这个不能马虎，去网上找你们专业的论文，看看人家怎么写的。
写报告论文原文文本风格时，应该注意以下几点：1. 文章应该简洁明了，不要用复杂的语言；2. 文章应该有逻辑性，每一段都应该有自己的主题；3. 文章应该有一定的深度，不要只是表面的描述；4. 文章应该有一定的可读性，不能太枯燥乏味；5. 文章应该有一定的可操作性，不要只是空洞的理论。
英语翻译毕业论文可以写某个电影或者某本书的翻译，开始也不太会，也是莫文网的高手帮忙的，很靠谱的说应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻国内商务英语翻译研究综述顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译论商务英语翻译的4Es标准关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译试论旅游英语翻译中的创造性论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养试论近代国人英语翻译基于功能翻译理论的商务英语翻译教学任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略商务英语翻译教学存在的问题与改革商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿商务英语翻译原则探讨商务英语翻译中的文化与语用因素研究Advanced Systematic Golf高尔夫技术英语翻译项目的实践报告
翻译报告论文原文文本风格应该清晰、简洁、准确，并且要保持原文的表达形式，尽量不要改变原文的意思。在翻译的过程中，要注意文章的结构，使用正确的语法，尽量使用更多的专业术语，以及尽量使用更多的表达方式，使文章更加流畅。同时，要注意文章的句子结构，使用正确的语法，尽量使用更多的专业术语，以及尽量使用更多的表达方式，使文章更加流畅。此外，还要注意文章的格式，使用正确的标点符号，以及使用正确的拼写，以保证文章的准确性。
题 目：试论英汉语中含数字习语的翻译策略 一、选题的背景与意义： (一)选题的背景： 英语和汉语均是世界上历史悠久的语言之一，它们在长期的发展中积淀了大量的习语，其中包括含数字的习语。数字习语是指含有基数词和序数词的习语，是习语中不可或缺的一部分。在英语和汉语中，含数字的习语都占据了重要地位。随着21世纪经济全球化的快速推进，各国间文化的交流与合作也空前的多了起来，英汉习语研究领域也相应地出现了新的气象。作为英汉习语的重要组成部分，含数字的习语也成了中外学者着力研究的对象之一。越来越多的专家学者对含数字习语的翻译进行了大量而广泛的探讨与研究。 1.国外研究现状 国外对含数字习语的研究相对较少，但对习语的研究大致可分为三个阶段。早期的习语研究通常以L. P. Smith于1925年发表的《词与习语》(Words and Idioms)一书作为开始。他探讨了习语的来源与结构，根据习语的意象进行分类，并指出习语的基本特征：习语的意义不是它组成词的意义的总和。他指出：“习语的含义是不透明的，可以用来表达决心，愤怒，谩骂的内心情感，体现了英语词汇在习语中的巧妙用处” 。 从20世纪30年代到50年代，以结构主义理论为基础，C. F. Hockett强调了语境在识别和解释习语中的重要地位，解释了习语的深层结构和语义特征，使得习语的定义开始走向规范化。到了20世纪60年代，具有整体性、凝固性的习语受到Chomsky 生产语法理论的影响，其研究陷入了僵局，但始终没有停止。直到以B. Fraser为代表的语言学家提出了习语固定性等级理论，承认习语的固定性，但认为习语仍具有转换潜力 ，习语的研究再次得到了关注。从20世纪80年代开始，习语的研究进入了一个新阶段。语言学家们开始探讨习语在交际活动中所起的作用，开辟了习语在交际环境里的功能研究，更具有现实意义。其中研究成果最为突出的是澳大利亚语言学家C. Fernando，她的代表作为《习语与习语特征》(Idioms and Idiomaticity)。近年来，越来越多的学者从语言的文化背景角度来研究 习语的形成，Nida(1993)曾说过：“文化对习语、习语的意义的影响是非常深远的，如果没有认真地研究背景，就难以透彻理解习语的深刻含义” 。所以，要研究含数字的习语，首先要了解其数字的文化内涵。 在翻译方面，研究成绩最为卓著的应属美国的翻译理论家E. A. Nida和英国杰出的翻译理论家Peter Newmark。20世纪60年代，E. A. Nida 出版了《翻译的科学探讨》和《翻译理论与实践》，把语言学理论引入翻译研究，提出了“形式对等”和“动态对等”的概念。在2003年出版的《语言与文化——翻译中的语境》一书中，E. A. Nida从多学科角度研究翻译。他指出：“要想成为优秀的翻译者，仅仅会说两种语言是不够的，还要了解语言背后的文化” 。