[1] 熊秋菊. 一曲美丽而苍凉的哀歌——论《半生缘》的审美风格[J]. 沧桑, 2006,(02) . [2] 秦军,王旭. 论张爱玲小说中的悲剧人生[J]. 黑河学刊, 2006,(01) . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 7 条[1] 陈坤. 母爱的缺失——张爱玲小说世界的“审母”情结[J]. 北华大学学报(社会科学版), 2008,(04) . [2] 胡晓虹. 谈《半生缘》的自然主义色彩[J]. 福建商业高等专科学校学报, 2006,(04) . [3] 徐娜. 浅析《金锁记》中女性的命运[J]. 安徽文学(下半月), 2008,(05) . [4] 尹正纯. 张爱玲小说中男性人物形象分析[J]. 保山师专学报, 2008,(06) . [5] 张英. 浅析张爱玲读者接受心理特点[J]. 辽宁工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2008,(02) . [6] 闫云霄,马芳. 电影《半生缘》改编的遗憾[J]. 徐州教育学院学报, 2006,(04) . [7] 高园园. 谈《半生缘》的舞台表现手法[J]. 戏剧-中央戏剧学院学报, 2005,(03) . [1] 田春林. 悲欢半生缘苍凉一世情——读张爱玲《十八春》[J]. 青春男女生(少年作家), 2006,(06) . [2] 袁瑾. 永未言尽的苍凉故事——从《半生缘》品读张爱玲小说的悲剧意味[J]. 沙洋师范高等专科学校学报, 2002,(05) . [3] 林幸谦. 《半生缘》再解读:姐妹情谊的反动与女性冲突主题[J]. 海南师范学院学报(人文社会科学版), 2000,(01) . [4] 麦凤庄. 救赎与毁灭——以曼桢为例浅谈对《半生缘》的女性价值反思[J]. 贵州文史丛刊, 2006,(03) . [5] 邓筠!96(2)班. 回不去的《半生缘》──张爱玲小说阅读笔记[J]. 南京师范大学文学院学报, 2000,(01) . [6] 袁瑾. 悲剧人生 苍凉最美——从《半生缘》品读张爱玲小说的悲剧意味[J]. 天津大学学报(社会科学版), 2003,(03) . [7] 熊秋菊. 一曲美丽而苍凉的哀歌——论《半生缘》的审美风格[J]. 沧桑, 2006,(02) . [8] 王朝彦. 读张爱玲的《十八春》及《半生缘》[J]. 中南民族学院学报(人文社会科学版), 2001,(03) . [9] 胡晓虹. 谈《半生缘》的自然主义色彩[J]. 福建商业高等专科学校学报, 2006,(04) . [10] 张廷山. 评《半生缘》兼析张爱玲小说的审美特征[J]. 中共郑州市委党校学报, 2005,(02) .
基本都是有情爱的。只有一个是很极端的，曹七巧，金锁记里面的住人公。这个是一个很好的切入点和讨论重点。海内外，张的名声，一部分就是这个人物撑起来的。其他的还有本来有，又失去了的：茉莉香片里的聂传庆（男的）沉香屑：第一炉香里的葛薇龙沉香屑：第二炉香里的愫西散戏里的女主人公。（丧失了爱）同学少年都不贱里面的几个女人都又点不正常我想到的久这些了。张的文章里面缺失是少的
周芳芸，《曹七巧论》，四川师范大学学报，1990年第3期周芳芸，《中国现代文学悲剧女性形象研究》，天地出版社，1999鲁建平，《母性的陨落——张爱玲笔下的母亲形象与母女关系探析》陈慧茹，《母性的沦丧与异化——张爱玲小说中的母亲形象及母女关系探析》，太原大学学报缺失的情爱，一要从当时十里洋场的特殊社会背景去分析，封建主义与资本主义的双重压迫，使得女性不得不以出卖青春、爱情、肉体等方式获得生存，有人心甘情愿做了金丝雀，如《沉香屑》里的葛薇龙，《倾城之恋》里的白流苏；二是要从性压抑问题上去探讨女性所受的屈辱，《金锁记》里曹七巧是一个从被人食、到食人，再到自食的典型。还可以讲张爱玲塑造的女性形象与现代文学其他的形象作比较。
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6、对文献原意的尊重：指出文献的主意或观点时，不能曲解原文的意思。
论沈从文的宗教情怀 现代意义上的宗教精神是指深入探究人类命运问题,渴望减轻人类苦难,并且恳切希望将来会实现人类美好前景的一种终极关怀态度。沈从文正是这样一位具有深沉宗教情怀的文学家。在他的文学世界中饱含着博爱的基督教精神,天人合一的道家精神和追求心性自由的佛教精神。 一、沈从文的基督教情怀 基督教虽然在16世纪末就传入了中国,但基督教文化对中国现代文学的影响,在留学欧美的作家身上表现更为普遍。而自诩为“乡下人“的沈从文既没留过学,甚至没受过正规的现代教育,基督教文化却对他产生了不可忽视的影响。 沈从文接触基督教是从读《圣经》开始的。1922年夏,二十岁的沈从文只身来到北京,虽满怀文学救国的崇高理想,却连基本的标点符号的使用都不熟悉,更何谈文学创作!当时身边唯一的师傅是一部《史记》,随后不久从燕京大学朋友处偶然得到一本破旧的《圣经》,他立即喜欢上了《圣经》“那接近口语的译文”和“部分充满抒情诗的篇章”,并从“反复阅读中”,“得到极多有益启发,学会了叙事抒情的基本知识”。可以说,沈从文作品自然、流畅、平白的风格,与《圣 经》有一定的传承渊源关系。而《圣经》所蕴涵的仁爱、善良、怜悯也成为他精神的寄托与支柱之一,他从中找到了不属于任何宗教派别的精神安慰,支撑他战胜一切困难与挫折。后来,沈从文认识了著名的教会学校燕京大学的一帮学生,如董秋斯、张采真、司徒乔、韦丛芜等。沈从文在与他们的交往中也间接地受到基督教的影响,这使他对教会生活、基督教知识有一定了解。1925年7月至1926年间,沈从文在其亲戚———曾任民国总理的熊希龄办的北京香山慈幼院里做事。慈幼院是一个慈善和救助机构,具体由中国基督教非圣职人员经办,沈从文在做事中也与不少基督教信仰者有往来,耳濡目染,受到一定影响。