题目是论文内容的高度概括，它对读者具有影响力，可使读者首先明确论文研究的主题。下面我给大家带来翻译方向论文题目选题参考2022，希望能帮助到大家!
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★ 优秀论文题目2022 ★
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★ 大学毕业论文评语 ★
翻译硕士论文题目选题参考
1、《中国古代 足球 》古汉语专名与古诗词的英译处理
2、英文合同汉译中规范性的实现策略
3、以目 标语 读者为导向的 广告 翻译策略研究
4、盐城旅游文本中特色词汇的翻译问题
5、从接受美学视角探究文学作品中模糊语言翻译
6、法律文献中专业术语英译的探讨
7、扬州旅游文本里 文化 因素的翻译
8、网络辅助下英语缩略语的翻译策略研究
9、有道词典在翻译中的应用
10、 英语 散文 120篇汉译项目 报告
11、徐州景点 导游词 翻译中文化负载词的处理
12、徐州特产食品 说明书 汉英翻译研究
13、从文本功能的角度探究报刊时政新闻的汉译
14、英语长句的英译汉翻译策略实证研究---以<基于语料库的英语教学>为例
15、《物华名胜》中复合式翻译 方法 的运用
16、《苏斯 儿童 绘本汉译过程中儿童语言的处理》
17、目的论指导下企业介绍的英译研究
18、新闻发布会口译项目报告
19、目的论视角下看中国高校宣传片的字幕翻译策略
20、《杨澜访谈录》同声传译项目报告
21、VOA经济报道口译过程中顺句驱动法运用的实践报告
22、预测在英语 财经 新闻口译活动中运用的实践报告
23、中国饮食文化词的口译技巧—《舌尖上的中国》口译实践报告
24、影响英汉交替传译中笔记有效信息筛选障碍的项目报告——以VOA时事新闻口译实践为例
25、视译停顿形成因素及解决方法报告
26、外事口译中译者主体性的把握
27、学生译员汉英交传训练中停顿现象研究
28、商务合同英汉互译技巧
29、英文品牌汉译
30、知识对于翻译的重要性
31、中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响
32、英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译
33、<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析
34、从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿
35、关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏
36、跨文化交际与商标翻译
37、中式菜肴的命名与翻译
38、浅谈英语电影片名的翻译
39、英文电影片名的翻译策略
40、英文化妆品广告之美学翻译
41、数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探
42、浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性
43、英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究
44、论语境在英汉翻译中的作用
45、浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则
46、中英服饰广告的翻译
47、论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性
48、论译者的风格与译风
49、经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译
50、从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
51、翻译中的文化因素
52、影视字幕翻译的原则
53、影响长句翻译的因素
54、例析英译汉中形象语言的处理
英语专业 毕业 论文翻译方向题目
1、 图里规范理论视角下的《四洲志》翻译研究
2、 翻译伦理视域下杨曙辉和杨韵琴《喻世明言》英译本研究
3、 《围城》英译研究
4、 余华小说《兄弟》中的文化专有词英译研究
5、 汉语形容词重叠式及其基式英译对比研究
6、 英汉交流虚构运动事件中路径和方式表征的对比研究
7、 汉语情态动词“能”字结构的翻译
8、 英汉运动事件表征方式对比研究
9、 顺应论视角下视觉动词的汉英互译研究
10、 语用顺应论视阈下汉语听觉动词的英译研究
11、 基于交往能力理论的翻译主体间性实证研究
12、 目的论视角下的电气英语翻译
13、 从符号视角看翻译中视觉非语言符号的信息处理
14、 功能对等理论视角下政府公文英译策略研究
