英文论文参考文献示例
无论在学习或是工作中，大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。你写论文时总是无从下笔？以下是我收集整理的英文论文参考文献示例，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
英语论文参考文献格式范本
用Times New Roman。每一条目顶格,如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。
参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。
1)英文参考文献
(1)专著与编著
排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如：
Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993.
专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。
例如：
Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971.
A.两个至三个作者
第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。
例如：
Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000.
B. 三个以上作者
第一作者姓名(姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号)后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如：
Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：
Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a.
Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b.
(2)论文集
参照下例：
Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.
(3)百科全书等参考文献
参照下例：
Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001.
(4)学术期刊论文
参照下例：
Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18.
(5)网络文献
参照下例：
----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .
2)中文参考文献
(1)专著
参照下例：
皮亚杰.结构主义[M].北京：商务印书馆，1984.
(2)期刊文章
参照下例：
杨忠，张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究，1999，(2)：1-3.
(3)学位论文
参照下例：
梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学，2002.
(4)论文集
参照下例：
许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999：5-7.
(5)附录本
翻译学论文参考文献范例
参考文献：
奥马利 第二语言习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001
陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南：山东教育出版社，1999
丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海：上海外语出版社，2001
费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001
冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京：商务印书馆，1996
桂诗春，宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998
桂诗春 应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998
何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988
胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京：北京大学出版社，2001
黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
李延富主编 英语语言学基本读本 济南：山东大学出版社，1999
李运兴 语篇翻译引论 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000
刘润清 西方语言学流派北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999
刘润清等 现代语言学名著选读(上下册)北京：测绘出版社，1988
刘润清等 语言学入门 北京：人民教育出版社，1990
陆国强 现代英语词汇学(新版)上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999
拓展内容：
书写格式
1.参考文献标注的位置
2. 参考文献标标注方法和规则
3. 参考文献标标注的格式
2007年8月20日在清华大学召开的“综合性人文社会科学学术期刊编排规范研讨会”决定，2008年起开始部分刊物开始执行新的规范“综合性期刊文献引证技术规范”。该技术规范概括了文献引证的“注释”体例和“著者—出版年”体例。不再使用“参考文献”的说法。这两类文献著录或引证规范在中国影响较大，后者主要在层次较高的人文社会科学学术期刊中得到了应用。
⑴文后参考文献的著录规则为GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》，适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献，而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编制者以及索引编辑者使用的文献著录规则”。
⑵顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者，在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说，引用一次的文献的页码（或页码范围）在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码（或页码范围）.”。多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围（有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码）分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处，置于方括号后（仅列数字，不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符；页码范围中间的连线为半字线）并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的，该页码或页码范围也要作上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号，做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外，参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。
⑶参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：
专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；
学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；
图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；
乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。
书写技巧
把光标放在引用参考文献的地方，在菜单栏上选“插入|脚注和尾注”，弹出的对话框中选择“尾注”，点击“选项”按钮修改编号格式为阿拉伯数字，位置为“文档结尾”，确定后Word就在光标的地方插入了参考文献的`编号，并自动跳到文档尾部相应编号处请你键入参考文献的说明，在这里按参考文献著录表的格式添加相应文献。参考文献标注要求用中括号把编号括起来，以word2007为例，可以在插入尾注时先把光标移至需要插入尾注的地方，然后点击 引用-脚注下面的一个小箭头，在出现的对话框中有个自定义，然后输入中括号及数字，然后点插入，然后自动跳转到本节/本文档末端，此时再输入参考文献内容即可。
在文档中需要多次引用同一文献时，在第一次引用此文献时需要制作尾注，再次引用此文献时点“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”选“尾注”，引用内容为“尾注编号（带格式）”，然后选择相应的文献，插入即可。
不要以为已经搞定了，我们离成功还差一步。论文格式要求参考文献在正文之后，参考文献后还有发表论文情况说明、附录和致谢，而Word的尾注要么在文档的结尾，要么在“节”的结尾，这两种都不符合我们的要求。解决的方法似乎有点笨拙。首先删除尾注文本中所有的编号（我们不需要它，因为它的格式不对），然后选中所有尾注文本（参考文献说明文本），点“插入|书签”，命名为“参考文献文本”，添加到书签中。这样就把所有的参考文献文本做成了书签。在正文后新建一页，标题为“参考文献”，并设置好格式。光标移到标题下，选“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”为“书签”，点“参考文献文本”后插入，这样就把参考文献文本复制了一份。选中刚刚插入的文本，按格式要求修改字体字号等，并用项目编号进行自动编号。
打印文档时，尾注页同样会打印出来，而这几页是我们不需要的。当然，可以通过设置打印页码范围的方法不打印最后几页。这里有另外一种方法，如果你想多学一点东西，请接着往下看。
选中所有的尾注文本，点“格式|字体”，改为“隐藏文字”，切换到普通视图，选择“视图|脚注”，此时所有的尾注出现于窗口的下端，在“尾注”下拉列表框中选择“尾注分割符”，将默认的横线删除。同样的方法删除“尾注延续分割符”和“尾注延续标记”。删除页眉和页脚（包括分隔线），选择“视图|页眉和页脚”，首先删除文字，然后点击页眉页脚工具栏的“页面设置”按钮，在弹出的对话框上点“边框”，在“页面边框”选项卡，边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“本节”；“边框”选项卡的边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“段落”。切换到“页脚”，删除页码。选择“工具|选项”，在“打印”选项卡里确认不打印隐藏文字（Word默认）。
注：以上在word中的处理是比较常用的做法，不过作者需要了解，投稿稿件是word格式或pdf格式或wps格式，但是很多期刊是用方正排版系统排版的，二者不“兼容”。因此，作者的word投稿只是编辑部排版的原稿，排版问题作者无需太过担心；而作者如想要编辑部出刊前最后的电子稿（有些作者着急要清样或已经排版的电子稿）其实也没有太大意义，因为没有方正的软件就无法打开这个电子稿。