他因此写了一系列有基督教影响的作品,如《蒙恩的孩子》、《第二个狒狒》、《用A字记下来的事》等。 基督教“最根本的精神永远是爱———一种完全无私的精神,一种尊重他人并为他人寻求最高的善的行为”沈从文接受的主要就是基督教的博爱精神,他在1933年回答有人提出的问题“你为什么要写作”时说:“因为我活到这世界里有所爱。美丽,清洁,智慧,以及对全人类幸福的幻影,皆永远觉得是一种德性,也因此永远使我对它崇拜和倾心。这点情绪同宗教情绪完全一样。”沈从文爱美丽,也爱永恒;爱世界,也爱人类。这种爱完全是一种宗教行为,闪烁着关爱人类未来的宗教情怀。 沈从文之所以接受基督教的博爱精神,是因为他一直生活在一个充满仇恨和冷酷的世界里。在湘西,沈从文难以忘记的是军队中那些血淋淋的杀人场面,无数无辜百姓被军队长官以“土匪”的名义杀掉;在北京,沈从文体验最深刻的是都市中人与人之间的虚伪和冷漠。从湘西到北京,生活空间的位移并未改变现实的严酷。人们之间缺少温情,找不到爱繁衍的土壤。既然现实中已经不存在爱,那么,爱又在何方呢?沈从文想到了《圣经》———一本充满爱意的圣书。他非常欣赏耶稣的“博爱”精神,并从中找到了永恒的精神慰籍。 在以后的生活中,这种爱逐渐内化为作家的一种心理内趋力,形成沈从文特有的“爱人类”“爱有生”“爱善”“爱美”的“爱的哲学”,伴随着沈从文漫长的一生。 二、沈从文的道家情怀 作为一种文化哲学体系,道家是中国传统文化中最富有个性的一派。崇尚自然,强调以自然为本体的天人合一是道家哲学的一个重要观点。老子认为:“人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然。”人应当效法自然并且顺应生命的自然,这样才能保持人的纯正本性,保持人性的健全和恒久。强调“天道自然无为”,推重自然人性观是庄子和老子哲学的共通之处。道家的人生观为生命的存在方式和存在质量提供了一个理想的范式,对后世作家产生了广泛而深刻的影响,京派作家身上或多或少都闪现出道家文化的影子,尤以沈从文为代表。 湘西古朴原始、神秘奇丽、浪漫洒脱的苗族文化氛围喂养滋润了沈从文的心灵和感情。这种地域性文化呈现出某些和道家文化相同的价值取向,如对自然的顺应,对与自然相契的人性的凸现等。沈从文拥有浓烈厚重的乡土情结,在他笔下的湘西世界里,人们终日与古朴、宁静、和谐、美妙如画而又充满灵性的大自然为伴,拥有原始、野性、蓬勃旺盛的生命力。他们的人性、人情、道德与孕养他们的大自然保持着一种异质同构的关系,完全是自然孕育造化的精灵。他们性情所至,率力而为,不受任何陈规陋俗羁绊,也不为任何世俗礼法约束。四狗和阿姐在山雨洗净了的大自然中“撒野”(《雨后》),儿子特意筑路以方便母亲去庙里与和尚相会(《沅陵的人》)。湘西民间的道德处于一种自由自在的状态,这种道德是纯审美的,它体现了人们的习惯、乐趣和愿望,反映了生命的需求和生命的趋向,完全符合人的生理自然和心理自然,彰示出生命的自由,生存的洒脱。 对人性的歌颂是庄子哲学的要义所在,沈从文的生命观、价值观明显受到道家文化的影响。其对健康的人性有着天然的倾心,他在《从文小说习作选集代序》中明确了自己的立场:“这世界上或有想在沙基或水面上建造崇楼杰阁的人,那可不是我。我只想造希腊小庙,选山地作基础,用坚硬石头堆砌它。精致,结实,匀称,形体虽小而不纤巧,是我理想的建筑。这神庙供奉的是‘人性’”[4]在他笔下,农民、兵士、水手、娼妓、童养媳等等,都具有一种生命本性的美。他还在《水云》一文中宣称:“我是一个对一切无信仰的人,却只信仰‘生命’。”[5]他笔下的画面与庄子“以自然为宗”的思想很相似,庄子思想中宣扬清淡无为、反对约束、恢复本性等特点在沈从文的小说中均有体现。沈从文笔下的主人公大都是“风日里长养着”的自然之子,这里的女子心地善良、温柔却刚强,体现着自然人性中和静柔美的一面;这里的男子诚实勇敢、,带有自然原始发力量与生命的冲动。这就是沈从文所认可的自然的人性和生命的本真状态,自然健康的人、人性是沈从文写作的起点,也是他的终点。 三、沈从文的佛教情怀 佛教虽然产生于印度,传入中国后却得到了创造性的发展,并形成了中国本土特点的禅宗。从文化学的角度看,禅宗是一种摆脱烦恼、追求生命自觉和精神自由境界的文化理想。沈从文深受佛教文化的影响,佛教的“心性论”为他思考“人”的问题提供了一个独特视角,使他掌握了人类自身的独特思维方式-———反视内心,从而体现出他对人类生命本质 认识的深刻性。沈从文最早接触到佛教,是他还在陈渠珍部下当兵的时候,当时他正处在精神上极度苦闷和困惑之中,内心有股难言的苦恼和寂寞需要向人倾诉,并希望有人能对他精神上紊乱的思绪进行疏导和启发。这时候,他饱读诗书的姨父聂仁德适时地出现在他的生活中,为沈从文带来了儒家理学、佛学、西方近代哲学等以前他闻所未闻的人类文化精华。他在《从文自传》写道:“(聂仁德)为人知识极博,而且非常有趣味,我便常常过河去听他谈‘宋元哲学’,谈‘大乘’,谈‘因明’,谈‘进化论’谈一切我所不知道却愿意知道的问题。”这种谈话显然也使他十分快乐,因此每次所谈的时间总很长很久。但这么一来,“我的幻想更宽,寂寞也就更大了。”这里提到的谈话内容,根据沈从文后来思想的发展轨迹来看,其中佛学对他的影响最大,后来他读了大量的有关佛教经典。他在一本抗战时期出版的盗印本《月下小景》上的题字中写道:“(在武汉大学教书时)教书时间既不多,因此有四分之一时读书,有机会把碛砂藏内诸故事经卷大致看过一次或二次。”他很多作品如小说集《月下小景》中的小说、散文《七色魇》等都是直接以佛经故事为题材。 追求心灵自由是沈从文对佛教精神最深的感悟。个体生命是有限的,要摆脱个体生命的束缚,达到永恒的自在状态,必须扩张个体的心灵,追求心灵的无限自由。沈从文所感悟到的心灵自由是有“神性”的生命,也只有这样的生命才可以与日月同辉。他在追求心灵自由时主要凭借文学创作的方式,因为“凡知道用各种感觉文字去捕捉住此美丽神奇光影的,此光影在生命即终生不灭。”