1981年，Peter Newmark在第一部著作《翻译问题探讨》中，提出了交际翻译(communicative translation)和语义翻译(semantic translation)的新概念。1999年，在其论著的《论翻译》一书中，他提出了全新概念的“翻译关联法” 。 翻译是一项艰巨而复杂的工作，习语的翻译更是翻译中的难点。Mona Baker在《换言之：翻译教程》(In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation)中指出了一种语言中的习语与其所处的文化背景息息相关，习语的翻译难点在于，用不同的文化背景的习语翻译，所引起的联想是不同的。书中列出了其翻译的难点：(a)没有对等的习语。(b)有相似的习语，但使用的情景不同，两个成语的内涵也不同。(c)译出语中字面意义和含义同时有效，有双重含义，而到了译入语中只能选择其一。也就是说，两者并不是形式和内容都能做到对等。Mona Baker在本书中还指出了习语翻译的策略：(a)使用意义对等、形式相似的习语。(b)使用意思相近但形式不同的习语。(c)使用释译。(d)略去不译 。 2.国内研究现状 在数字文化研究方面，刘明阁认为：“数字不独属于数字王国，还应用于成语或词组中，在不同民族、宗教、历史、社会习俗等因素作用下，被赋予特殊的联想意义，蒙上了神秘的文化色彩” 。他在《跨文化交际中汉英语言文化比较研究》一书中具体阐述了英汉语中的偏好数字以及汉英数字文化差异的成因。 包惠南在其所著的《文化语境与语言翻译》中，分析了数字“四”、“六”、“七”、“八”、“九”的文化内涵，特别提到了西方人对数字“十三”的忌讳，反映了东西文化中不同的数字观念 。成昭伟在其所著的《英语语言文化导论》一书中对英语数字的表义功能和文化色彩进行了简要剖析，对中西方的数字文化提出了自己的见解 。李丽在“数字习语的文化根源”中重点研究英语数字的文化背景，对其中的“3”和“13”，“6”和“7”，“5”和单数崇拜进行了分析，并提出宗教文化，古希腊罗马神话和文化思维方式影响了英语数字习语的形成 。 在含数字习语的翻译方面，从20世纪90年代开始，国内对英汉语中含数字习语翻译的研究呈蓬勃发展之势。早在1989年，由邓炎昌和刘润清先生所著的《语言与文化》一书中对数字习语就有所提及 。刘明阁认为：“东西方语言文字、习语表达、风俗习惯等方面都含有许多数字词以及与数字有关的知识” 。在其2003年出版的《英语文化翻译学教程》一书中，用一个章节的内容描写了数字在习语中的应用和翻译，并将它们按数字进行分类研究。此外，全国各级报刊相继刊登了不少与此有关的研究文章。1998年，陈琳霞在“英汉数字习语互译方法中”一文中提出了7中翻译方法——对应直译、不等值翻译、习语套用法、夸张数字略译法、译特定含义、删略重复词义、采用引申义 。唐丽在2008年发表的“英汉数字习语翻译策略初探”一文中探讨了数字与习语的关系及其翻译策略，提出了五种翻译方法——等值译法或直译法、注释法、借代法、意译法、归化译法 。 (二)选题的意义： 1.理论意义： 习语是从语言中提炼出来的短语或短句，是语言的核心和精华。习语作为一种特殊的语言形式，它与一个民族的地理环境、历史背景、经济生活、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、心理状态、价值观念等方面息息相关，能够清楚地反映出一个民族的文化特色。研究英汉语中含数字习语的翻译时，学者可以从中获取大量的有关中西方数字文化的知识，了解中西方的文化差异，增强文化意识。其次，对英汉含数字习语互译的研究有利于语言的发展，促进国际间的交流与合作。此外，研究含数字习语的翻译对英汉语的教学与学习也有一定的参考价值和启示作用。 2.实践意义： 实践证明，研究英汉语中含数字的习语有利于学者积累大量的习语词汇，提高学者的语言应用能力，在不同的语境中能够有效、得体、恰当地运用习语。在实际生活中，能够正确表达习语，消除误会，避免分歧。其次，有效地对其翻译策略进行研究有利于促进学者掌握正确的翻译方法，懂得将直译、意译、归化、异化等的翻译方法具体地应用于含数字习语的互译中。在平时的学习中，能够快速地辨别出文章中的习语及其含义，有助于正确翻译全文。掌握含数字习语的翻译策略，能够提高学者的整体水平，不仅包括语言水平，还包括文化素养。由于目前对含数字习语的研究大部分集中在理论方面，实际应用方面还不是很多，所以，笔者应该更侧重于实例研究，同时结合数字文化的理论知识，从两方面对英汉语中含数字习语的翻译策略进行分析和总结，从而提高学者的语言水平。 二、研究的基本内容与拟解决的主要问题： (一)研究的基本内容 1.含数字习语的介绍 .数与数字习语的关系 .含数字习语的定义：回顾学者以往对含数字习语的研究，探讨他们提出的定义 2.含数字习语的文化因素 .中国数字的文化内涵 .西方数字的文化内涵 .英汉含数字习语的文化内涵差异分析 3.含数字习语的翻译理论 .含数字习语的直译法 .含数字习语的意译法 4.含数字习语的具体翻译策略 .含数字的汉语习语的英译探讨 .列举一些含数字的汉语习语，根据不同的习语特征运用不同的翻译方法 .