没想到,还有人和我一样和找相关的参考文献:About Translation P. Newmark《论翻译》A Practical Guide for Translators G. Samuelsson-Brown《译者实用指南》Can Theory Help Translators? A Dialogue Between the Ivory Tower and the Wordface A. Chesterman & E. Wagner《理论对译者有用吗？象牙塔与语言工作面之间的对话》Corpora in Translator Education F. Zanettin et al.《语料库与译者培养》Corpus-based Approaches to Contrastive Linguistics and Translation Studies S. Granger《基于语料库的语言对比和翻译研究》Crosscultural Transgressions: Research Models in Translation studies Ⅱ, Historical and Ideological Issues T. Hermans《跨文化侵越——翻译学研究模式（Ⅱ）：历史与意识形态问题》Electronic Tools for Translators F. Austermuhl《译者的电子工具》Intercultural Fautlines: Research Models in Translation Studies Ⅰ, Textual and Cognitive Aspects M. Olohan《超越文化断裂——翻译学研究模式（Ⅰ）：文本与认知的译学研究》Method in Translation History 《翻译史研究方法》Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation- Orented Text Analysis(Second Edition) C. Nord《翻译的文本分析模式：理论、方法及教学应用》（第二版）The Translator’s Turn D. Robinson《译者登场》Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies . Holmes《译稿杀青！文学翻译与翻译研究文集》Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context《文学翻译：比较文学背景下的理论与实践》Translation and Empire : Postcolonial Theories Explained D. robinson《翻译与帝国：后殖民理论解读》Translation and Language : Linguistic Theories Explained 《翻译与语言：语言学理论解读》Translation and Literary Criticism: Translation as Analysis . Rose《翻译与文学批评：翻译作为分析手段》Translation and Nation : Towards a Cultural Politics of Englishness R. Ellis & L. Ley-Brown《翻译与民族：英格兰的文化政治》Translation and Norms C. Schaffner《翻译与规范》Translation and Norms C. Schaffner《翻译，权力，颠覆》Translation Today: Trends and Perspectives G. Anderman & 《今日翻译：趋向与视角》Unity in Diversity? Current Trends in Translation Studies L. Bowker et al.《多元下的统一？当代翻译研究潮流》Western Translation Theory: from Herodotus to Nietzsche D. Robinson《西方翻译理论：从希罗多德到尼采》 以上全是外研社的,建议你挑几个.千万别全写上,一定穿帮
楼上强大。。我想说楼主必然还是学生，据我所知大学的在线图书馆都有极其强大的database数据库，你可以去数据库找找资料，会有很多。。。。
Some discrepancy phenomenon introductions of our country of educational and western education give all. Family educates form, the discrepancy 1 on concept) the nominal family structure of 3 Chinese acting same halls though have greater change, but the culture that separates acting education exists generally. Now young parents, a lot of because of go abroad , go to sea to go into business or be self cause is busy , hold child to grandfather mother or grandfather mother to look after , have formed in order to separate the tendency mainly with acting family education. 3 generation 1 generation educational general weight raise light religion, besides, the cultural quality of old person is low, ideological to age , so spoil to be more than like , have produced 3 generation wilful, it is pampered, psychological to bear the drawback of ability difference. And in the West, according to our observation for the country of place, entire area nearly looks after the condition of grandson generation without a regular ancestors old person. Our common educational idea that feels western tradition is: Old person does not join religion, child is fostered and educated personally by own parents. In them look , child in childhood get He protect the more future bear ability differ from the more. 2 ) on concept, the importance of family education is known by though more and more families, but domestic many families the mistake understanding " family educates " is " family knowledge education ". Some the head of families arrange child Saturday to study computer , study English and still practice piano Sunday , recite Tang poetry and so on , develop direction blindly for child to seek knowledge and have overlooked the character development of child. Along with the increase of child age, they discover own character needs with the head of family arrange not uniform, wish can not realize , follow Zhi produce countrary turn over psychology, matter with is willing to violate, even cause family tragedy. Some the head of families understand the mistake of " culture " , is "knowledge". Them educational child cannot ether naughty, in school hear the words of teacher, will modestly decline between classmate; And in the West, the head of family lets child select self , likes to do what dry what , does not be to force and be over critical , important guide child institute how surmount difficulty with own strength, how to maintain balance between relying on and selfing support learn survival. So the West see coloured season very less teenager because of one examination suffer a setback to cut wrist suicide, the high schooler who also sees 10 few years very less meets setback, is away from home the condition of runing away. Domestic the head of family most cares for grade and the record of child , is interest in very less as to psychology and ability. What child and the head of family of holding together concern is record and grade. Us this generation that has to recognize home teenagers self support consciousness, psychological quality and the West have obvious gap with acting person. All know one 13 years old European little girl use a vacation person have traveled whole Europe, and in the youth of our China fills in and submits aspiration in examination university , still let the head of family decide special field for him. During examination, it is more that family mobilizes always. Take the green of this year to protect examination see , before the head of family examines , wraps guesthouse , decides rent vehicle , accompanies examination when examining , is spontaneous to stop normal traffic order, forbid have disturb the least bit, after examining , psychology is consulted. If this fragile a acting person how to go to meet world, intense competition. British famous philosophy is domestic with educational home Luo plain in colour consistent view " enforcement free education, advocate to give the freedom of more children , make them learn survival, can develop fully according to own nature ". Compare under, western education is educated than the tradition of our country more scientifically , is more advanced.
For 20-year-old Shen Hsin-ling, a computer is more than just a tool or a toy. 对20岁的Shen Hsin-ling而言,一台电脑不只是一个工具或一个玩具Computers are the medium that connects her with those who need assistance. 电脑是连结他和那些需要帮助的人的媒介.At the age of 11, Hsin-ling built a website to help her grandfather, who was struggling to improve his business as a fruit vendor. 在他11岁时,Hsin-ling创立了一个网站来帮他的祖父改进他依直挣扎不振的水果贩售的生意.She also designed a free educational website featuring English lessons for poor children who could not afford cram school lessons. 她也设计了一个免费的网页特别以英文教学来教那些上不起补习班贫穷的孩子.Through the site, the children were given the opportunity to feel proud of themselves. Hsin-ling felt a connection with them because she also came from a poor background. She later began working to help Cambodian people and Chinese spouses living in Taiwan. It seems her good deeds know no limits. 经由这个网站,给了这些孩子赶到为自己骄傲的机会.Hsin-ling赶到和这些孩子有相连之处因为他也是从贫苦的背景而来的. 她後来开始致力於帮助高棉人和他们中国籍住在台湾的配偶. 看来她的善行是没有极限的. Today the collection at the Kaohsiung International Airport, take the flight to the "Pearl of the Orient," said the Hong Kong. Upon arrival by "Ngong Ping 360 cable car" to Lantau Island. Ngong Ping 360 cable car take the whole 25 minutes, the landscape has a 360-degree field of vision, can see a different point of view and the Big Buddha on Lantau Island scenery (In case of suspension of service on the Ngong Ping 360 cable car, truck traffic will be replaced in order to protect passenger safety). The cable car along with the opening of "Ngong Ping Village" to a traditional Chinese custom built in the style, is elegant charming scenery will make your eye-opener! Car then came to Hong Kong's most famous】 【Wong Tai Sin Temple, formerly known as Sik Sik Yuen, Chong Fengru. Release. Taoism, as is said to Wong Tai Sin responsive, particularly efficacious sign the text, it attracted many worshipers this worship, perennial flourishing incense. Stanley then take you to the 【】, a collection of small shops selling various goods and shopping centers, you can find the shuttle in the traditional Chinese culture, market focused on clothing technology can also be lazy and enjoy the beach in South China warm sea sun, Repulse Bay】 【Hong Kong's most beautiful beaches are known to watch the beautiful sea view, and can enjoy two days after the statue of Guanyin with! Then take the Star Ferry】 【take the ferry in the Hundred Years, the list on both sides of Victoria Harbour, the most outstanding modern architecture and construction, open deck to enjoy the comfort of Qin Liang breeze was blowing, people feel like being in space marine turn a wonderful journey. Tsim Sha Tsui Promenade Avenue of Stars Avenue of Stars on to explore Hong Kong's lighting legend. The tourist spots in Hong Kong, the theme of the film industry to recognize the foreground stars and filmmakers behind the achievements. 今日集合於高雄小港机场，搭乘豪华客机飞往有“东方之珠”之称的香港。抵达後乘「昂坪360缆车」至大屿山。昂坪360缆车全程需25分钟，拥有360度的视野景观，能以不同视野角度观看大佛及大屿山景色(若遇昂坪360缆车停驶，将以交通车替代，以维护旅客安全)。而伴随缆车一起开放的「昂坪市集」，以中华式建筑风格呈现传统风俗，秀逸迷人的景致将使您大开眼界！接著专车来到香港最著名的【黄大仙庙】，原名啬色园，崇奉儒．释．道三教，因据说黄大仙有求必应，签文尤其灵验，故吸引无数善信到此膜拜，常年香火鼎盛。随後带您前往【赤柱】，汇集了贩售各式各样货品的小店铺及购物中心，您可以穿梭在传统市集中找到中华文化的服饰工艺，也可以懒洋洋的在沙滩上享受南中国海的热情艳阳，【浅水湾】有香港最美丽海滩之称，观赏美丽的海景，并可观赏观音与天后两座雕像！接著搭乘【天星小轮】，乘坐在已有百年历史的渡轮中，一览维多利亚港两旁最现代的建筑艺术和杰出建设，露天甲板上尽情享受微风拂面的舒适沁凉，让人彷佛置身在时空交替的海上奇幻之旅。【星光大道】尖沙咀海滨长廊上的星光大道，探索香港的光影传奇。这个旅游点以香港的电影业为主题，旨在表扬幕前巨星和幕後电影工作者的成就。
翻译长篇英语课文的话可以使用敬业签，目前，它每次翻译次可支持多达5000个字符，敬业签翻译小工具可在其敬业小工具中找到，支持中英互译、中日翻译、中韩翻译以及中俄翻译等11种语言的电脑桌面屏幕即时在线互译，还可以添加到云便签主面板中快速一键打开。
Phenomenon introduces the difference our country is educated with several of west education to everybody. Home education difference on the form , idea (1)In form The culture that China replaces education across although three generation and the hall family structure having bigger changing, is common existence. Young parents , many reason now go abroad , plunge into the commercial sea engaging in business deals or are busy rushing about for self cause, will a child be asked to taken care , taken form the trend giving first place to throwback home education for grandparents or grandparent. First generation has educated third generation to foster light religion in general again , quality has insisted to low , to be fond of therefore thought ageing, being indulgent to Duoyu old people culture of adding , has produced bad malady of self-willed , squeamish , psychological bearing capability of third , in the west , according to us, to observation , entire area of the location country, none example ancestry old people takes care of grandchild generation condition nearly. That we feel west tradition education concept all commonly is: The old people does not join religion , the child provides for and educates in person by self parents. From their point of view, children breathing out on when one was young protects increasingly much bearing capability with the future getting over difference. (2)Idea is upper The home education significance is educated by the knowledge the home education "mistake is understood for the "family though the more and more many family knows arrive at, but domestic many family". Some parents have arranged learning a computer on Saturday , learning English on Sunday , wanting the exercise piano, to say Tang poetry by heart too and so on for a child , have ignored that child's individuality develops blindly for the child seeks knowledge developing direction. With child age increase, they discover self individuality requiring that the wish can not come true with inconformity laid on by parents, follow that to produce antagonistic psychology , achieve the opposite of what one intended , bring about a family even tragedy. Some parents understand culture "by accident for "knowledge". They educate a child can not to be very naughty, before school listen to teacher's words , be going to modestly decline between the schoolmate; Fault but self is chosen then in the west , parents by the child, be apt what to do what to do right away, force and judge too harshly, important being guides a child to learn how to use self strength to go to overcome difficulty , how between being dependent on and standing on one's own feet, to keep balance , learn to exist. Condition just running away from home therefore west very few the middle school students who see the flower season teenager give ground because of a examination just cutting commit suicide , also very rare more than ten-year-old of wrist comes across a little setback. In the homeland, parents cares for child's achievement , fraction most , seldom concerns with as for mentality , the ability. Holding together parents and child relation is achievement , fraction then. We have to admit this in the homeland standing on one's own feet of generation teen-agers mental consciousness, psychological quality has the obvious gap with the west and acting person. Everybody knows one 13-year-old Europes little girl makes use of vacation one people has traveled entire Europe,But, we want to let parents be that he decides special field too when applying for university filling in a form and reporting aspiration to the leadership Chinese youth. Also be whole family general mobilization during examination. Protect with green this year right away have a test in come to take a look on that, parents has a test in the front parcel guesthouse , accompany when fixing a taxi , having a test in have a test in, obstruct regular traffic order spontaneously , be not allowed to have the psychological consult disturbing , having a test in the queen for the half an hour. How the so fragile generation people goes to welcome the world fierce rivalry. That famous philosopher of United Kingdom and educationist Russel Bertrand advocate "putting free education into practice all along , encourage giving the children more liberty, makes them learn to exist
英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法英语长句也就是复杂句，里面可能会有多个从句，从句与从句之间的关系可可能为并列，包含与被包含、镶嵌等形式。因此分析长难句或者翻译长难句，首要解决的应该是弄清楚从句以及清楚从句之间的关系。英语经常出现的复合句包括：名词性从句，它又包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；形容词性从句，即定语从句；另外还有一种叫做状语从句。基本方法有以下几点最为基础的步骤需要考生们记住：1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构2、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词；3、分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等；以及词，短语和从句之间的关系；4、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。例题
Instead he learned that mistakes were just opportunities for learning something new,which is, sfter all,what scientific experments are all about.相反，他认识到，错误是学习的机会，为了学到新的东西，毕竟，这是科学实验的全部。which 引导定语从句，作learn引导的宾语从句的宾语的定语。what引导的主语从句做宾语。
先通读一遍，了解大概意思，再把这个句子分成几个短句子翻译出来，不知道的单词尽量忽略或者根据前后意思猜一个使每个短句子连贯通顺。
英语长难句分析方法如下：
1.找谓语，找定语一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语)，我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。如：People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations.
