隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
提纲就是一二三，然后每大点里分123几百字就可以一、中国节日习俗二、美国节日习俗三、比较四、分析一下
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
在《魔鬼经济学》这个电影中有专门提到有关于英文名的部分，你去pps搜一下，讲的很有意思。
接上面。(二)观点要创新 毕业论文的创新是其价值所在。文章的创新性，一般来说，就是要求不能简单地重复前人的观点，而必须有自己的独立见解。学术论文之所以要有创新性，这是由科学研究的目的决定的。从根本上说，人们进行科学研究就是为了认识那些尚未被人们认识的领域，学术论文的写作则是研究成果的文字表述。因此，研究和写作过程本身就是一种创造性活动。从这个意义上说，学术论文如果毫无创造性，就不成其为科学研究，因而也不能称之为学术论文。毕业论文虽然着眼于对学生科学研究能力的基本训练，但创造性仍是其着力强调的一项基本要求。 当然，对学术论文特别是毕业论文创造性的具体要求应作正确的理解。它可以表现为在前人没有探索过的新领域，前人没有做过的新题目上做出了成果；可以表现为在前人成果的基础上作进一步的研究，有新的发现或提出了新的看法，形成一家之言3也可以表现为从一个新的角度，把已有的材料或观点重新加以概括和表述。文章能对现实生活中的新问题作出科学的说明，提出解决的方案，这自然是一种创造性；即使只是提出某种新现象、新问题，能引起人们的注意和思考，这也不失为一种创造性。国家科委成果局在1983年3月发布的《发明奖励条例》中指出：“在科学技术成就中只有改造客观世界的才是发明，……至于认识客观世界的科学成就，则是发现。”条例中对“新”作了明确规定：“新”是指前人所没有的。凡是公知和公用的，都不是“新”。这些规定，可作为我们衡量毕业论文创造性的重要依据。 根据《条例》所规定的原则，结合写作实践，衡量毕业论文的创造性，可以从以下几个具体方面来考虑： (1)所提出的问题在本专业学科领域内有一定的理论意义或实际意义，并通过独立研究，提出了自己一定的认识和看法。 (2)虽是别人已研究过的问题，但作者采取了新的论证角度或新的实验方法，所提出的结论在一定程度上能够给人以启发。 (3)能够以自已有力而周密的分析，澄清在某一问题上的混乱看法。虽然没有更新的见解，但能够为别人再研究这一问题提供一些必要的条件和方法。 (4)用较新的理论、较新的方法提出并在一定程度上解决了实际生产、生活中的问题，取得一定的效果。或为实际问题的解决提供新的思路和数据等。 (5)用相关学科的理论较好地提出并在一定程度上解决本学科中的问题。 (6)用新发现的材料(数据、事实、史实、观察所得等)来证明已证明过的观点。 科学研究中的创造性要求对前人已有的结论不盲从，而要善于独立思考，敢于提出自己的独立见解，敢于否定那些陈旧过时的结论，这不仅要有勤奋的学习态度，还必须具有追求真理、勇于创新的精神。要正确处理继承与创新的关系，任何创新都不是凭空而来的，总是以前人的成果为基础。因此，我们要认真地学习、研究和吸收前人的成果。但是这种学习不是不加分析地生吞活剥，而是既要继承，又要批判和发展。 三、论据要翔实，论证要严密 (一)论据要翔实 一篇优秀的毕业论文仅有一个好的主题和观点是不够的，它还必须要有充分、翔实的论据材料作为支持。旁征博引、多方佐证，是毕业论文有别于一般性议论文的明显特点。一般性议论文，作者要证明一个观点，有时只需对一两个论据进行分析就可以了，而毕业论文则必须以大量的论据材料作为自己观点形成的基础和确立的支柱。作者每确立一个观点，必须考虑：用什么材料做主证，什么材料做旁证；对自己的观点是否会有不同的意见或反面意见，对他人持有的异议应如何进行阐释或反驳。毕业论文要求作者所提出的观点、见解切切实实是属于自己的，而要使自己的观点能够得到别人的承认，就必须有大量的、充分的、有说服力的理由来证实自己观点的正确。 