含数字的英语习语的汉译探讨 .列举一些含数字的英语习语，根据不同的习语特征运用不同的翻译方法 5.结论 (二)拟解决的主要问题 习语是文化的积淀，是语言的精华。整个学习语言的过程都离不开对习语的学习。要想真正掌握对英汉语中含数字习语的翻译，首先就应该了解两种语言中的数字文化内涵，包括数字的特点及其在不同语境中的用法，译者必须努力提升自身的跨文化敏感度。其次，译者要跳出仅局限于了解数字语言与文化的关系，应该具体到在含数字习语中针对数字的文化根源和对比翻译进行探讨和研究，同时要注意语境对其翻译的影响。此外，学者要多积累英汉含数字的习语，多度相关读物，试着比较出英汉两种语言语中含数字习语的表达差异，探讨出可行的翻译策略。 三、研究的方法与技术路线： 1.研究的方法 1)参考文献法：对相关文献等理论依据进行详实地参考，为论文奠定坚实的理论基础。 2)比较与对照法：通过比较和对照，分析不同翻译方法对含数字习语翻译的优缺点。 3)理论思辨法：在现有理论基础上，针对现状做出自己的分析，提出适合本课题研究的理论框架。 4)调查法：调查不同的翻译方法所得出的不同译文对读者的接受度和欣赏效果。 5)归纳法：通过一系列的实例分析概括总结英汉含数字习语的翻译策略。 2. 技术路线 1)利用学校图书馆和网络资源，收集本课题研究的相关书籍、文献资料。 2)对搜集到的文献资料进行分类、分析、对比、归纳，提出自己的理论框架和解决问题的办法。 3)经常与导师联系和交流，接受导师的帮助和指导。 四、研究的总体安排与进度： 日期 毕业论文各阶段名称 备注 — 搜集相关资料、选题并完成开题报告。 — 认真撰写，完成论文初稿。 .— 完成论文二稿和三稿。开展中期检查 — 完成论文修改与定稿，将论文装订成册上交 — 审查验收，评阅教师给出成绩毕业论文答辩和成绩评定(含优秀论文的评定) 五、主要参考文献： Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. Fernando, Chitra. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, (accessed November 14, 2011) Nida, Eugene A. Language and Culture-Contexts in Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001. 包惠南，《文化语境与语言翻译》。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001。 常润芳，“英汉数字习语的文化根源及对比、翻译探析”，《河南大学学报》，1(2008)：155。 陈琳霞，“英汉数字习语互译方法”，《浙江师大学报》，2(1998)：66-69。 成昭伟，周丽红，《英语语言文化导论》。北京：国防工业出版社，2011。 李丽，王成，“英语数字习语的文化根源”，《西安欧亚学院学报》，4(2005)：55-57。 刘明阁，《跨文化交际中汉英语言文化比较研究》。开封：河南大学出版社，2009。 骆世平，《英语习语研究》。上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005。 唐丽，“英汉数字习语翻译策略初探”，《南宁技术学院学报》，4(2008)88-90。 张镇华，《英语习语的文化内涵及其语用研究》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社2007。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
Thesis For Graduation毕业论文Thesis For Academic Degree学位论文Thesis表示比较严肃的文章，是带有一定目的的，研究性的文章。学位论文，研究报告。
毕业论文用英语的翻译：毕业 论文 迅捷在线翻译：Graduation （毕业） thesis（论文）参考一下
论文（Paper）或：dissertation（论文）或：thesis（论文）经常说的：）~Englishdissertation(英语论文)Graduationthesis(毕业论文)
He was awarded his PhD for a thesis on industrial robots.
他凭一篇研究工业机器人的论文获得博士学位。
Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的`摘要。
Your thesis wouldn't get across if you used too many technical terms in it.
如果你用了过多的专门术语，你的论文就不会被人理解。
He is writing his doctoral thesis in electrical engineering.