【句意】二十一年来，象牙交易一直被明令禁止，人们担心削弱这一禁令会助长非法捕猎，导致大象数量减少。
【分析】that 引导宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是encourage和hurt，根据逻辑意义，可知encourage和hurt 的主语是动名词短语weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。
2.提主干，去枝叶一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。
文章中的句子之所以难以理解，有许多原因，其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。句子过长或者复杂通常是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分，如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等等。
For 20-year-old Shen Hsin-ling, a computer is more than just a tool or a toy. 对20岁的Shen Hsin-ling而言,一台电脑不只是一个工具或一个玩具Computers are the medium that connects her with those who need assistance. 电脑是连结他和那些需要帮助的人的媒介.At the age of 11, Hsin-ling built a website to help her grandfather, who was struggling to improve his business as a fruit vendor. 在他11岁时,Hsin-ling创立了一个网站来帮他的祖父改进他依直挣扎不振的水果贩售的生意.She also designed a free educational website featuring English lessons for poor children who could not afford cram school lessons. 她也设计了一个免费的网页特别以英文教学来教那些上不起补习班贫穷的孩子.Through the site, the children were given the opportunity to feel proud of themselves. Hsin-ling felt a connection with them because she also came from a poor background. She later began working to help Cambodian people and Chinese spouses living in Taiwan. It seems her good deeds know no limits. 经由这个网站,给了这些孩子赶到为自己骄傲的机会.Hsin-ling赶到和这些孩子有相连之处因为他也是从贫苦的背景而来的. 她後来开始致力於帮助高棉人和他们中国籍住在台湾的配偶. 看来她的善行是没有极限的. Today the collection at the Kaohsiung International Airport, take the flight to the "Pearl of the Orient," said the Hong Kong. Upon arrival by "Ngong Ping 360 cable car" to Lantau Island. Ngong Ping 360 cable car take the whole 25 minutes, the landscape has a 360-degree field of vision, can see a different point of view and the Big Buddha on Lantau Island scenery (In case of suspension of service on the Ngong Ping 360 cable car, truck traffic will be replaced in order to protect passenger safety). The cable car along with the opening of "Ngong Ping Village" to a traditional Chinese custom built in the style, is elegant charming scenery will make your eye-opener! Car then came to Hong Kong's most famous】 【Wong Tai Sin Temple, formerly known as Sik Sik Yuen, Chong Fengru. Release. Taoism, as is said to Wong Tai Sin responsive, particularly efficacious sign the text, it attracted many worshipers this worship, perennial flourishing incense. Stanley then take you to the 【】, a collection of small shops selling various goods and shopping centers, you can find the shuttle in the traditional Chinese culture, market focused on clothing technology can also be lazy and enjoy the beach in South China warm sea sun, Repulse Bay】 【Hong Kong's most beautiful beaches are known to watch the beautiful sea view, and can enjoy two days after the statue of Guanyin with! Then take the Star Ferry】 【take the ferry in the Hundred Years, the list on both sides of Victoria Harbour, the most outstanding modern architecture and construction, open deck to enjoy the comfort of Qin Liang breeze was blowing, people feel like being in space marine turn a wonderful journey. Tsim Sha Tsui Promenade Avenue of Stars Avenue of Stars on to explore Hong Kong's lighting legend. The tourist spots in Hong Kong, the theme of the film industry to recognize the foreground stars and filmmakers behind the achievements. 今日集合於高雄小港机场，搭乘豪华客机飞往有“东方之珠”之称的香港。抵达後乘「昂坪360缆车」至大屿山。昂坪360缆车全程需25分钟，拥有360度的视野景观，能以不同视野角度观看大佛及大屿山景色(若遇昂坪360缆车停驶，将以交通车替代，以维护旅客安全)。而伴随缆车一起开放的「昂坪市集」，以中华式建筑风格呈现传统风俗，秀逸迷人的景致将使您大开眼界！接著专车来到香港最著名的【黄大仙庙】，原名啬色园，崇奉儒．释．道三教，因据说黄大仙有求必应，签文尤其灵验，故吸引无数善信到此膜拜，常年香火鼎盛。随後带您前往【赤柱】，汇集了贩售各式各样货品的小店铺及购物中心，您可以穿梭在传统市集中找到中华文化的服饰工艺，也可以懒洋洋的在沙滩上享受南中国海的热情艳阳，【浅水湾】有香港最美丽海滩之称，观赏美丽的海景，并可观赏观音与天后两座雕像！接著搭乘【天星小轮】，乘坐在已有百年历史的渡轮中，一览维多利亚港两旁最现代的建筑艺术和杰出建设，露天甲板上尽情享受微风拂面的舒适沁凉，让人彷佛置身在时空交替的海上奇幻之旅。【星光大道】尖沙咀海滨长廊上的星光大道，探索香港的光影传奇。这个旅游点以香港的电影业为主题，旨在表扬幕前巨星和幕後电影工作者的成就。
带有翻译的英语励志美文，供大家欣赏。下面是我给大家整理的英语励志美文带翻译，供大家参阅!
英语励志美文带翻译：一种无私的自私
A sort of unselfish selfishness
by WARD GREENE
When a man is ten, he has a boy's faith in almost everthing: even Santa Claus is a belief he is not quite ready to give up so long as there is a chance the old gentleman may really live and deliver. When a man is twenty, he is closer to compete disillusion and stronger conviction than he will probably ever be in his life.
This is the age of atheists and agnostics; it is also the age of martyrs. Jesus Christ must have been a very young man when he died on the cross; Joan of Arc, they say, was only nineteen as the flames consumed her. It is in the later years---oh, anywhere from thirty to fifty---that a man at some time stands with the tatters of his hopes and dreams fallen from him and asks himself:"What, indeed, do i believe?"
He is very apt, then, to cling to the words of other men who have written for him the shadow signposts that come as anything to poiting pathways he found best in the past and roads he will trust on the way ahead. These words may be mere copybook maxims: that honesty is the best policy, or haste makes waste. They may be alone from Shakespeare---
"To thine own self be true"---or from the bible---"All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them"---or from the poets" i myself am Heaven and Hell". They may seem a sort of hodgepodge in a man's mind, yet they can make a pattern not inconsistent and not weak.
