生英语学习状态和索养的养成

一 、“让There be深深的存在学生的脑海中”-语法课应该这样上

二、直接读懂英文文本一英语阅读课的内涵实质

（一）特殊的友谊

（二）英语的历史

5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。

我的研究设计主要是怎样根据学生的英语语言学习状态设计研究序列使中学英语教学得到整体体现。论证它有完整覆盖和代表性，并体现学科性质特点和英语学习的特点；论证它可以养成学生的英语语言意识品质；论证它是教的依据。    本文的研究在一般意义上也会采用文献分析的研究方法来获取本研究的学术动态，通过访谈法跟观察法来获取研究中关于中学生母语语言状态和英语语言学习状态的最真实的研究资料。但我的最主要的研究方法将采用以下的方法：

1理论研究

本研究主要从现象学的理论视野出发，确定“学习状态、语言学习状态”的内涵实质。学习状态其实就是一种意识状态，它具有意识所有的特点。它是教的起点，也是一切教育进行的基点。那语言学习状态就是一种语言运用的意识状态，英语教学的实质就是养成学生的英语语言意识品质。英语学习是学生在习得母语的条件下进行的，而目_母语是一直参与其中的。因此要研究中学生的英语语言学习状态，必须首先明确其母语语言的学习状态。这样，我就很容易的形成了中学生一入学时的英语学习状态。我的研究也就以此开始，进而通过高考复盘和高中英语课程标准的解读，把握中学生在高只毕业后应有的英语学习状态。这样我就对中学生一开始的英语学习状态和高三毕业后应有的英语学习状态有整体的、系统的理解。在通过对英语作为一门语言和作为一门中学课程的意义的理解，明确了中学英语教学的根本。那么作为一名老师，我要做的就是设计教学设计使得学生能在六年的中学学习中逐步的养成这种英语语言的意识品质，这种理论研究使得我确定了我要研究的对象的内涵实质。

2叙事研究

通过理论研究，理论上我己经明确了要研究的对象的内涵实质。学习状态实质上就是一种意识状态，是学生拥有英语语言意识品质的内在前提。它既不独立在学习活动之外，也不需要临时构造，它总是伴随在学习活动之中，从未超出。这种意识状态是通过“意义”来体现的。因此，凡是在我的研究中涉及到“意义”的，我都将通过描述性的语言来呈现。意义是用语言描述出来的，不能用概念来达到。并且这种描述是不带任何先入之见的、仅以直观为依据Zz,直观的、具体的呈现其“意义”.这也是现象学作为描述性的科学的最主要的特点。本研究将采用描述性的语言来呈现内涵实质。

3行动研究

行动研究是本研究中采用的最主要的研究方法，理论研究确定了本研究的内涵实质，叙事研究用描述性的语言呈现本研究的内涵实质。明确中学英语教学的根本就是养成学生的英语语言意识品质，即英语素养。在此基础上，设计我的教使得学生逐步的养成他们的英语语言意识品质。设计教的依旧是中学英语教学的内涵实质和不同阶段学生的不同学习状态。行动研究就是在实践之中做。教育是实践的，实践是具体的，具体的是有内容的。实践只以自身为目的。我的教学设计要具体的进行实践，实践就是我的教使得学生养成他们的英语语言意识品质。拘泥于自身和现实的条件，在具体的实践过程中，不可能将每一个教学设计都能具体的得到实践。因此，我会选择其中的一些节点课进行实践，然而这些节点课不是盲月的选择的，是依据学生不同的语言学习状态、新课程标准以及英语学习本身的性质特点和中学生英语学习特点等要素选取的，这些节点课都是代表性比较强的课，能够从其中看到我想要展示的学生语一言学习状态的一个逐步发展变化的过程，这一过程是整体的、自然的，体现着英语语言学习的特点，朝向英语木身，用英语木身去感染学生，最终养成学生的英语语言意识品质。

6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。

（一）听说读写技能技巧训练下的中学英语教学，从课堂实录来看，大部分时间都是教师在指一导学生进行句型的操练。虽然采取了各种不同的活动方式，但是其本质都是在进行直接引语变间接引语句型的操练。而未对直接引语是什么或是间接引语是什么进行解释说明。

（二）“工具论至上”理念下的中学英语教学，把英语一概而论为工具，不当语言的使用的教学违背了英语作为一门语言的特性。这种教学形式下的英语不是作为一门语言，而是成为了一种使用工具。工具论下的英语教学只看到了英语作为一门外语的特性，却忽视了其本身作为一门语言的特性。这样的教学方式下的一个严重后果就是英语学习只注重听、说，读、写的训练或语言、词汇和语法规则的传授却对语言文化的背景不甚了解。

（三）“像母语一样学习英语”理念下的中学英语教学，中学生的英语语言学习不是自然习得的，是在教师的教之下慢慢的学习的。因此，“像母语一样学习英语”虽然有一定的借鉴意义，但这样的一种教学方式在中学课堂中是不可取的。

上述所说的三种方式都未能很好的体现出英语是另外一个民族的母语这样的一种特性，同时也忽略了中学生英语学习的特质以及中学英语学科的内涵性质特点。因此，要把握中学英语教学的内涵实质，必须既要注意到它的语言特性，又要注意到它的外语特性。

7、预期的结果。

一、分析出中学生入学初的英语学习状态和高三毕业时的应该有的学习状态，形成了对中学生最初的英语语言学习状态和高三毕业时应该养成的英语语言素养的理解。

二、通过对语言脉络的梳理，找回语言的本体论地位。语言是存在的表达，英语作为一门语言，亦是存在的表达。只不过不是我们民族存在的表达，它是英语民族存在的表达。英语作为一门中学课程，有其特殊的意义。

三、学习英语就是学习另外一个民族如何使用它们的母语，中学英语教学就是教学生学会使用英语这种存在的表达，通过六年的中学英语教学逐步的养成学生的英语学习状态和英语语言素养。

8、论文写作进度安排。

 英语发展史资料查询

 中小学英语理论教学建模

 提交论文初稿

 确定论文终稿

 论文答辩

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况：

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。

张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲：

thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：

年 月 日

你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下

毕业翻译论文开题报告范文

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

开题报告范文例文大全6篇。本科毕业论文开题报告论文题目the Application and Innovation zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights一、选题的意义和研究现状zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。二、研究方案zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。预期的结果（大纲）:zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．A Survey of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Definition of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Origin of Gothic NovelszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Historical ReasonszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Folklore in Germantic NationalityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Drama in the RenaissancezFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Bible and Legends in ChristianityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Development of the Novel ItselfzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Challenge of Romanticism to RationalismzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Sublime and BeautifulzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载2. 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Description of Figure Emotion and PsychologyzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载Reference2．拟采用的研究方法zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足;zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．研究进度安排zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条）zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间?论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11?12页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[7] 肖明翰. 2001. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[8] 鲜于静. 2003. 神秘和怪诞的魅力??福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA]. 中国学位论文全文库. zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载英语论文开题报告范文例文大全6篇。Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies