英语翻译论文直接找北京译顶科技就行了啊，省时省力，对接也方便。
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
题目定了么，格式给我。
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
翻译硕士怎么写开题报告
开题报告主要说明这个课题应该进行研究，自己有条件进行研究以及准备如何开展研究等问题，也可以说是对课题的论证和设计。开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的重要环节。以下是我整理的翻译硕士怎么写开题报告，欢迎阅读。
1、选题意义和背景。
随着中国加入世界贸易组织，中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场，提高在国际市场上的知名度，企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料，读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍，也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等，这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整，从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构，以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说，本文有三种类型，分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为，企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之，而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此，外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能，要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受，并让读者产生共鸣，继而付诸行动，实现译文预期的功能。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦（Verschuem）提出了顺应论，将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式，也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度，还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益，因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同，译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动，就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整，而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来，并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译，试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。
2、论文综述/研究基础。
1987年维索尔伦（Verschueren）提出顺应论之后，在语用学界引起了很大反响，不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索，而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中，成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。
1 国外顺应论研究状况。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦（Verschueren）在《IprA工作文集》（IprA WorkingDocument 1） （1987, 45-48）中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》，标志着顺应论的提出。1995年，他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》（handbook of Pragmatics）中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为，语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观，并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年，阿萨卡瑟（AsaKasher）主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts）论文集中，维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》（v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication ）的文章，主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年，在他的专着《语用学新解》（Understaning Pragmatics）中，维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用，这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角，突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支（语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学）的看法，而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观，贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面，可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角，可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命，可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析，也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。
2 国内顺应论研究状况。
钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学：语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》（1991,62-66）的文章中，将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面，即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析，并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨，认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》（2000,230-232），该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分，也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来，使其不再属于语言资源的语言学，而是加入到语言使用的语言学去，作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用，这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题，还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。
国内除钱冠连外，2007年何自然主编的《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是，该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向，集语用学的三个前沿理论（关联论、顺应论、模因论）为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。
关于顺应论的部分，该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合，为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出，顺应论是宏观语用学的核心，顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》（2000, 50-52）中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论，探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系，指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》（2007,51-55）从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映，纵观维索尔伦的语用思想，折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外，刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础，除了对语言顺应论做出肯定，他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙，以解释所有的语言运用，有运用过度之嫌”（李元胜，2007:124）。
中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究，还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中，顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。
从理论研究的角度来看，有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示，戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》（2000,7-11） -文中，为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程，它超越了以往语言学研究的框架，将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出，根据顺应论，语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程，两者可以相互影响，同样，翻译作为语言转换的过程，也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应，这种顺应应该以满了交际双方的需要为目的，对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。
有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法，王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》（2005,55-59） -文中，针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论，他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法，而不是翻译策略，动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时，他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。
顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中，学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外，还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去，比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析，同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。
叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics）中，首先对应用翻译进行了定位，然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化，并以《选美中国》为例，结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争，提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时，译者可以采取异化策略，担负起传播中国文化的使命，扩大目的语读者的'文化语境、认知语境，激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索，增强我国软实力。
纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状，可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面，研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究，而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申，缺乏创新点，并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定，导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。
3、参考文献。
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社，2004.
Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.
戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江，外语学刊。2002 （3） :7-11.
公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.
何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 （1） ; 19-25.
何自然。《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海，上海教育出版社。2007.
何自然，冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙，湖南教育出版社。2002.
胡芳毅，贾占波。《外宣翻译：意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海，上海翻译。2010⑴：23-28.
蒋澄生，廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州，广东工业大学学报。2005 （1） : 68-71.
贾文波。《应用翻译功能论（第二版）》[M].北京，中国出版集团公司。2012.
李明。《商务英语翻译（汉译英）》[M]?北京，高等教育出版社。2007.
李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都，成都大学学报 2007⑶：123-126.
刘恩祥，刘颖，李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山，佛山科学技术学院学报（社会科学版）》。2011 （1） :70-73.
卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆，肇庆学院学报。2007⑶：53-56.
钱冠连。《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京，外语教学与研究。2000（3） :230-232.
钱冠连。《语用学：语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京，外语教学与研究。1991（1）：61-66.
孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南，山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版）。2007 （6） :51-55.
潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京，外语与外语教学。2002 （6）：50-52.
王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京，外语研究。2005（4） :55-59.
叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海，上海交通大学出版社。2009.
张运桥，严敏芬。《语用三观：关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州，外语艺术教育研究。2009（3） :36-38.
4、论文提纲。
1 引言
2 文献综述
国外顺应论研究状况
国内顺应论研究状况
3 顺应论简介
顺应论的三个核心概念
变异
商讨性
顺应
顺应论的两个分析维度
语境因素的顺应
语言结构顺应
顺应论在翻译中的应用
4 从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构
企业外宣翻译的文本和语言特点
语篇重构的概念
从顺应论的视角看形式的语篇重构
语篇衔接和连贯方式与形式的语篇重构
语言风格与形式的语篇重构
从顺应论的视角看内容的语篇重构
心理世界与内容的语篇重构
文化现象与内容的语篇重构
社会规范和政治制度与内容的语篇重构
5 结论
5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。
本论文选取了两篇企业外宣材料，分别是《西麦克展览公司简介》和《海天味业网站宣传资料》，并由本人对其进行翻译。根据翻译过程中出现的问题，并结合顺应论的相关分析维度和语篇重构的两大类型，分析译者为顺应目的语读者的语言习惯、文化背景、社会规约和心理因素等所做出的调整。
6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。
本文以顺应论为基础，结合语篇重构的概念，分析了西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料英译过程中的语篇重构现象。企业外宣材料不仅仅涉及到基本信息传达，而且涉及到企业文化、价值观念、影晌力的传递。因此企业外宣翻译不是简单机械地表达和传递信息，还要从目的语读者的角度对原文作出调整，使目的语读者在阅读外宣材料时被其所传递的企业信息所吸引，继而激发他们采取行动。因此，译者为了符合目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯、思维方式、文化背景要对原文进行内容上和形式上的语篇重构。包括语篇衔接与连贯方式的顺应、语言风格的顺应、心理世界的顺应、文化现象的顺应以及社会规范和政治制度的顺应。同时译者为了达到以上这些顺应的目的，选择顺应的过程中也包含了对原文从词语、句子结构、篇章衔接以及内容上进行重构。
对于企业的外宣翻译，只有设身处地地从目的语读者的角度去思考和翻译，巧妙地对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语读者的语言和文化，才能激发读者付诸行动，为企业的形象宣传和经济发展带来实实在在的好处。
7、预期的结果。
企业外宣翻译要通过对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语社会的语言语境、心理世界、社交世界、文化世界等，才能更好地实现外宣翻译的交际功能，达到良好外宣效果。
第七条 学位申请人员的学位论文出现购买、由他人代写、剽窃或者伪造数据等作假情形的，学位授予单位可以取消其学位申请资格；已经获得学位的，学位授予单位可以依法撤销其学位，并注销学位证书。取消学位申请资格或者撤销学位的处理决定应当向社会公布。从做出处理决定之日起至少3年内，各学位授予单位不得再接受其学位申请。 第八条 为他人代写学位论文、出售学位论文或者组织学位论文买卖、代写的人员，属于在读学生的，其所在学校或者学位授予单位可以给予开除学籍处分；属于学校或者学位授予单位的教师和其他工作人员的，其所在学校或者学位授予单位可以给予开除处分或者解除聘任合同。 调查动机 临近毕业，不少学生为毕业论文发愁，这可“火”了代写论文的生意。《法制日报》记者经过多方联系，采访到了一家给本科生代写毕业论文的网店，了解到了论文买卖的内幕…… “店主和兄弟姐妹们均为北京某985工程学校的博士生和研究生，开了这个小店(淘宝店)。我和我的团队为您服务……”一家淘宝店的广告这样写道。 以高学历、生为卖点，这家小店提供的是什么服务？《法制日报》记者在一次采访中偶然了解到，在读研究生小姚在淘宝开了一家小店，发挥自己和同学的学术功底——给本科生代写毕业论文。 经过反复沟通，小姚在就读学校附近的一家咖啡馆接受了记者的采访。 研究生团队 代写论文月入数千 小姚，硕士一年级，行政管理专业。他就读的学校是985、211之一，位于北京市昌平区。 小姚打开笔记本电脑，向记者展示自己淘宝店铺中名为“本科论文”的商品。他告诉记者，开店一个多月，“本科论文”交易金额已达1万余元，到账金额约6000元。 经济、法学、政治、管理、社保……小姚的店铺只接文科论文写作，不接需要建模的论文题目。 小姚又打开一个表格文件，其中记录了他的业务状况。他说，“这个文件我从没给别人看过”。 记录里约有20篇论文，井井有条地列出论文题目、前期付款、后期应收款项、总价、稿件状态、利润，对方下单日期、交稿日期，是否已交定金以及购买人、写作人的联系方式等信息。 记者从小姚的表格中看到，他收取的总价从230元到1500元不等。 小姚介绍，代写本科毕业论文的行价是，需要建模的论文每千字150元，不需要建模的论文每千字90元到100元。小姚的收费标准是每千字100元。“70元也有人接，但那种写得不好”。 同时，小姚还提供论文修改或降低重复率的服务，收费相对低些。 据小姚了解，代写研究生毕业论文，无论是否建模，价格都为每千字150元起步。 “昨天成交额1900元，今天400元。”小姚说，店铺信用低也没关系，商品卖得特别好。 小姚的自信来自他代写论文的团队，成员包括他的本科同学和研究生同学，约有7人。这些同学，都是班里“文章写得好看的”。 “这个生意利润不大，我自己一篇赚100多块钱。”小姚说。记者从表格文件中看到，小姚的利润最低50元，200元。总价与利润之间的差价，是给同学们的报酬。 代写内容包括开题报告、中英文摘要和正文。论文重复率检测低于毕业论文要求。小姚介绍，对方开题报告已通过的，必须按照开题报告框架写作。对方没写开题报告的，帮他代写。“我们都喜欢开题报告没写的，我们自己定框架，按照自己擅长的发挥”。 “我同学，有的7天就能交稿；有的书很多，一两天就能完成。”小姚说，他的同学刚完成的论文，重复率检测结果只有10%，“写得相当不错”。 研究生同学为何同意一起做代写生意？面对记者的提问，小姚笑笑回答，“我能让他们挣钱啊。” 小姚甚至将自己和另一位同学的本科毕业论文卖了出去。“他们让我们定题目，我们推荐这样的题目，就不用写了”。 小姚的团队也会碰到没人会写的题目。这时，小姚就以低价“外包”给淘宝上面别的卖家。遇到“推不出去”的情况，小姚的团队会尝试着完成。 外包出去的业务，客户评价有好有坏。小姚说，在他看来，创建这个业务渠道的初衷肯定不是写本科论文，但是现在的情况是，商家都提供这样的服务。 网上交易 “谁也不认识谁” 小姚本科毕业时也曾想找人代写论文，因当时无法接受价格而放弃。研一寒假前，他和同学商量了一下，决定开始做代写毕业论文的生意。 小姚平时专业课程很多，他不得不把业余时间都拿出来经营业务。每天晚上回到宿舍之后，他要给同学、客户打很多电话，用他自己的话来说是“事儿太多了”。 记者观察到，小姚仅记录了购买人的邮箱和电话，并没有姓名和学校。 “客户都是本科生。网上交易，我也不知道他们是谁。”小姚说，他只通过电话和邮箱与对方联系。 每天咨询的人特别多，每天都很忙，时不时“叮铃”一声。小姚说，“我挺喜欢听这个声音的，钱来啦”。 小姚给记者看了自己的聊天记录，每天咨询的人都在10人以上。 记者在聊天记录中看到，广西某高校一位女生给小姚发的信息。这位女生的开题报告没有通过，仅有一次修改机会，她希望小姚的团队为她代写论文。 “我只有一次机会了，希望你确定能写，我已经‘挂了’一次了。” “你们有没有学这个专业的？” “是不是确定能写？” “我已经‘挂’过一次，你跟你同学沟通过么？” “导师说必须要用德尔菲调查法，你们有人会吗？具体的我也不能说了，因为我也不懂。” 在后面的聊天记录中，这个女生每天要都询问很多次类似的问题，话语里带着担心。 小姚给她讲了些相关理论，“我们也看过类似的论文，忽悠一下本科生还是可以的”。 “已经‘挂了’一次了，怎么还不认真对待？”记者问。 “就是因为是自己写的才挂的，她没这个能力啊。”小姚说，他的团队已经帮她写好论文，达到了可以提交的程度，仅剩下修改的程序。 一篇论文发过去，客户还会介绍自己其他的同学与小姚联系。小姚说，“有六七篇都是这样的情况”。 小姚介绍，交易程序是先付一半定金，小姚的团队开始写作，初稿写完了发给对方，对方先拿稿件给导师看，导师给出修改意见，小姚的团队修改到对方导师满意，这时候对方再付另一半费用。小姚还附送重复率检测结果。 淘宝上这类服务非常多，小姚说，“我们还是比较靠谱的”。 这事有没有风险？小姚经常被问到这个问题。 “应该不会有风险，网上交易，谁也不认识谁。”小姚说，注册店铺时，他曾录入自己的详细信息，客户通过淘宝还是有可能找到他的。“但我觉得不会有这种学生，他们现在没有论文都毕不了业”。 实施两年 “最严处罚”难落实 21世纪教育研究院副院长熊丙奇在接受记者采访时表示，找人代写论文并不是个别现象。2009年的一项调查称，当时我国的论文买卖交易已近10亿元，其中包括各级各类高校学术论文、毕业论文，在职人员职称评定论文等。有买方就有卖方，卖方就会利用各种渠道发布广告。“我的手机上也常收到代写论文的短信、邮件”。 “代写论文肯定是不符合学术规范的，是与学术的基本精神相违背的。”中国教育科学研究院研究员储朝晖在接受《法制日报》记者采访时说，“基本的学术规范都没有了，这是很严重的问题。” “论文要跟随人的一生，现在作假，以后查出来，终身都是耻辱。何必付出这样的代价呢？”储朝晖认为。 记者了解到，自2013年1月1日起，教育部出台的《学位论文作假行为处理办法》开始施行。据报道，这一办法在面向社会征求意见时，曾被网友称为对论文作假的“最严处罚”。 然而，两年过去，代写论文交易依然火爆，研究生团队也加入代写论文行列。 问题在哪儿？在储朝晖看来，学生之所以采取这样的办法完成毕业论文，原因很多。一方面，一些本科生写作能力不够，或者依赖思想比较重；另一方面，相关的专业培养、训练不够，也与高校内部的教育质量相关。 这种现象反映出一种“论文情结”。论文的用途要么是需要发表的、要么是要通过答辩要求的、要么是为了通过学位评审的、要么是为了评职称的、要么是为了通过考核的，社会将论文的功能异化了。现在的学术管理、学术评价机制也存在严重问题，导致论文买卖的乱象。如何让学术行为端正起来？熊丙奇认为，高校教学应更注重每一门功课的学习流程，加强过程质量控制。高校应去行政化，建立现代大学治理制度，这个过程涉及深层的高等教育管理体制、高校治理结构改革。对于各种各样的论文要求，不必要的应当取消，对必须要求提交论文的，更注重质量而不是形式，注重对论文本身的学术水平进行评价。 储朝晖认为，一方面，学校内部建立相应的处罚机制，发现学生有找人代写论文的行为，应加以处罚；另一方面，应该从教育方面加强诚信建设。 “最根本的是做人的诚信。”储朝晖说，仅仅从技术上解决真假，并没有从根本上解决问题。现在，不光是学生论文作假，很多教师、管理者、官员也作假，这样就避免不了对学生产生影响。这是个系统性问题。 熊丙奇也提及，社会上一些管理人员并不参加课题研究，让别人代写论文，之后把自己的名字放在第一作者的位置，同样是严重的学术不端，且同样未受到处罚。 熊丙奇认为，目前对学术不端的治理和打击还很乏力。如果有相关行政机关共同处理，问题将得到很大程度的解决。 采访将要结束时，小姚点开他曾经“发包”的代写论文的店铺，发现店铺中所有商品都消失了。“商品被下架了？淘宝会不会查呀？”小姚有点担心地对记者说。
代笔论文需要注意哪些事项毕业生往往都面临着两个共同话题，一是：毕业了要参加工作。二是既然已经毕业，当然要进行学校生涯最后也最重要的一步，写毕业论文完成毕业答辩。那么如果代笔论文该注意哪些事项呢？ 首先，毕业论文应该是较高级的论文，但是它也要严格按照论文的格式来书写。代笔论文时首先要注意论文开题报告，开题报告的内容包括，立题依据（或研究背景）、课题研究的目的及意义、国内外研究现状、课题研究的方法、课题研究的内容、研究的创新点、可能遇到的问题、预期的研究结论以及时间步骤、参考文献。你要找到你感兴趣的话题，确立自己的论证思路。确立论题时也要注意课题的大小，论题不能太大也不能太小。 论文首先要明确自己的观点，而且要写出自己的思想，围绕主题客观的描述事实依据，避免论文内容空洞，杂乱无章，论文正文要求层次结构和思路不清晰，要针对所说的话题提出合理的依据。论文开题报告是文章的眼睛，也是读者了解论文的关键部分。因此代笔论文时也要注意读者的心态，把论文开题报告部分写的更有针对性。 其外还有一些小的细节之处需要注意：（1）不管是代笔者还是本人在写论文时都要明确自己研究的目的，尤其是代笔者，不应该把代笔当成任务，而是心平气和地当成自己关心的事情，并且义务反顾的觉得这是自己应该研究的话题。研究目的和外部环境要清晰明确。 （2）然后关注国内和国外的研究状况，分析当前研究的主要方向与文献，他们的主要思路是什么，还有没有补充的东西，或者你和这些学者论点相反，都可以让自己的思想绽放，只要符合实际，论述有据有理。 （3）代笔者也要考虑到前辈学者的心态，注意学会尊重别人，这样自己才能做得更好。 （4）论文的思想要符合高等教育学者的水平，让自己的文章更有创新意识，还有在研究过程中，要注意自己研究的有用性，不要做一些无用功。
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译硕士怎么写开题报告
开题报告主要说明这个课题应该进行研究，自己有条件进行研究以及准备如何开展研究等问题，也可以说是对课题的论证和设计。开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的重要环节。以下是我整理的翻译硕士怎么写开题报告，欢迎阅读。
1、选题意义和背景。
随着中国加入世界贸易组织，中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场，提高在国际市场上的知名度，企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料，读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍，也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等，这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整，从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构，以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说，本文有三种类型，分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为，企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之，而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此，外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能，要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受，并让读者产生共鸣，继而付诸行动，实现译文预期的功能。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦（Verschuem）提出了顺应论，将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式，也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度，还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益，因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同，译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动，就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整，而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来，并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译，试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。
2、论文综述/研究基础。
1987年维索尔伦（Verschueren）提出顺应论之后，在语用学界引起了很大反响，不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索，而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中，成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。
1 国外顺应论研究状况。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦（Verschueren）在《IprA工作文集》（IprA WorkingDocument 1） （1987, 45-48）中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》，标志着顺应论的提出。1995年，他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》（handbook of Pragmatics）中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为，语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观，并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年，阿萨卡瑟（AsaKasher）主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts）论文集中，维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》（v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication ）的文章，主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年，在他的专着《语用学新解》（Understaning Pragmatics）中，维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用，这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角，突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支（语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学）的看法，而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观，贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面，可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角，可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命，可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析，也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。
2 国内顺应论研究状况。
钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学：语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》（1991,62-66）的文章中，将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面，即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析，并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨，认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》（2000,230-232），该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分，也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来，使其不再属于语言资源的语言学，而是加入到语言使用的语言学去，作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用，这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题，还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。