15、 女性主义视角下影视字幕翻译策略研究
16、 操纵论视角下政治文本的汉英翻译研究
17、 从功能对等原则看中国上古神话中神话意象的翻译
18、 从德国功能派翻译理论视角分析领导人演讲口译
19、 文化翻译理论指导下《黄帝内经》英译策略研究
20、 四字格中医术语动词的英译对比研究
21、 《红楼梦》服饰文化翻译研究探析
22、 英文传记汉译实践报告
23、 生态翻译视角下：《尘埃落定》英译本的研究
24、 奈达的功能对等理论在Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secrets两个译本中的体现
25、 描写性翻译理论框架下《西敏寺》译文的风格分析
26、 目的论视角下张爱玲《金锁记》自译本的比较研究
27、 从功能理论视角看戴译本《边城》中文化负载词的翻译策略与方法
28、 英译诗歌韵律的定量对比分析
29、 功能对等理论视角下鲁迅小说《药》《孔乙己》《风波》两个英译本的对比研究
30、 奈达功能对等视角下对《瓦尔登湖》两个中译本的对比研究
31、 语义翻译/交际翻译视角下文化特色语的翻译
32、 从关联理论看《了不起的盖茨比》的两个汉译本
33、 目的论视角下的《三体》英译研究
34、 性别与翻译：从女性主义翻译观对比分析《飘》的两译本
35、 目的论指导下的《舌尖上的中国》菜名英译策略
36、 功能对等理论视角下的美国情景喜剧字幕翻译
37、 功能对等理论视阈下的商标翻译研究
翻译理论与实践论文题目
1、德国功能翻译理论的宏观性及其对教学的启示
2、翻译美学的文化考量
3、解构视角下翻译中的二元对立分析
4、传教士翻译与晚清文化社会现代性
5、跨文化传播视域下的翻译功能研究
6、英语专业本科翻译教学主体交往体系建构研究
7、许渊冲唐诗英译研究
8、论英汉翻译写作学的建构
9、 文章 学视野下的林译研究
10、口译研究的生态学途径
11、郭建中翻译思想与实践研究
12、跨文化语用学视角下的外宣翻译策略研究
13、文学文本中的视觉翻译
14、外宣翻译研究体系建构探索
15、异化翻译思想探究
16、翻译的修辞学研究
17、新月派文学观念研究
18、文章学视野下的林纾翻译研究
19、翻译批评原则的诠释学研究
20、蒯因的翻译不确定性及其对英汉互译的启示
21、近代中国 留学 生 教育 翻泽研究(1895~1937)
22、叙事学视域下的外宣翻译研究
23、修辞劝说视角下的外宣翻译研究
24、中国传统翻译理论观照下的林少华文学翻译研究
25、易学“象”视角下的译学研究
26、对比语言学元语言系统的演变研究
27、俄语本科翻译教材研究
28、情境翻译与翻译情境
29、西班牙语委婉语的多元翻译
30、从《哥儿》林译本的 句子 结构调整看奈达功能对等翻译理论
31、功能对等理论与信达雅翻译论的比较研究
32、《翻译理论与实践》(第二章)翻译报告
33、从中国文化语境视角出发解读西方女性主义翻译
34、证券翻译理论与实践
35、叶维廉汉诗英译研究
翻译方向论文题目选题参考相关文章：
★ 翻译方向论文题目选题参考
★ 英汉翻译论文选题题目参考
★ 2021英语专业论文选题与题目参考
★ 翻译英语专业毕业论文选题
★ 英语专业毕业论文选题文化
★ 英语专业文化类方面毕业论文题目选题
★ 本科英语专业毕业论文题目选题
★ 优秀英语毕业论文题目参考
★ 英语专业论文开题报告范文精选5篇
★ 2021英语专业的硕士论文题目
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
提供一些翻译方向的论文题目，供参考。商务合同英汉互译技巧英文品牌汉译知识对于翻译的重要性中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏跨文化交际与商标翻译中式菜肴的命名与翻译浅谈英语电影片名的翻译英文电影片名的翻译策略英文化妆品广告之美学翻译数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究论语境在英汉翻译中的作用浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则中英服饰广告的翻译论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性论译者的风格与译风经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