也就是说,文学创作是 心灵自由遨游的一种方式,而且感悟心灵自由时必须在一个清静的地方,同外物完全隔绝,“心有所悟,若有所契,无渣滓,少凝滞,”从而进入心灵自由的境界。正因为沈从文执着于生命的“神性”,才使他在现实的“人”的生活中感到精神上有无穷的困惑,不时发出“人生可悯”的慨叹! 综观沈从文的“神性”思想的全部内涵,其最核心部分就是要摆脱日益使人性异化的虚伪、堕落的社会生活,葆有一颗真心,恢复人之为人的神性生命。佛教心性论的明心见性思想为他提供了直指内心的思维方式,而大乘佛教的入世精 神又使他不逃避现实社会,呈现出一种天真、勇敢的进取精神。佛教对他毕生都产生了重大的影响,他晚年还说过:“七四年六月过苏州重买《法苑珠林》一部,作为纪念。四十年人事变迁极大,童心未失,和所读诸佛经有相当关系。”童心未失,生命的“神性”常在,这是沈从文的人格魅力所在,也是他的作品永恒的艺术魅力所在。参考文献：1、(英)詹姆士.里德.基督教的人生观[M].上海:三联书店, 19892、沈从文.沈从文全集(第9卷)[M].北岳文艺出版社, 20023、郭国昌.论沈从文的宗教精神.西北师大学报(社会科学版). 2000年5月4、袁启君，论沈从文的宗教情怀，辽宁行政学院学报，2007年第11期
对于高尚的境界，它指平凡或平庸;相对于高雅的境界，它指流俗或庸俗。但换一种思维，世俗还指接地气、有烟火气，算得上是一种别样的精彩或生活的妩媚。在世俗的维度里，也许神圣不过是一种虚幻，高尚的外衣下掩藏着虚伪，高雅可能意味着距离。 在生活的万花筒中，你如何看待“高雅”（“神圣”“高尚”）与“世俗”？请在准确理解材料的基础上，结合自己的联想、感悟与思考写一篇文章。 要求：选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，自拟标题;不要套作，不得抄袭;不少于800字。 这段文字材料的内容分三层。第一层，从三个不同维度（“神圣的境界”“高尚的境界”“高雅的境界”）揭示出“世俗”的内涵，其中暗含着三组词语的正反对举（世俗一神圣/世俗一高尚/世俗一高雅），意在引导考生从多维度思考问题。第二层，用“亮点”思维看世俗，揭示了世俗的正面意义和价值——接地气、有烟火气，是一种别样的精彩或生活的妩媚，引导学生从正反两面看问题，树立思辨意识。第三层，站在世俗的维度中审视“神圣”“高尚”“高雅”，那“神圣”可能变成“虚幻”，“高尚”可能掩藏着“虚伪”，“高雅”意味着“距离”，引发写作者从更深层次的角度看问题，更多带有哲理意味。三个层次，也意味着思维的三级跳跃：多角度看问题一思辨意识一哲理意味。
我觉得不管这个一楼玩是世俗的还是高雅的，应该表现的都只是一个人。对于一些事物的不一样的看法而已
周芬玲的著作，陈子善的，杨雪的《多元调和：张爱玲翻译作品研究》等等，我的论文也是这个
长篇：半生缘，多少恨，倾城之恋，十八春，怨女。怨女是我的最爱散文：爱，打人，道路以目，到底是上海人，更衣记，公寓生活记趣，借银灯，双声，私语，雨伞下，造人，，等等，，这些本人喜欢，，，中篇：不辛的她，霸王别姬，等，创世纪，封锁，留情，，，相见欢，，，等等。。。很多的呢，，这些我本人喜欢
[1] 熊秋菊. 一曲美丽而苍凉的哀歌——论《半生缘》的审美风格[J]. 沧桑, 2006,(02) . [2] 秦军,王旭. 论张爱玲小说中的悲剧人生[J]. 黑河学刊, 2006,(01) . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 7 条[1] 陈坤. 母爱的缺失——张爱玲小说世界的“审母”情结[J]. 北华大学学报(社会科学版), 2008,(04) . [2] 胡晓虹. 谈《半生缘》的自然主义色彩[J]. 福建商业高等专科学校学报, 2006,(04) . [3] 徐娜. 浅析《金锁记》中女性的命运[J]. 安徽文学(下半月), 2008,(05) . [4] 尹正纯. 张爱玲小说中男性人物形象分析[J]. 保山师专学报, 2008,(06) . [5] 张英. 浅析张爱玲读者接受心理特点[J]. 辽宁工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2008,(02) . [6] 闫云霄,马芳. 电影《半生缘》改编的遗憾[J]. 徐州教育学院学报, 2006,(04) . [7] 高园园. 谈《半生缘》的舞台表现手法[J]. 戏剧-中央戏剧学院学报, 2005,(03) . [1] 田春林. 悲欢半生缘苍凉一世情——读张爱玲《十八春》[J]. 青春男女生(少年作家), 2006,(06) . [2] 袁瑾. 永未言尽的苍凉故事——从《半生缘》品读张爱玲小说的悲剧意味[J]. 沙洋师范高等专科学校学报, 2002,(05) . [3] 林幸谦. 《半生缘》再解读:姐妹情谊的反动与女性冲突主题[J]. 海南师范学院学报(人文社会科学版), 2000,(01) . [4] 麦凤庄. 救赎与毁灭——以曼桢为例浅谈对《半生缘》的女性价值反思[J]. 贵州文史丛刊, 2006,(03) . [5] 邓筠!96(2)班. 回不去的《半生缘》──张爱玲小说阅读笔记[J]. 南京师范大学文学院学报, 2000,(01) . [6] 袁瑾. 悲剧人生 苍凉最美——从《半生缘》品读张爱玲小说的悲剧意味[J]. 天津大学学报(社会科学版), 2003,(03) . [7] 熊秋菊. 一曲美丽而苍凉的哀歌——论《半生缘》的审美风格[J]. 沧桑, 2006,(02) . [8] 王朝彦. 读张爱玲的《十八春》及《半生缘》[J]. 中南民族学院学报(人文社会科学版), 2001,(03) . [9] 胡晓虹. 谈《半生缘》的自然主义色彩[J]. 福建商业高等专科学校学报, 2006,(04) . [10] 张廷山. 评《半生缘》兼析张爱玲小说的审美特征[J]. 中共郑州市委党校学报, 2005,(02) .