毕业论文的论据要充分，还须运用得当。一篇论文中不可能也没有必要把全部研究工作所得，古今中外的事实事例、精辟的论述、所有的实践数据、观察结果、调查成果等全部引用进来，而是要取其必要者，舍弃可有可无者。论据为论点服务，材料的简单堆积不仅不能证明论点，强有力地阐述论点，反而给人以一种文章拖咨、杂乱无章、不得要领的感觉。因而在已收集的大量材料中如何选择必要的论据显得十分重要。一般来说，要注意论据的新颖性、典型性、代表性，更重要的是考虑其能否有力地阐述观点。 毕业论文中引用的材料和数据，必须正确可靠，经得起推敲和验证，即论据的正确性。具体要求是，所引用的材料必须经过反复证实。第一手材料要公正，要反复核实，要去掉个人的好恶和想当然的推想，保留其客观的真实。第二手材料要究根问底，查明原始出处，并深领其意，而不得断章取义。引用别人的材料是为自己的论证服务，而不得作为篇章的点缀。在引用他人材料时，需要下一番筛选、鉴别的功夫，做到准确无误。写作毕业论文，应尽量多引用自己的实践数据、调查结果等作为佐证。如果文章论证的内容，是作者自己亲身实践所得出的结果，那么文章的价值就会增加许多倍。当然，对于掌握知识有限、实践机会较少的大学生来讲，在初次进行科学研究中难免重复别人的劳动，在毕业论文中较多地引用别人的实践结果、数据等，在所难免。但如果全篇文章的内容均是间接得来的东西的组合，很少有自己亲自动手得到的东西，那也就完全失去了写作毕业论文的意义。 (二)论证要严密 论证是用论据证明论点的方法和过程。论证要严密、富有逻辑性，这样才能使文章具有说服力。从文章全局来说，作者提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，要符合客观事物的规律，符合人们对客观事物认识的程序，使人们的逻辑程序和认识程序统一起来，全篇形成一个逻辑整体。从局部来说，对于某一问题的分析，某一现象的解释，要体现出较为完整的概念、判断、推理的过程。 毕业论文是以逻辑思维为主的文章样式，它诉诸理解大量运用科学的语体，通过概念、判断、推理来反映事物的本质或规律，从已知推测未知，各种毕业论文都是采用这种思维形式。社会科学论文往往是用已知的事实，采取归纳推理的形式，求得对未知的认识。要使论证严密，富有逻辑性，必须做到：(1)概念判断准确，这是逻辑推理的前提；(2)要有层次、有条理的阐明对客观事物的认识过程；(3)要以论为纲，虚实结合，反映出从“实”到“虚”，从“事”到“理”，即由感性认识上升到理性认识的飞跃过程。 此外，撰写毕业论文还应注意文体式样的明确性、规范性。学术论文、调查报告、科普读物、可行性报告、宣传提纲等都各有自己的特点，在写作方法上不能互相混同。
本科论文一般要写一万字左右，要根据专业的不同学校，不同老师的要求不同，每个班级，他的一个字数的要求也是不一样的，但是本科的论文的字数的要求不会很高。首先，写一篇论文的话，你要找到论文的题目，论文的题目的话，根据你平时比较了解，接触比较多的内容去开展，去查找这样的话，方便自己论文才看论述，当然，也可以看到自己比较感兴趣的论点，可以去查找相关的资料，也可以写出一篇不错的论文。第二，写论文的话，有的老师她会给你一个论文的题目，您只要按照老师的要求，然后根据题目的内容去查阅相关的资料，根据自己的思考以及这些资料，然后去整合一篇论，这样子也是一个不错的方法。第三，写论文的话会经过很多次的更改，特别是对于毕业论文这样比较重要的论文，那么老师也会亲自帮你修改，特别是一些比较负责任的老师，那么他就会帮你找出问，然后让你对症下药去修改一下。你知道我当年毕业的时候大概是写了8000字左右就完成了任务，然后查阅了很多资料，论文的格式的要求也很重要，因为他要引用别人的论点，所以有一些格式要特别的注意，有的还要写一个目录。
毕业论文怎么写？