So if i believe that i myself am Heaven and Hell, that anything less than honesty to myself and others is a boomerang on them and me; if my translation of the Golden Rule is simple acts of kindness and understanding and compassion, practiced in the hope that they will be shown to me, then i have a way of life that is a sort of unselfish selfishness. The bald statement may sound cynical, but if i can follow that way, i shall not be too unhappy here and i may face death with regret but an untroubled face and a stout heart.
But there are blocks and pitfalls in a way of life, even assuming that a man can adhere to it steadfastly despite his own inclinations to deviate. These obstacles are the work other men who adhere to other ways. Hence kindness and compassion are not enough.
A man, i believe, must have courage and fortitude and a burning sense of justice, too. There are times we should turn the other cheek, but there are likewise times when we must fight the good fight. When? Well, if a fellow can't find the answer on the signposts or in his heart, i guess he has just got to pray.
英语励志美文带翻译：面具让我窒息
A Mask was Stifling Me');
Lucy Freeman
露西?弗里曼
I believe that everyone wants to love and be loved and that happiness stems from a facing and acceptance of self that allows you to give and receive love.
我相信，爱与被爱是每个人的渴望。一个人是否幸福，关键在于他是否拥有爱并能够接受爱。
Some think of love as a passionate, hungry, dramatic feeling, all consuming in intensity and desire. As I see it, this is, rather, immature love: it is a demand on others, not a giving of oneself. Mature love, the love that brings happiness, flows out of an inner fullness, and accepts, understands and is tender toward the other person. It does not ask to be served but only where it may serve.
在有些人看来，爱就是一种充满活力、渴望且极富戏剧性的情感，是占有一切的激情与欲望。而我认为，这种爱是极不成熟的爱：它是向他人的索求，而不是奉献。只有成熟的爱才能带来幸福，它是内心真挚情感的流露，能够接受并理解他人，给予对方温柔与体贴。它不索求服务，而是处处提供服务。
Six years ago I could hardly breathe because of acute sinus. My stomach was always upset and full of queasiness and I had trouble sleeping, even though I felt exhausted all the time. In desperation, after doctors who treated the physical symptoms failed to ease the pain, I tried psychoanalysis. I was lucky to find a wise, compassionate man who showed me what it meant to be able to trust myself and others.
6年前，由于身患急性鼻窦炎，我几乎难以呼吸。胃部也常感不适，易恶心呕吐。失眠问题也一直困扰着我，即使我感到疲惫不堪却依然辗转难眠。可是，医生对我的病症所做的治疗却毫不奏效，我的痛苦丝毫未减。绝望中，我尝试了心理疗法。很幸运的是，我找到了一位博学、热情的医生，他让我懂得了，能够相信自己与他人的意义所在。
The physical ills are gone, but more than that, I have at long last started to acquire a philosophy of living. I had never possessed one. I had lived on dogma and dicta which I had accepted unquestioningly through the years, even though I believed little of it, because I feared to question. But by being unable to live naturally and at peace with myself I was flying in the face of nature. She was punishing me with illness and, at the same time, informing me all was not well just in case I wanted to do something about it.
我身体的疾病得以治愈，而更多的是我最终开始学会一门生活的哲学。我一直是一个循规蹈矩的人，虽然我并不相信那些教条与格言，但多年来，由于不敢质疑，我一直不假思索地将其视为生活的准则。然而我却难以正常而平静地生活，总是坐立不安。最终，我受到了惩罚，病魔缠身，同时也得到了启示：必须对现状做出改变，否则将万事不顺。
In order to change, I needed help in facing myself. For me it was not easy to “know thyself”. All my life I had accepted the lesser of the two evils and run away from self because truth was more dangerous. Once I thought that to survive I had to put on a mask and forget what lay underneath. But masks are false protections and the inner part of me refused to go unheard forever.
为了改变现状，我需要帮助来面对自我。对我来说，“认识自己”并不是件简单的事。一生中，我选择了两个罪恶中较轻的一个：逃避自我，因为真相往往更为危险。曾经我以为，戴上面具，忘记面具下的一切，就能生存下去。
It caught up eventually, and unless it was to master me I had to face such feelings as fear, anger, envy, hatred, jealousy and excessive need for attention. When I realized I could not have done anything else except what I did, I was able to like myself more and be able to like others not for what they could give me but for what I could give to them.
然而，面具是虚假的掩护，我的内心决不肯永远缄默。最终这种情感占了上风，如果它不曾主宰我，我就依然得面对恐惧、愤怒、羡慕、仇恨、嫉妒和极其需要关注的情感。除了顺从自己的内心，我别无选择，当我意识到这一点时，我便更喜欢自己，也更爱他人。这并不是为了他人能给予我什么，而是我能给予他们什么。
The Bible shows the way to easy, happy living in many of its pages. It advises, “It is more blessed to give than to receive.” Those who expect the most are apt to receive the least. I had expected much and was filled with fury because nothing in the outside world relieved my emptiness and despair. Nothing did, either, until I could face the anger and fury, the emptiness and despair, and slowly start to know such new feelings as compassion, conviction, control, calm. I learned, too, of reason—that judicious combination of thought and feeling that enables me to take more responsibility for myself and others, that allows me to slay the ghosts of the past.