安意如有一本书，名字忘掉了，读起来不错，
[1] 熊秋菊. 一曲美丽而苍凉的哀歌——论《半生缘》的审美风格[J]. 沧桑, 2006,(02) . [2] 秦军,王旭. 论张爱玲小说中的悲剧人生[J]. 黑河学刊, 2006,(01) . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 7 条[1] 陈坤. 母爱的缺失——张爱玲小说世界的“审母”情结[J]. 北华大学学报(社会科学版), 2008,(04) . [2] 胡晓虹. 谈《半生缘》的自然主义色彩[J]. 福建商业高等专科学校学报, 2006,(04) . [3] 徐娜. 浅析《金锁记》中女性的命运[J]. 安徽文学(下半月), 2008,(05) . [4] 尹正纯. 张爱玲小说中男性人物形象分析[J]. 保山师专学报, 2008,(06) . [5] 张英. 浅析张爱玲读者接受心理特点[J]. 辽宁工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2008,(02) . [6] 闫云霄,马芳. 电影《半生缘》改编的遗憾[J]. 徐州教育学院学报, 2006,(04) . [7] 高园园. 谈《半生缘》的舞台表现手法[J]. 戏剧-中央戏剧学院学报, 2005,(03) . [1] 田春林. 悲欢半生缘苍凉一世情——读张爱玲《十八春》[J]. 青春男女生(少年作家), 2006,(06) . [2] 袁瑾. 永未言尽的苍凉故事——从《半生缘》品读张爱玲小说的悲剧意味[J]. 沙洋师范高等专科学校学报, 2002,(05) . [3] 林幸谦. 《半生缘》再解读:姐妹情谊的反动与女性冲突主题[J]. 海南师范学院学报(人文社会科学版), 2000,(01) . [4] 麦凤庄. 救赎与毁灭——以曼桢为例浅谈对《半生缘》的女性价值反思[J]. 贵州文史丛刊, 2006,(03) . [5] 邓筠!96(2)班. 回不去的《半生缘》──张爱玲小说阅读笔记[J]. 南京师范大学文学院学报, 2000,(01) . [6] 袁瑾. 悲剧人生 苍凉最美——从《半生缘》品读张爱玲小说的悲剧意味[J]. 天津大学学报(社会科学版), 2003,(03) . [7] 熊秋菊. 一曲美丽而苍凉的哀歌——论《半生缘》的审美风格[J]. 沧桑, 2006,(02) . [8] 王朝彦. 读张爱玲的《十八春》及《半生缘》[J]. 中南民族学院学报(人文社会科学版), 2001,(03) . [9] 胡晓虹. 谈《半生缘》的自然主义色彩[J]. 福建商业高等专科学校学报, 2006,(04) . [10] 张廷山. 评《半生缘》兼析张爱玲小说的审美特征[J]. 中共郑州市委党校学报, 2005,(02) .
基本都是有情爱的。只有一个是很极端的，曹七巧，金锁记里面的住人公。这个是一个很好的切入点和讨论重点。海内外，张的名声，一部分就是这个人物撑起来的。其他的还有本来有，又失去了的：茉莉香片里的聂传庆（男的）沉香屑：第一炉香里的葛薇龙沉香屑：第二炉香里的愫西散戏里的女主人公。（丧失了爱）同学少年都不贱里面的几个女人都又点不正常我想到的久这些了。张的文章里面缺失是少的
CLOTHING MARKET : The UK retail clothing market was worth $43 billion in 2000, having grown by just since 1999. Women’s, girls' and children's clothing account for the major share of the market, making up of the total value. The increase in working women might have been expected to cause an upsurge in demand for smart clothing, but a major feature of the market has been a trend towards dressing down. Men's tailors, such as Moss Bros Group and Austin Reed Group, have suffered from the demise of the formal suit, while the retail chain Ted Baker, which targets the 18-25 year old market, has embraced the trend and recently recorded a pre-tax profit margin almost four times that of the industry average. In the world of UK fashion, it is the ability to identify and respond immediately to trends that is all-important. Textile manufacturing is in serious decline and clothing retailers continue to find trading conditions difficult in the face of weak consumer demand and heavy discounting. Marks and Spencer, Arcadia Group, BhS Ltd, and Moss Bros Group are among the stores struggling to maintain their position. Meanwhile, the Dutch multiple chain C&A has admitted defeat and has now completely withdrawn from the British market. It is companies such as these, competing in the middle market, which are finding business so hard, since the market favors either value or premium brands. Those that are thriving include discount chains such as Matalan, Peacock's and Primark Stores, which are expanding rapidly and are predicted to increase their market share. With depressed demand and the prevalence of discounters, UK clothing retailing is expected to see modest growth in the near future. The market value is expected to reach $51 billion by 2005, an increase of 19% from 2000. MARKET OVERVIEW The main sectors in the market for clothing retailing are Outerwear, Underwear and Hosiery. Outerwear includes men's shirts, suits, jackets, smart trousers, coats, sweaters, T-shirts and jeans. Women's dresses, blouses and skirts also fall under this category. Underwear is made up of briefs and vests for men, womens lingerie - panties, corsetry, petticoats, teddies and camisoles. Hosiery covers men's, women's and children's socks, and women's pantyhose and stockings Expenditure on clothing, as well as having to compete with other durable and non-durable household goods, is threatened by increased expenditure on leisure, travel and financial services, including savings. Figures show that spending on clothing as a percentage of total household expenditure has dropped from percent in 1995 to percent in 2000. The popularity of heavy discounting stores is likely to be a factor in this decline. MARKET TRENDS A Diminishing Mid-Price Market The chain of C&A has been one of the casualties of an ongoing shrinking of the mid-price clothing market. Consumers are now tending towards the budget end of the market, which is targeted by companies such as Primark, Peacock's and Matalan, or the designer, premium-priced extreme. The mid-market has consequently become very competitive, with the struggles of Marks and Spencer, Arcadia Group and BhS to retain market share being well documented. Designer Outlets The first Designer Outlet centre opened in 1995. There are now several such centres that offer discounts of up to 50% on branded fashionwear, footwear, accessories, and housewares. Discount retailing is an important and growing part of several retail markets, and clothing is no exception. Gap, Tommy Hilfiger and Nike are among the names operating in these shopping `villages'. So called 'Off-Price' clothing is said to account for around 30% of the . clothing market. Although it is still a relatively immature part of the UK market, it is expected to grow rapidly as both established and new retailers (. Marks and Spencer and Matalan) plan to set up discount stores and enter the shopping villages. Informality Modern lifestyles, on the whole, have become much less formal, a trend reflected in clothing. While some places of work may maintain a strict dress code, they are fewer and further between — especially in the information technology industry. Many offices have a policy of `dress down Friday' where it is quite acceptable, indeed expected, to dress casually. This attitude extends into social life. Certainly some clubs and restaurants insist on a formal dress code, but many more think it unnecessary. A prime example of this movement toward informality is the huge resurgence in the denim market. UK sales of denim clothing in 2000 shot up by 8% on the previous year to reach $ billion. Sportswear Participation in sports has increased over the long term, and there is a high level of branding in sports clothes. A particular feature of the sports clothing sector is its acceptability as leisurewear, whether or not any participation in sport is intended. With the growing trend towards informality, the sportswear market is set to grow. This is evident on the UK High St with the entrance of . chains such as Footlocker. Brand Extension In the fiercely competitive UK retail market, the extension of an established brand name into other products has become common practice. This trend is becoming more popular in the clothing industry. For example, Oasis Stores PLC has developed an own-brand toiletries range, launched in October 1999. Meanwhile, designer Tommy Hilfiger has introduced new fragrances targeted at young adults. Other clothes chains with cosmetics, skincare or fragrance ranges include Ted Baker, French Connection Retail Ltd and Karen Millen Ltd. This kind of brand extension is continuing as more and more retailers are following the trend in an effort to compete with each other and offer their customers a complete product range. High street retailer H & M (Hennes and Mauritz) have recently launched a range of cosmetics and cosmetic accessories. Technology in Textiles Before the 1940s, clothes were made of wool, silk or cotton. The 1950s saw the introduction of synthetic fibres that would revolutionise the industry. Elastane microfibres, such as Lycra and Tactel, combine the qualities of stretch and control while being comfortable, durable and easy to care for. Manufacturers now claim to produce fabrics with other characteristics, such as anti-bacterial or moisturising properties, even cellulite-reducing hosiery. As a result of these changes in textile technology, prices are likely to increase, therefore assisting in growing the value of the market. Awareness of Fashion Marks and Spencer, BhS, and Mothercare have lost market share in the children's clothing market to Woolworths, ASDA Group Ltd and Next. Young people are becoming more fashion conscious at a younger age, and shun the somewhat conservative and old-fashioned image of traditional shops. This is in favour of those with a more trendy image, such as Gap, Next and Miss Selfridge. Similarly, older, and often affluent, consumers remain fashion conscious. The product offering for those older consumers wanting to appear in tune with fashion, has improved in recent years. Previously it was almost non-existent, especially at the cheaper end of the market. Larger Sizes Research has shown that British women are now taller, and more curvaceous, than in the past. This trend has been confirmed by bra manufacturer, Triumph, which has found that the average bra size has grown from a 34B to a 36C in less than a decade. Accordingly, Marks and Spencer, for one, is to use a UK size 14 (US size 10) rather than UK size 12 (US size 8) as its base model. Size 14 bust, waist and hip measurements have also been increased. With 62 percent of women in the UK wearing a UK size 14 (. size 10) or larger, there are undoubtedly opportunities for growth in the larger size clothing market. IMPORTS An estimated two-thirds of the value of the UK clothing market is imported, a percentage that is increasing as more countries with low-cost labour join the supply chain. Traditional sources, primarily Hong Kong and India, are now facing competition from countries such as