一、写作的主题论文只能有一个主题(不能是几块拼凑在一起),这个主题要具体到问题的基层(即,这个问题不再降低分解成子问题的基本水平),而不是问题所属的领域,那里的主题是没有问题的,换句话说,避免学习过大主题。由于所涉及的问题太广,很难在硕士论文完全彻底的研究。通常情况下,针应硕士学位论文深入在某些学科领域的一个具体问题的研究,并得出有价值的结论。
二、标题措词毕业论文题目应简明扼要地反映论文工作的主要内容,切忌笼统。因为别人要通过你的论文题目的关键词检索您的论文,所以精确的语言是非常重要的。论文题目应该研究的对象的精确描述,这个描述一般体现在一定程度上结论,因此,我们的论文题目不仅应告诉读者这本论文研究了什么问题,更要告诉读者这个研究得出的结论。
三、总结写法毕业论文的摘要,是对论文研究内容的高度概括,其他人会根据摘要检索一篇硕士学位论文,因此摘要应包括:对问题及研究目的的描述、对使用的方法和研究过程进行的简要介绍、对研究结论的简要概括等内容。摘要应具有独立性、自明性,应是一篇完整的论文。
四、引进的措辞论文的介绍,基本上包括以下部件:1、问题的提出;2、选题背景及意义;3、文献综述;4、研究方法;5、论文结构安排。
1.问题的提出:讲清所研究的问题“是什么”
2.背景和意义:你为什么选择这个主题来研究,即阐述该研究对学科发展的贡献、对国计民生的理论与现实意义等。
3.文献综述:对本研究主题范围内的文献进行详尽的综合述评,“述”的同时一定要有“评”指出现有研究成果的不足,讲出自己的改进思路。
4.研究方法:讲清论文所使用的科学研究方法。
5.论文结构安排:介绍本论文的写作结构安排。“第2章,第3章,结论前的一章”的写法是论文作者的研究内容,不能将他人研究成果不加区分地掺和进来。已经在引言的文献综述部分讲过的内容,这里不需要再重复。
五、结论措辞结论是对论文主要研究结果、论点的提炼与概括,应准确、简明,完整,有条理,使人看后就能全面了解论文的意义、目的和工作内容。主要阐述自己的创造性工作及所取得的研究成果在本学术领域中的地位、作用和意义。同时,要严格区分自己取得的成果与导师及他人的科研工作成果。
一、毕业论文的选题选题是论文写作的首要环节。选题的好坏直接关系到论文的学术价值和使用价值，新颖性、先进性、开创性、适用性以及写作的难易程度等。下面重点谈谈选题的原则：1．要客观需要，颇有价值。选题要根据我国经济建设的需要，具有重大的理论和实用价值。例如“企业联盟问题研究”，就是这样。正如一汽集团李启祥副总经理说，我国汽车与国外的汽车竞争，无论是技术、质量、品牌、功能、成本和规模经济等都比不过人家，只能靠一体化，战略联盟，与“大众”合资进入世界大汽车集团，靠国外发展自己。因此，关于战略联盟的研究，既满足了我国经济建设的需要，又具有重大的理论和实用价值。2．要捕捉灵感，注重创新。论文的生命在于创新。创新的含义非常广泛，是指一种新的观点，创立新说，新的论据(新材料)，新的补充，新的方法，新的角度。也有人说创新指研究的内容是新的，方法是新的，内容与方法都是新的。还有人认为创新指独特见解，提出前人未曾提出过的问题，纠正前人的错误观点，对前人成果进一步深化、细化、量化和简化等。由上可见，一篇论文总要有一点创新，否则就算不上真正的论文。创新靠灵感，灵感靠积累。只有在长期的艰苦砥砺中才能偶然产生一点思想的火花，而这稍纵即逝的思想火花就可能变成学术创新的起点。
具体的范文模板链接： 提取码: ne8r
毕业论文没有通过，是无法拿到毕业证的。建议：毕业论文每位同学在答辩的时候，尽量尽早进行答辩，这样可以给自己后期预留更多应对突发状态的时间。论文答辩一次没有通过，原因是有很多的。论文答辩一次没有通过，还是有二次答辩的，即便因为二次答辩时间导致延期毕业，只要最终答辩通过，也是可以顺利拿到毕业证的。
没写毕业论文，是拿不到毕业证的。
写毕业论文主要目的是培养学生综合运用所学知识和技能，理论联系实际，独立分析，解决实际问题的能力，使学生得到从事本专业工作和进行相关的基本训练。