他在写关于电气工程学的博士论文。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
一、参考文献著录格式 1 、期刊作者．题名〔J〕．刊名，出版年，卷(期)∶起止页码 2、 专著作者．书名〔M〕．版本(第一版不著录)．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码 3、 论文集作者．题名〔C〕．编者．论文集名，出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码 4 、学位论文作者．题名〔D〕．保存地点．保存单位．年份 5 、专利文献题名〔P〕．国别．专利文献种类．专利号．出版日期 6、 标准编号．标准名称〔S〕 7、 报纸作者．题名〔N〕．报纸名．出版日期(版次) 8 、报告作者．题名〔R〕．保存地点．年份 9 、电子文献作者．题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕．文献出处，日期 二、文献类型及其标识 1、根据GB3469 规定，各类常用文献标识如下： ①期刊〔J〕 ②专著〔M〕 ③论文集〔C〕 ④学位论文〔D〕 ⑤专利〔P〕 ⑥标准〔S〕 ⑦报纸〔N〕 ⑧技术报告〔R〕 2、电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，具体如下： ①磁带〔MT〕 ②磁盘〔DK〕 ③光盘〔CD〕 ④联机网络〔OL〕 3、电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：〔文献类型标识/载体类型标识〕。例如： ①联机网上数据库〔DB/OL〕 ②磁带数据库〔DB/MT〕 ③光盘图书〔M/CD〕 ④磁盘软件〔CP/DK〕 ⑤网上期刊〔J/OL〕 ⑥网上电子公告〔EB/OL〕 三、举例 1、期刊论文 〔1〕周庆荣，张泽廷，朱美文，等．固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度〔J〕．化工学报，1995(3)：317—323 〔2〕Dobbs J M, Wong J M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polor coselvent〔J〕. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56 〔3〕刘仲能，金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究〔J〕.精细化工，2002(2)：103-105 〔4〕 Mesquita A C, Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al ． Vinyl acetate polymerization by ionizing radiation〔J〕．Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:465 2、专著 〔1〕蒋挺大．亮聚糖〔M〕．北京：化学工业出版社，2001．127 〔2〕Kortun G． Reflectance Spectroscopy〔M〕． New York: Spring-Verlag,1969 3、论文集 〔1〕郭宏，王熊，刘宗林．膜分离技术在大豆分离蛋白生产中综合利用的研究〔C〕．//余立新．第三届全国膜和膜过程学术报告会议论文集．北京：高教出版社，1999．421-425 〔2〕Eiben A E, vander Hauw J K．Solving 3-SAT with adaptive genetic algorithms 〔C〕．//Proc 4th IEEE Conf Evolutionary Computation．Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1997．81-86 4、学位论文 〔1〕陈金梅．氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究（D）．西安：西安建筑科学大学，2000 〔 2 〕 Chrisstoffels L A J ． Carrier-facilitated transport as a mechanistic tool in supramolecular chemistry〔D〕．The Netherland：Twente University．1988 5、专利文献 〔1〕Hasegawa, Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et al．Paper Coating composition〔P〕．EP 0634524．1995-01-18 〔 2 〕 仲前昌夫， 佐藤寿昭． 感光性树脂〔 P 〕． 日本， 特开平09-26667．1997-01-28 〔3〕Yamaguchi K, Hayashi A．Plant growth promotor and productionthereof 〔P〕．Jpn, Jp1290606． 1999-11-22 〔4〕厦门大学．二烷氨基乙醇羧酸酯的制备方法〔P〕．中国发明专利，CN1073429．1993-06-23 6、技术标准文献 〔1〕ISO 1210-1982，塑料——小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性〔S〕 〔2〕GB 2410-80，透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法〔S〕 7、报纸 〔1〕陈志平．减灾设计研究新动态〔N〕．科技日报，1997-12-12(5) 8、报告 〔1〕中国机械工程学会．密相气力输送技术〔R〕．北京：1996 9、电子文献 〔1〕万锦柔．中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993)〔DB/CD〕．北京：中国百科全书出版社，1996
一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题 英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下： 1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。 文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。 比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》） 2.语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。 普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。 应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。 3.翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求 学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。 （一）前置 1．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。 2．目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。 3．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右 4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。 （二）主体部分 主题部分包括引言（Introduction）、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。 1．引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。 2．正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“．”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。示例： 1． 2．…… …… .… 3．结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。 4．参考文献：写作学位论文过程中，阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单，置于正文之后，另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。 （1）文献目录应另页书写，外文文献排前，中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。 （2）文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。 （3）每条文献必须顶格写，回行时空两字或五个英语字母。 （4）将各文献的类型代号（即文献英文名的首字母）注明在文献之后： 专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R] 专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕 电子文献中光盘图书 [M／CD]（MONOGRAPH ON CD） 网上期刊〔J/OL〕（serial online） 5．文内所引文献：要求附夹注，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓），出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献，则加quoted in 字样。 例：（王佐良，1982：38） （Newmark，8：26-33） 6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的，不应出现在参考文献中。 （三）附录部分 附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料，如图表或照片等。
最简单的事用金山词霸翻译
就目前人工智能的发展水平来看，机器降重还远远做不到“准确读取语句的意思，并将之用不同的词汇表述出来”我学姐推荐的北京译顶科技那边做的不错，你可以考虑一下。你可以加速去知道了解下