Morocco and Romania. There is, however, some variation across the product sectors. Germany, Italy and Hong Kong are principal sources of women's, girls' and children's jackets. Men's suits and jackets come primarily from Italy and Portugal. Hong Kong is a significant source of imports of both men's and women's overcoats and raincoats, although in the case of men's coats, the Netherlands is the most important. Hong Kong is by far the most significant exporter of men and women's trousers to the UK, and of women's dresses and skirts. Many British companies are transferring production overseas. Much of the recent growth in value of imports into the UK can therefore be attributed to British companies, and their subsidiaries. The UK imported over $81 million worth of clothing from the . in 2000, a figure which has declined over the last few years. UK imports of . clothing goods 1997 $81,621,996 $81,139,559 $103,448,033 $121,300,429 EXPORTS Total clothing exports from the UK were $ billion in 1999 – a drop from the 1998 figure of $2 billion. In 2000, the UK exported $ million worth of clothing to the . There has been a recent trend towards exporting more British clothing to countries outside Europe, but less to countries within the European Union (EU). The UK has a reputation for quality in, for example, woollens and knitwear. However, it has been hard hit by the strength of sterling and the recent downturn in economies such as Japan, which are of great importance to UK trade. COMPETITION The Marketplace Vertical integration is a feature of the UK market for clothing. Companies such as Alexon Group, Laura Ashley, River Island Clothing Co., and Austin Reed Group manufacture collections for retail in their own stores. Place of Purchase In order of popularity, department stores, chain stores, independents, fashion multiples and sports shops are the most commonly used retail outlets for clothing. Age and sex are important determining factors in this however. For example, although department stores appeal to all age groups, fashion multiples are generally used by younger shoppers. For all the above outlets, penetration levels are higher among men than women except for independents and sports stores. Traditional mail order catalogues continue to come under pressure from discount stores. They cannot keep up with changes in prices, as their catalogues are printed weeks in advance of a season. The internet and digital television have introduced online shopping but there are hurdles to overcome if this kind of purchasing is to grow the clothing market considerably. Many consumers are hesitant to give credit card details and they like to be able to see and feel garments before they purchase. Brand recognition is important in online shopping, and it, therefore, seems likely that established High St stores may find it easier to make the step from 'brick to click' than a new online only retailer. Brand Awareness There is a high level of brand awareness in some sectors of the clothing industry. For example, the name Levi-Strauss & Co. is synonymous with jeans, like that of Nike with sports clothing. These brands will maintain sales due to firm establishment in their specific markets. However, with more and more discount stores introducing their own labels (. George at Asda, and Matalan), and the consumers decreasing clothing expenditure, mid market retailers will undoubtedly suffer. As mentioned previously, strong brand names are increasingly moving outside their original product. While this might ensure the success of, for example, Ted Baker skincare products, it also opens the clothing market for infiltration by outside brands. Market Leaders and their Brands The UK retail market for clothing is one spanning many extremes. Exclusive designer names are at one end of the scale, while discount stores and market stalls are at the other. In between is a variety of retailers aimed at the middle mass market. It is some of these that are currently finding survival so difficult. C&A is a prime example, but its demise obviously provides opportunities for other stores and products. This is not least because its withdrawal from the UK is freeing up valuable High Street sites. A relatively new entrant to the market is the grocery multiple, and the most successful example is ASDA Group Ltd. The UK's third largest supermarket, taken over by Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated last year, has its own George at ASDA brand of clothing (which had a turnover of $893m in 1999). Tesco PLC, the country's most successful supermarket chain, also devotes significant space to children's clothing, and women's and men's underwear. END USERS The total population of the UK is