如何能简单幸福地生活，《圣经》中的众多例子都告诉了我们。它建议：“施比受更有福。”那些期望最多的人，往往收获最少。曾经，我期望颇多，内心却充满了愤怒与狂躁，因为外界任何事物都无法填补我内心的空虚与绝望。一切都于事无补，直到我能够面对愤怒、狂躁、空虚与绝望，并慢慢地开始懂得同情、信仰、自制与平静这些新的情感。我也明白了，理智正是思想与情感最明智的结合，它能够让我为自己与他人承担起更多的责任，驱除往昔纠缠我的幽灵。
For me there is much hard work ahead to achieve greater happiness. Yet, the very struggle I have put into achieving a measure of it makes happiness that much more dear.
对我来说，要想更加幸福，还需付出更多艰辛的努力。但是，为获得一定程度的幸福而付出的艰辛努力，才使得幸福弥足珍贵。
英语励志美文带翻译：心脏定律
The Law of the Heart
by J. George Frederick
J.乔治?弗雷德里克
At long last I have come to a rather simple point as to what I believe. I believe in what I choose to call “The Law of the Heart”.
最终，我明白可以将自己的信仰 总结 为一点，即所谓的“心脏定律”。
In the medical world this phrase, The Law of the Heart, means the great discovery by Professor Ernest Henry Starling of the precise method by which the heart accelerates and retards itself through the heart muscle; also the manner in which it accomplishes the vital twoway exchange of fluids between the bloodstream and the body tissues.
这个 短语 是医学界欧内斯特?亨利?斯塔林教授的一项伟大发现，是证明心脏跳动在心肌作用下加快和减弱的精确 方法 ;同时，他还发现，心脏进行的血液和体液相互渗透，对生命的存活而言是极其重要。人与人之间需要有重要的情感双向交流，这是我的人生观。
In my view of life there is also supremely needful a vital twoway exchange of heart qualities between human beings. Without it the human spirit and relationship to other spirits is lifeless and dangerous. Dependence on head qualities is mechanical and empty, just as we have discovered that babies do not thrive, even with technically expert nursing care, without mother love.
如果没有这种交流，那么一个人的灵魂及与他人的关系就会死气沉沉，危机重重。依赖理智会使人变得机械而空虚，正如我们发现的缺乏母爱的婴儿，即使在专业的技术护理下，也无法茁壮成长。
The Law of the Heart, in my belief, then, means that I can achieve greatest physical and mental health, and have the most constructive relations with life and people, if my matured emotional self dominates my motives and actions. When, after due consultation with my head, the true heart speaks, it is the finest and most mellowed judgment that I, human creature, am capable of. Man is indivisible, I believe; he is a whole; mind, spirit, body—but with only one real, fully representative voice—the voice of the heart.
我认为，心脏定律的涵义就是，如果我的感情成熟到可以支配自己的动机和行为，那就能达到身心健康的最佳状态，也就可以在生活中与他人建立最具建设性的关系。在与头脑适当地协商后，我所表达出的真正心声便是我作为人所能做出的最绝妙、最成熟的判断。我坚信，人是一个不可分割的整体，是由心灵、精神、肉体构成的一个整体，但唯有心灵之声才是充分代表人类思想的真实声音。
There is, in my belief, very suggestive symbolism in the means by which the Law of the Heart operates. We know that man needs to give others weaker, less fortunate, a transfusion of his blood as proof of fellowship. We know that hearts and arteries which are hard and unresponsive can bring the retribution of sudden death. We know that hearts which beat in unison with the problems, pains, miseries and needs of others know celestial music which can never be known to those who do not.
在我看来，心脏定律的作用方式充满了启发性与象征性。我们知道，为证明我们对其他虚弱、不幸之人的友善，我们需要给他们输血。我们了解，心脏和动脉僵硬且毫无反应时，就会导致猝死。我们明白，当心脏随着他人的困难、痛苦、不幸与需求而跳动时
We know that hearts capable of quickened pulse at the sight of beauty and nobility, courage and sacrifice, love and tenderness, a child or a sunset, achieve intensities of living—a song in their hearts—unknown to others. We know that those who choke off the heart’s native impulses will likely bring on a coronary thrombosis of obstructed emotion which can cripple.
我们就能领略到无此善心者所无从知晓的天籁之音;面对美丽、高贵、勇敢、奉献、关爱、温暖、孩子或夕阳时，心跳就会加快，并因此获得了生活的激情。那是他们的心灵之歌。是他人所不得而知的事物。我们都知道，人若是抑制心灵本能的冲动，就很可能会因内心情感的压抑，而导致冠心病的突发，甚至造成残废。
The first Law of the Heart, I feel sure, is to pulsate, to love. To fail to pulsate and love is swift and certain spiritual death. There are far, far too many of us who seem obsessed with self, unable or unwilling to love. The second Law of the Heart, I believe, is to give, and forgive, to sacrifice. The heart is the great supplier and giver to every remote atom in the body. The heart muscle is the strongest in the whole body.