毕业论文应反映出作者能够准确地掌握所学的专业基础知识，基本学会综合运用所学知识进行科学研究的方法，对所研究的题目有一定的心得体会，论文题目的范围不宜过宽，一般选择本学科某一重要问题的一个侧面。
毕业论文在进行编写的过程中需要经过开题报告、论文编写、论文上交评定、论文答辩以及论文评分五个过程，其中开题报告是论文进行的最重要的一个过程，也是论文能否进行的一个重要指标。
扩展资料
评分标准
毕业论文成绩可以采用五级记分制评定，由校答辩委员会根据各系答辩小组的评分，最终确定评分等级。以下是一种示例：优秀的比例一般控制在15%以内，优良比例不超过65%。
优（90分以上）：
良（80-89分）：
中（70-79）：
及格（60-69）：
不及格（59分以下，同时具备以下三条或三条以上者）：
1.在毕业论文工作期间，态度不够认真，有违反纪律的行为。
2.在教师指导下，仍不能按时和全面地完成与毕业论文有关的各项任务。
3.论文中，理论分析有原则性错误，或结论不正确。
4.论文写作格式不规范，文中使用的概念有不正确之处，栏目不齐全，书写不工整。
5.论文中的图表.设计中的图纸在书写和制作上不规范，不能够执行国家有关标准。
6.原始数据搜集不得当，计算结论不准确，不能正确使用计算机进行研究工作。
7.在论文答辩时，不能正确阐述主要内容，经答辩教师启发，仍不能正确地回答各种问题
参考资料来源：百度百科-毕业论文
当然有关，毕业论文就像所学的一门课程一样，有学分的，要是不及格就毕不了业
有关系,一般毕业论文不过,没有办法得到学位和毕业证
内容是不同的。具体区别1、毕业设计：在教师指导下，学生就选定的课题进行工程设计和研究，包括设计、计算、绘图、工艺技术、经济论证以及合理化建议等，最后提交一份报告。应尽量选与生产、科学研究任务结合的现实题目，亦可做假拟的题目。学生只有在完成教学计划所规定的理论课程、课程设计与实习，经考试、考查及格后始可进行。是评定毕业成绩的重要依据，学生通过毕业设计答辩，成绩评定及格才能毕业。2、毕业论文：题目由教师指定或由学生提出，经教师同意确定。均应是本专业学科发展或实践中提出的理论问题和实际问题。通过这一环节，应使学生受到有关科学研究选题，查阅、评述文献，制订研究方案。设计进行科学实验或社会调查，处理数据或整理调查结果，对结果进行分析、论证并得出结论，撰写论文等项初步训练。
毕业设计和毕业论文的区别如下：
一、指代不同
1、毕业设计：是指工、农、林科高等学校和中等专业学校学生毕业前夕总结性的独立作业。
2、毕业论文：是专科及以上学历教育为对本专业学生集中进行科学研究训练而要求学生在毕业前撰写的论文。
二、内容不同
1、毕业设计：在教师指导下，学生就选定的课题进行工程设计和研究，包括设计、计算、绘图、工艺技术、经济论证以及合理化建议等，最后提交一份报告。
应尽量选与生产、科学研究任务结合的现实题目，亦可做假拟的题目。学生只有在完成教学计划所规定的理论课程、课程设计与实习，经考试、考查及格后始可进行。是评定毕业成绩的重要依据，学生通过毕业设计答辩，成绩评定及格才能毕业。
2、毕业论文：题目由教师指定或由学生提出，经教师同意确定。均应是本专业学科发展或实践中提出的理论问题和实际问题。通过这一环节，应使学生受到有关科学研究选题，查阅、评述文献，制订研究方案。
设计进行科学实验或社会调查，处理数据或整理调查结果，对结果进行分析、论证并得出结论，撰写论文等项初步训练。
三、作用不同
1、毕业设计：旨在培养学生综合运用所学理论、知识和技能解决实际问题的能力。
2、毕业论文：培养学生的科学研究能力；加强综合运用所学知识、理论和技能解决实际问题的训练；从总体上考查学生大学阶段学习所达到的学业水平。
参考资料来源：百度百科-毕业设计
参考资料来源：百度百科-毕业论文
毕业论文跟毕业设计不一样，区别如下：
1、指代不同，毕业设计是指工、农、林科高等学校和中等专业学校学生毕业前夕总结性的独立作业。毕业论文是专科及以上学历教育为对本专业学生集中进行科学研究训练而要求学生在毕业前撰写的论文。