approximately 60 million, and is split roughly equally beween men and women. By age, the population is divided as follows: AGE % 0-19 20-49 49 + Over 83 percent of clothing and accessories are purchased by women over 25. Even 28 percent of menswear purchased in the UK is bought by women. According to the Family Expenditure survery (FES), average weekly household expenditure on commodities and services was $520 in 1999. On average, $32 of this was spent on clothing - this amounts to just over 6% of total expenditure. Although expenditure on clothing, both male and female, has grown in the past ten years, attitudes of consumers have changed. The proportion of spending on clothing that people regard as essential has declined. In 1989, conspicuous consumption was at its height and people were far more concerned with keeping up with the latest fashions. By the end of the recession in 1994, attitudes had changed and fashion had much less of a following - people still care about their appearance, but not to the same extent. This declining regard for fashion is apparent in all socio-economic groups. It is, however, more pronounced in the upper income brackets and the 25-34 and 35-44 age groups. Within these groups, people now view a holiday or products for the home as a priority over new/fashionable clothing. Despite the decline in regard for fashion, the desire to be fashionable still exists and is generally higher among teens, low income households, and the unemployed - hence the success of the discount retailers. MARKET ACCESS The UK clothing industry is an aggressively competitive marketplace, and is dominated by a handful of powerful chains. It has lower productivity than leading European competitors, and opportunities exist, therefore, for low-cost foreign competitors. The UK clothing market has to be instant in its response to changes in fashion in order for spending on clothing to compete with expenditure on other personal and household goods, leisure activities and savings. The market needs to accurately interpret trends so as to avoid surplus stock having to be sold cheaply. Rail upon rail of discounted clothes not only eats into any profit margin, but also damages the image of a shop, giving it a somewhat desperate look. There is one legal requirement regarding the labeling of textiles for clothing. The label must bear an accurate description of the fiber content. This is an obligatory marking requirement. Washing instructions and the size of garment are optional information, but must not be false or misleading. This would result in a breach of the UK Trade Descriptions Act. There are no requirements for a "Keep Away from Fire" label on any childrens daywear (but there is for all nightwear). However, there must be a flammability label on all babywear 0-3 months (day and night wear). This also applies to babywear with a chest size of 21 inches or less. There is no EU Directive on flammability labels on clothing. Clothing falls under the harmonized code of – and there is currently a maximum duty of payable. SALES PROSPECTS Clothing is an essential requisite, although consumers can also be tempted to purchase on impulse. Nowadays, few people have the necessary dressmaking and knitting skills to make their own clothing, so nearly all clothing is bought. Unusual garments and colour combinations, can differentiate one product offering from another and may be the determining factor in remaining competitive. The exit of C&A from UK retailing in 2001 has made prime High Street sites available for other chains and product offerings. In addition to this, the removal of tariffs and quotas protecting foreign markets (under the Multi Fibre Arrangement) in 2005, will increase opportunities for overseas companies. However, overseas competitors should be aware of the increased emphasis on design that differentiates British product makes it less vulnerable to cheaper foreign competition. Opportunties for . manufactured goods exist, as they are more likely to be able to compete with British designed product. Men's lifestyle magazines are helping to increase interest in men's and boys' fashion and men are more interested in fashion than they were ten years ago. Women are more financially dependent and able to spend as they like on their wardrobe, and as the proportion of working women increases, they are likely to require more clothes than they would if they stayed at home. However, as mentioned previously, the trend towards dressing down is increasing, therefore clothing purchased for the office will not necessarily include business suits. Home shopping through catalogues, the Internet, and interactive television means that goods, including clothing, can be