国内除钱冠连外，2007年何自然主编的《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是，该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向，集语用学的三个前沿理论（关联论、顺应论、模因论）为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。
关于顺应论的部分，该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合，为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出，顺应论是宏观语用学的核心，顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》（2000, 50-52）中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论，探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系，指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》（2007,51-55）从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映，纵观维索尔伦的语用思想，折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外，刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础，除了对语言顺应论做出肯定，他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙，以解释所有的语言运用，有运用过度之嫌”（李元胜，2007:124）。
中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究，还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中，顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。
从理论研究的角度来看，有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示，戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》（2000,7-11） -文中，为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程，它超越了以往语言学研究的框架，将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出，根据顺应论，语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程，两者可以相互影响，同样，翻译作为语言转换的过程，也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应，这种顺应应该以满了交际双方的需要为目的，对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。
有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法，王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》（2005,55-59） -文中，针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论，他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法，而不是翻译策略，动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时，他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。
顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中，学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外，还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去，比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析，同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。
叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics）中，首先对应用翻译进行了定位，然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化，并以《选美中国》为例，结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争，提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时，译者可以采取异化策略，担负起传播中国文化的使命，扩大目的语读者的'文化语境、认知语境，激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索，增强我国软实力。
纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状，可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面，研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究，而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申，缺乏创新点，并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定，导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。
3、参考文献。
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社，2004.
Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.
戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江，外语学刊。2002 （3） :7-11.
公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.
何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 （1） ; 19-25.
何自然。《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海，上海教育出版社。2007.
何自然，冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙，湖南教育出版社。2002.
胡芳毅，贾占波。《外宣翻译：意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海，上海翻译。2010⑴：23-28.
蒋澄生，廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州，广东工业大学学报。2005 （1） : 68-71.
贾文波。《应用翻译功能论（第二版）》[M].北京，中国出版集团公司。2012.
李明。《商务英语翻译（汉译英）》[M]?北京，高等教育出版社。2007.
李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都，成都大学学报 2007⑶：123-126.
刘恩祥，刘颖，李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山，佛山科学技术学院学报（社会科学版）》。2011 （1） :70-73.
卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆，肇庆学院学报。2007⑶：53-56.
钱冠连。《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京，外语教学与研究。2000（3） :230-232.
钱冠连。《语用学：语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京，外语教学与研究。1991（1）：61-66.
孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南，山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版）。2007 （6） :51-55.
潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京，外语与外语教学。2002 （6）：50-52.
王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京，外语研究。2005（4） :55-59.
叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海，上海交通大学出版社。2009.
张运桥，严敏芬。《语用三观：关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州，外语艺术教育研究。2009（3） :36-38.
4、论文提纲。
1 引言
2 文献综述
国外顺应论研究状况
国内顺应论研究状况
3 顺应论简介
顺应论的三个核心概念
变异
商讨性
顺应
顺应论的两个分析维度
语境因素的顺应
语言结构顺应
顺应论在翻译中的应用
4 从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构
企业外宣翻译的文本和语言特点
语篇重构的概念
从顺应论的视角看形式的语篇重构
语篇衔接和连贯方式与形式的语篇重构
语言风格与形式的语篇重构
从顺应论的视角看内容的语篇重构
心理世界与内容的语篇重构
文化现象与内容的语篇重构
社会规范和政治制度与内容的语篇重构
5 结论
5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。
本论文选取了两篇企业外宣材料，分别是《西麦克展览公司简介》和《海天味业网站宣传资料》，并由本人对其进行翻译。根据翻译过程中出现的问题，并结合顺应论的相关分析维度和语篇重构的两大类型，分析译者为顺应目的语读者的语言习惯、文化背景、社会规约和心理因素等所做出的调整。
6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。
本文以顺应论为基础，结合语篇重构的概念，分析了西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料英译过程中的语篇重构现象。企业外宣材料不仅仅涉及到基本信息传达，而且涉及到企业文化、价值观念、影晌力的传递。因此企业外宣翻译不是简单机械地表达和传递信息，还要从目的语读者的角度对原文作出调整，使目的语读者在阅读外宣材料时被其所传递的企业信息所吸引，继而激发他们采取行动。因此，译者为了符合目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯、思维方式、文化背景要对原文进行内容上和形式上的语篇重构。包括语篇衔接与连贯方式的顺应、语言风格的顺应、心理世界的顺应、文化现象的顺应以及社会规范和政治制度的顺应。同时译者为了达到以上这些顺应的目的，选择顺应的过程中也包含了对原文从词语、句子结构、篇章衔接以及内容上进行重构。
对于企业的外宣翻译，只有设身处地地从目的语读者的角度去思考和翻译，巧妙地对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语读者的语言和文化，才能激发读者付诸行动，为企业的形象宣传和经济发展带来实实在在的好处。
7、预期的结果。
企业外宣翻译要通过对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语社会的语言语境、心理世界、社交世界、文化世界等，才能更好地实现外宣翻译的交际功能，达到良好外宣效果。