2、内容不同，毕业设计在教师指导下，学生就选定的课题进行工程设计和研究，包括设计、计算、绘图、工艺技术、经济论证以及合理化建议等，最后提交一份报告。
毕业论文题目由教师指定或由学生提出，经教师同意确定。均应是本专业学科发展或实践中提出的理论问题和实际问题。通过这一环节，应使学生受到有关科学研究选题，查阅、评述文献，制订研究方案。
3、作用不同，毕业设计旨在培养学生综合运用所学理论、知识和技能解决实际问题的能力。毕业论文培养学生的科学研究能力；加强综合运用所学知识、理论和技能解决实际问题的训练；从总体上考查学生大学阶段学习所达到的学业水平。
毕业论文的基本教学要求是：
1、培养学生综合运用、巩固与扩展所学的基础理论和专业知识，培养学生独立分析、解决实际问题能力、培养学生处理数据和信息的能力。
2、培养学生正确的理论联系实际的工作作风，严肃认真的科学态度。
3、培养学生进行社会调查研究；文献资料收集、阅读和整理、使用；提出论点、综合论证、总结写作等基本技能。
以上内容参考百度百科——毕业设计，百度百科—毕业论文
毕业设计和毕业论文的区别如下：
一、指代不同
1、毕业设计：是指工、农、林科高等学校和中等专业学校学生毕业前夕总结性的独立作业。
2、毕业论文：是专科及以上学历教育为对本专业学生集中进行科学研究训练而要求学生在毕业前撰写的论文。
二、内容不同
1、毕业设计：在教师指导下，学生就选定的课题进行工程设计和研究，包括设计、计算、绘图、工艺技术、经济论证以及合理化建议等，最后提交一份报告。
应尽量选与生产、科学研究任务结合的现实题目，亦可做假拟的题目。学生只有在完成教学计划所规定的理论课程、课程设计与实习，经考试、考查及格后始可进行。是评定毕业成绩的重要依据，学生通过毕业设计答辩，成绩评定及格才能毕业。
2、毕业论文：题目由教师指定或由学生提出，经教师同意确定。均应是本专业学科发展或实践中提出的理论问题和实际问题。通过这一环节，应使学生受到有关科学研究选题，查阅、评述文献，制订研究方案。
设计进行科学实验或社会调查，处理数据或整理调查结果，对结果进行分析、论证并得出结论，撰写论文等项初步训练。
三、作用不同
1、毕业设计：旨在培养学生综合运用所学理论、知识和技能解决实际问题的能力。
2、毕业论文：培养学生的科学研究能力；加强综合运用所学知识、理论和技能解决实际问题的训练；从总体上考查学生大学阶段学习所达到的学业水平。
毕业论文写作注意事项：
实验结果应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据、不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。
而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因，不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。
实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。
能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。
以上内容参考百度百科-毕业论文
大学生写篇论文是希望大学生能对自己本科这4年来的学习有所认知和研究。也是让老师检验自己学习的成果。一般来说如果没有完成毕业论文就是不可以毕业的。
毕业论文你的导师会负责定时查看的，督促你作业，直到你的毕业论文合格！所以一般都毕业，只是看你的毕业论文成绩如何！有高分有低分，因为一般还有演讲毕业论文，所以你要努力些！不要先自暴自弃！加油！同学！
本科如果毕业论文没有通过，肯定是拿不到学业的，毕业证估计可以拿的，最好还是努力和辛苦一下，把毕业论文答辩通过吧。
一般情况下，本科生都会过论文查重，所以很少有这种情况。学校会要求你查重的，所以尽量好好改下论文吧。