bought at any time of the day, 7 days a week. However, people will always prefer to see the clothing and feel fabrics and textiles before purchasing so it is unlikely that home shopping will seriously threaten the High Street retailers. CONCLUSION The UK clothing market will see steady but modest growth over the next few years and is expected to reach $51. billion by 2005, an increase of 19% from 2000. Judging by current trends and evidence, it appears that the majority of this growth will come from the success of discount retailers. The diminishing mid market in fashion retailing means that best opportunities for . companies exist at this end of the scale. For more information on the UK Clothing Market, please contact: 瞎找的 看都没看
简单！去百度搜点.自己整理下，不就OK
我毕业的时候用的是张爱玲《金锁记》中金锁的人物形象分析 你可以用张爱玲小说中女性形象的分析，形象分析这方面的都比较好写，资料也比较多。就像三楼说的，你的题目很大，作为一般本科生来说很难驾驭，像我的话，本来就是要写张爱玲小说中女性形象的分析，比你的题目还小，可是老师还是说比较难把握，书也看不完哎，所以就单挑了一本金锁记。而且本科生的论文重的是方法，研究生中把握，我的学姐告诉我一般的研究生毕业论文不会用这种非常多人研究的作家哎，很难出新，貌似这样。 如果从纵向展开，你的书看完了么？如果对书本没有一定的了解，你如果去归纳出特点，当然，很多特点一些专家肯定都说过了，但是自己的见解个人认为比较重要，论文马上也要开始写了，各个时期的书这么多。。。
浅析沉香屑第一炉香论文
一
《沉香屑·第一炉香》一直受到国内外读者的关注。在已有的研究成果中，对“张爱玲选题目的研究”方面论文还不多见。题目是作品灵魂的体现，张爱玲为什么选择这个题目是一个值得探讨的问题。在文本中作者只在开头和结尾提到用铜香炉烧沉香屑，作品中间部分再没提这几个字。为了弄清作者意图，首先需要搞清楚这样几个问题。
（一）关于“沉香屑”
马明博先生在《沉香屑·第一炉香》写道：
沉香为众香之首，又被喻为天香。[1]50
《红楼梦》第四十三回《闲取乐偶攒金庆寿 不了情暂撮土为香》中贾宝玉偷偷去祭奠沉井而死的金钏：
……宝玉方勒住马，回头问茗烟道：“这里可有卖香的？”茗烟道：“香倒有，不知是哪一样？”宝玉想道：“别的香不好，须得檀芸降三样。”……便回手从衣襟下掏出一个荷包来，摸了一摸，竟有两星沉速，心内欢喜……[2]
两星沉速：沉香、速香，是和檀香、芸香等齐名的香，贾宝玉身上常带的是沉香和速香。从以上所引中我们得知：沉香屑是非常贵重的一种薰香，它排在檀香、芸香和降香之前，不是普通的香。香往往是在比喻女子。沉香屑在小说中隐喻薇龙等青春妙龄的女子。
（二）香炉的意义
香炉是专门烧香用的器具。《辞海》记载：
烧香之器，也作陈设之用。……今所谓香炉，皆以古人宗庙祭祀之器为之。……古时亦用以薰衣。[3]
香炉是祭祀用的，也可以用于陈设或给衣服熏香。
小说开头关于“香炉”的描述：家传的霉绿斑斓的铜香炉。“家传的”指年代久远，“霉绿斑斓”的铜锈可以作证。作为古董而传家的“铜香炉”穿越了时间、空间，承载着主流话语权的思想和文化，在这里“铜香炉”是一个象征物。叙述者用“请您寻出”这个词汇，“寻”字表明这种古董在“您”家里可能不止一个，说明这是富有“家传”的人家，要找出这个香炉来需要去某个储藏间去“寻”。这个“寻”字，表现了家藏品的丰富，表现了两个人（叙述者和假想的听众）的关系比较密切以及他们对点香说故事这个仪式的认可。香炉可以理解为“香”的归宿、“香”燃烧过程中所处的环境。
（三）烧香及其作用
马明博先生在《沉香屑·第一炉香》的篇首写道：
香之十德：感格鬼神……[1]50
香可感格鬼神。张爱玲选择最好的“天香”，选择用“家传的霉绿斑斓的铜香炉”来烧这香，她在举行一个仪式：叙述者和她假想的听众带着虔敬，用家传的“铜香炉”烧一炉名贵的“沉香屑” ，通过这个仪式来传达一种心灵上的企望，祭祀那个时代里陨灭的灵魂。点香这个仪式应该有一套特别的程序。张爱玲在小说中没有写。但是马明博先生写出来了：
……世刚先生捧起一只古拙的瓷香炉，……他用香锸拨动炉中细软的香灰，向香炉四周轻拨，中间形成一块凹地；他打开香盒，用香勺取沉香屑，一勺一勺，放在中间凹处，撒入少许香灰，拌匀；又取半勺香屑，以火点燃，轻轻地放进炉内香地中央；他取来香锸，将炉壁四周的香灰，轻轻地围拢向燃烧的香屑，继而将他填埋起来，……[1]50
燃沉香屑时不能有烟气，淡雅的幽香在空气中缓缓传递、扩散，仿佛心灵与环境相融合的过程。张爱玲为了体现仪式的重要性，在小说的最后一段中这样写道：
这一段香港的故事就在这儿结束……薇龙的一炉香，也就要烧完了。[4]2
可见，这炉香是叙述者替故事主人公薇龙烧的，表达了对主人公青春陨灭的惋惜，是对战乱时期年轻生命“凋零”的超度，是张式情怀对乱世的'悲悯。霉绿斑斓的铜香炉在薇龙的故事里代表吞噬、融化了“天香”的香港世界。燃香过程是香在香炉中的消耗，喻指主人公的青春在香港梁太太家中“死”掉。
二
作为古董的冰冷的铜香炉仿佛吞噬人们灵魂的旧式环境。跳不出这个环境的年轻人仿佛燃烧在这炉中的香。香味袅袅中人的青春如燃着的香一样飘散，伴随作为古董的香炉变得铜锈斑斑。薇龙为了留在繁华的香港，选择了不爱自己的男人，心里“无边的荒凉，无边的恐怖。她的未来，也是如此——不能想，想起来也只有无边的恐怖……”[4]28
在小说中，描写环境对人灵魂的吞灭的意向很多，描写人的灵魂受物欲吸引而失去理智的地方也很多。这个环境就是所谓的“香炉”。这个香炉里有历史的时间的延续：“留住了满清末年的淫逸空气，关起门来做小型慈禧太后。”[1]7也有当下时间的显现：“梁宅前面，这条山道，是有名的恋人街。一到了夏天，往往直到天亮都不断人。”[4]21还有地域间的穿梭，从上海到香港。
造成“沉香屑”被困“炉”中的客观原因有五：
（一）封建传统的理学教导——古董式家庭教育
薇龙生在败落的上海旧式大家庭，接受的是中国的传统家庭教育。薇龙从小受到的来自父亲的正面教导是：不能败坏门风。这是中国传统理学对女人的“贞节”教育。如果不“听话”就是，结果就是给气受。所以，发生乔琪事件后薇龙不敢再回到父亲身边做个“新的人”了。薇龙开始思考：受传统理念支配的“正义”的父亲无法维系避乱时家庭的支出，而父亲极力反对的反面教材姑妈，却在乱世中“滋润”地支配自己和周围人的生活。这个残酷的现实迫使一个辨别能力不成熟的十几岁的女中学生对“姑妈式”生活进行了“冷静”的思考，对父亲教育的反思。从而为薇龙选择自己的“出路”创造了心理基础。
（二）南英中学的殖民地西化教导——奴媚式学校教育
中国传统教育目标是把被教育者培养成封建伦理和封建制度所要求的“人才”。而殖民地的教育是为殖民文化服务的，对于宗主国，殖民地不过是他们攫取财富的源泉，这里的人在生活方式上要崇拜模仿他们的宗主国，在思想文化上要谄媚讨好他们的宗主国。只有对原有思想文化体系进行精神摧毁，才能打击固有传统对宗主国思想的抵制，才能实现有效的殖民统治。所以，薇龙的学校南英中学本不是培养什么精英人才，尤其是女学生，而是为了取悦游客。就连学校开设英文或法文课，也是为殖民地的长远打算，为了与宗主国交流，是殖民地奴性的标志。除了生活方式教育，还有宗教教育，比如薇龙参加唱诗班的活动。梁太太举行家庭游园会，邀请薇龙唱诗班的伙伴，同时邀请了天主教的修女。这些都是学校教育的导向。所以香港的学校教育和上海的传统教育在育人标准上是有分歧的。上海教育是封建士大夫基础上的“新学”，而香港教育则是为殖民统治服务的。这样矛盾的两个体系混乱了薇龙的是非评判标准，是薇龙行为堕落行为的前期心理铺垫。 （三）梁太太的家庭环境和生活理念影响——交际花技能培训学校
姑妈用自己多年青春换来的物质驾驭了贫困中的薇龙。她按照预先设计好的步骤首先对薇龙进行精神征服：欲擒故纵，先骂薇龙的父亲，使薇龙在自卑中失去判断力；再利用奢华的生活方式诱惑薇龙，进行交际技能培训（钢琴、网球、家庭聚会），用这些令人眼花缭乱的娱乐活动引诱薇龙。在量网球服尺寸的同时也就量走了薇龙的身材数据，为薇龙准备了满橱的衣服，使贫困中的薇龙沉浸在衣橱中。理学虚弱的理论在强大的物欲面前退缩了：薇龙一边用父亲的理论抗拒姑妈的诱惑，一边在姑妈的麻醉下享受物质的快乐。
当薇龙和乔琪的“婚事”被姑妈设计撺掇成之后，“薇龙这个人就等于卖给了梁太太和乔琪，整天忙着，不是替梁太太弄钱，就是替梁太太弄人。”这就是被桎梏在“香炉”中“香”的命运！这是姑妈这只“蜘蛛”在盯眼看过薇龙之后，就设计好的一张网：那毒寡妇黑蜘蛛，不仅吞噬来寻觅她的“雄蜘蛛”，也不放过任何一只在蛛网旁飞过的蚊蚋。薇龙成为姑妈的猎物，成为那个集中国传统封建文化和奴性殖民地文化糟粕于一身的香港这个“家传的霉绿斑斓的铜香炉”中的一炉沉香屑。姑妈的家庭环境是薇龙堕落的陷阱，是那个历史久远的古董铜香炉的象征，薇龙无奈地、清醒地在炉中燃烧了自己青春的生命。
（四）浪子乔琪的干扰与迫害——扭曲的“情爱”观念
乔琪是众所周知的浪子，他周围所有女人都知道不能嫁给他，但都喜欢被他关注，与他游戏。他的魅力就在于长得“洋气”“帅气”，他不爱薇龙，只是戏耍她。薇龙知道他是唯一能抗拒姑妈诱惑的男人而爱上他。乔琪的爱情观、婚姻观是薇龙堕落的直接原因。
（五）香港大环境的浸染——合围的铜香炉
纸醉金迷、物欲横流的殖民地生活，今朝有酒今朝醉、及时行乐的交际场风气，尔虞我诈、利益至上、拜金主义的商业社会，这一切是一个十几岁的是非观念未定型的女孩子陷落其中不能自拔的社会原因。
可见，张爱玲是在用一种悲悯的情怀怀念一个青春的灵魂，那个美好的灵魂就像是一炉沉香屑，名贵、高雅，却被围困在那个古董一般的环境里，任凭缓慢的微火燃烧，却不给足够的氧气，慢慢地被消耗掉。这就是本文对《沉香屑·第一炉香》题目意义的阐释。
[参考文献]
[1] 马明博.沉香屑·第一炉香[J].中国工人，2011（07）.
[2] 曹雪芹.红楼梦[M].北京：人民文学出版社，2000：466.
[3] 辞海[M].上海：上海辞书出版社，1999：2444.
[4] 张爱玲.张爱玲文集[C].杭州：浙江文艺出版社，2001.
[5] 现代汉语词典[M].北京：商务印书馆，1995.
我没主意（别打我）...不过你可以听听倾成之恋和石南小札 或许有灵感