我确信，心脏定律的第一条便是心跳，是爱。没有了心跳，不再去爱，精神无疑就会迅速衰竭。我们当中有太多的人总是以自我为中心，不能或不愿意去爱。我坚信，心脏定律的第二条是付出、宽恕和牺牲。心脏是身体每一个微小细胞原的能量供给中心，而整个身体中，最强韧的部分便是心肌。
These things I know and believe, and they provide me with the foundation of what I call my humanistic philosophy of life. It works for me. I feel close to the earth with it. Yet face uplifted. The heart is closer to everlasting reality, although I am fully aware that I must not let raw emotion masquerade as a heart quality, and that the immature heart can make serious errors. The educated, matured heart is, to my belief, not only the noblest thing in man but also the great hope of the world.
我的人道主义生活哲学正是基于这些我所知道并相信的知识。它们为我所用。也正因为有它，我才感觉自己能更接近现实，昂首面对生活。我的心更接近永恒的现实，虽然我完全明白，不能将虚伪的粗俗情感当成心灵的特质，而且心灵不成熟便易于导致严重的错误。我相信，拥有良好的 教育 及成熟的心灵，不仅是人类最为高贵的品质，也是世界的伟大希望。
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Monuments to Love Aristotle is believed to have said, “Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies.” When those two people find each other and the soul is reunited, anything is possible. In fact, some of the world's most incredible works are the result. One of the most famous monuments to love is India's Taj Mahal. Located in Agra, this amazing structure was built by the Emperor Shah Jahan upon the death of his favorite wife in the early 1600s. The center building shines in white marble, a symbol of the purity of the emperor's love. The walls inside and out are covered with beautiful designs and precious stones. Today, millions of visitors come each year to see what a man's love for his wife created. 绕著地球游逛浪漫景点 据信亚里斯多德曾说过：「爱是由居住在两个身体的单一灵魂所构成。」当那两个人找到彼此而使灵魂重逢时，任何事都有可能成真。事实上，世上一些最棒的作品就是其结果。 最知名的爱情纪念建物之一就是印度的泰姬玛哈陵。这座惊人的建筑位在阿格拉，是由沙．贾汗皇帝在十七世纪初、他最爱的妻子一去世时就建的。中心的建筑物闪闪发亮，以白色大理石建成，是皇帝纯洁爱情的象徵。里外的墙壁上都布满了美丽的设计图样和珍贵的宝石。现今每年有数百万游客到这里来见证一个男人对他妻子的爱所创造出来的事物。 这些都选自Live杂志 有中英对照的 台湾高中考试范本 建议可以每月订购 这篇我猜测下次段考会出...
要追求速度，就只能靠翻译软件了呗，如果担心软件不够准确，建议用软件翻完之后再自己校对一下，反正比自己翻译或者找别人翻译快多了，顺便推荐一个我用过的一个翻译网站，可以在翻译完后直接进行在线校对，网站叫翻译狗，网址自己百度一下吧
作为一名即将毕业并且已经拟录取为研究生的大学生，对毕业论文的准备也有一阵子了。自己尝试过很多文献翻译工具，也踩过很多雷，今天把我觉得不错的几个工具推荐给大家，希望能对各位有所帮助。
第一个就是deepl Pro。这款翻译工具口碑非常不错，可能很多人已经用过这个了，这个也是我最近用的最频繁文献翻译工具了。它支持一键翻译整个文档，而且字体、图片格式都不会发生改变，并且没有那么种严重的“机翻”的味道，翻译的更加地道。你可以随便编辑翻译之后的文档。还有一点就是，它的数据很安全，当翻译完成之后，网站会立即删除所有文本文档记录，并且会对相应链接加密。
第二个就是QuillBot。这个是可以支持帮你润色文献语句的，它可以帮你巧妙的替换掉一些不恰当的的词汇语句，把他们替换为高级的形式，这个对查重的用户还是非常有帮助的。
个人感觉第一个和第二个搭配起来非常好用，基本是可以满足大家的文献相关的学习。下面再给大家推荐三个我觉得还比较不错的工具，大家也可以试一试。
一个是scitranslate。这个翻译工具也是很不错的，它的用法很简单，但是却很实用。它最大的优点就是不会改变原文献的排版，打开之后点击一下谷歌翻译，就会成功翻译出pdf里边的内容。同时会给你提供两个类似平行世界的界面，一边是英文文献，另一边是翻译过来的中文文献翻译。你可以通过两边进行相互对照，达到更快的阅读的目的，能够更快地提高效率。
还有一个是copytranslate。这个其实也比较好用，它为用户们提供了很多种翻译的方法，当用户输入源语言时候，点击选择想翻译的另一种语言，就会立刻翻译出来。源语言包括很多种语言可以选择。同时，它里边还包括很多翻译引擎可以选择，包括百度、谷歌、搜狗等。总之用起来比较个性化，比较方便而且也很实用。但是也有它的缺点，最大的缺点就是可能时不时的出现某些翻译问题。
最后一个就是知云文献翻译。这款软件可以对照PDF直接进行翻译，对于我们不太理解的地方，可以直接选中，然后点击翻译，这款软件真的比较实用，很不错。
以上都是我自己觉得用着还比较方便的工具，大家可以按着这几个试一试，寻找一款自己用着舒服的，或者互相搭配着使用，希望能帮到大家。
论文中的外文翻译难道不就是翻译你自己写的东西么？又不是让你直接拿外文写作。而且写论文急什么急？
标点符号问题或正文结果与图片结果不符合等笔误问题，这一种我们只需要在自己的文章中核实后进行改正即可；北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下若是还有不明白可以统一去知道了解下