中国饮食文化涉及到食源的开发与利用、食具的运用与创新、食品的生产与消费、餐饮的服务与接待、餐饮业与食品业的经营与管理，以及饮食与国泰民安、饮食与文学艺术、饮食与人生境界的关系等，深厚广博。 从外延看，中国饮食文化可以从时代与技法、地域与经济、民族与宗教、食品与食具、消费与层次、民俗与功能等多种角度进行分类，展示出不同的文化品味，体现出不同的使用价值，异彩纷呈。俗话说就是填饱肚子，就是一个“吃”字。形式比较原始，只解决人的最基本的生理需要。境界一“果腹”吃的第一大境界当然是“果腹”，俗话说就是填饱肚子，就是一个“吃”字。形式比较原始，只解决人的最基本的生理需要。这个境界的吃，不需要费心找地儿，各种商场的小吃城；街头的成都美食和中式的快餐店，如：各式面馆、永和豆浆等，西式快餐的麦当劳、肯德基也可列入其中，一盘宫保鸡丁，一盘白菜豆腐，外加一小碗汤，一碗主食足以。一个人，两个人，三五人均可。这个境界的吃千万别麻烦，一麻烦就脱离了本质，吃起来也就十分不爽。境界二“饕餮”吃的第二大境界应该是“饕餮”。吃的是一个“爽”字。呼三五好友去一家稍大众的馆子，稀里哗啦点上满满的一大桌菜，价钱却不贵，胡吃海塞一通，兴致所致，还能吆喝两声，划几下拳，甚至还可以赤膊上阵。适合这种吃法的有涮肉、大众菜等。但免不了一个“俗”字，有不雅之嫌疑，同时也有浪费之嫌疑。境界三“聚会”吃的第三大境界应该是“聚会”。此境界重在这个“聚”字。家人、朋友、加班聚餐等都属于这一类。这种吃不需要太多的讲究，“吃”是个形式，关键在“聚”背后的引申含义。逢年过节、生日聚会、升迁发奖，友人来访，随便找个理由都可以去趟馆子，这是一种礼节上的习惯。这种吃讲究个热闹。不需要太豪华和奢侈。金百万、金鼎轩、小土豆、稍微高档一点的川菜馆如巴国布衣等之类都可以满足需要，高档一点的还可以去吃一些比较流行和有名气的馆子。境界四“宴请”吃的 西餐第四大境界应该是“宴请”。多以招待为主。商场招待、官场招待、公务招待、上下级招待、危机处理招待、重大事情招待等都属于这一范畴。这种吃不以“吃”的本质为主旨，关键在于这个招待背后的目的。所以，这种吃重在讲究一个排场，价钱昂贵，因此也多以公款招待为主。在京城，这是支撑餐饮经济的重要支柱。这种吃都有一个共同点，大多都是在“包间”进行，所以，对馆子的要求要严格一点。如各大宾馆饭店的豪华餐厅，知名大酒楼等、海鲜、鱼翅、鲍鱼宴、官府菜等。但这个境界的吃难免给人一种有暴殄天物之叹，吃后回来，却又发现没有吃饱。境界五“养生”吃的第五大境界应该是“养生”。它比较讲究“食补”，是大吃大喝在认识观念上的一种理性升华。这种吃多以正宗的煲汤为主：甲鱼汤、老鸦汤、野山菌汤等，足足地焖上十多个小时，满满地端上来，味道纯正，饱饱地喝上一顿，无比滋润，真乃人生一大幸事，就是从心理上对积劳的身体也是一个安慰。在北京，这样的馆子有很多，进入饭店的正门，有一排瓷罐摆着，大多比较正宗。江西来的瓦罐、广东来的各式煲、云南来的野山菌汤、正宗的鱼翅煲、潮洲来的燕窝汤、官府菜的南瓜鱼翅都是比较典型的。但有时价钱却是一个瓶颈，不是一般人轻易就能上口的。境界六“解馋”吃的第六大境界应该是“解馋”，吃的东西一定要“鲜”。这个境界有两个层次：一是吃“物”，如那些只常听说却鲜见的鲜物鲍鱼、龙虾、法式大餐之类；二是吃“名”、吃“文化”：如大董和全聚德的烤鸭，顺峰、黎昌的海鲜以及淮扬菜、杭州菜、本帮菜、谭鱼头火锅、皇城老妈、孔乙己酒店等境界七“觅食”吃的第七大境界应该是“觅食”，那就得四处去“找”。在寻找中获得“吃”的乐趣，是本境界的一大妙处。这个“找”又分为两个层次，一个是有目的地去找口头盛传的流行馆子；一个是漫无目的地找寻意中的吃处。这个“找”字重在一个偶然发现，豁然开朗，一下子就对上了当时的心情和感觉。境界八“猎艳”吃的第八大境界应该是“猎艳”，所以馆子要“奇”。这样的馆子都是比较稀罕的特色店，如：非洲来的、越南来的等都在这一范畴。“新”、“奇”、“特”是主要特征。适合这类馆子的人群一般是时尚人士、有品位的少夫少妻、白领人群等。价钱中档，不用担心被宰。境界九“约会”吃的第九大境界应该是“约会”，这时吃的已经不是“物”，而是“情”。大多的时候，点的多，吃的少。这种吃千万不要是两个同性别的人，以免让人误会，最好也不要是夫妻，因为已过了“约会”的阶段。凡是到这种地方来吃的，两人之间大多都有一种心灵上的默契，说出来就变得俗，不表现出来又压抑。于是，以一个“吃”的借口“会”在一起，吃也吃了，谈也谈了，尽管大多的时候没有吃。适合这类吃的馆子如：茶餐厅、有餐饮服务的咖啡店，而且一定还要有柔软的沙发。境界十“独酌”吃的最后一个境界应该是“独酌”，在于一个“品”字，吃什么不太重要，关键是一个寥落的心情，要么伤感、要么闲适。这种馆子一定要是隐匿在很深的巷子里，店面古朴，又十分宁静。这个时候还应该有一瓶古典的酒，最好屋外再飘着零星的雨丝或雪花。一个人浅斟低酌，物我两忘。惟一的遗憾是，这种店已经很少有，恐怕只有在梦里才可以见得着。
地方菜可直接用拼音巧用人名地名
很多国外的菜名一般都是把做法和配料告诉你，中国的菜名则更多的像名字。不过这个其实不是很大的问题，老外已经习惯了，很多外来食物都是直接一个词不过如果你说的是中国餐馆里的英文菜单，那个基本就是瞎翻译的，很多都是一个字一个字翻译，然后没法翻译的单字就直接用拼音。虽然跟菜名无关，不过我在一个麦当劳里看到过“请慢行”被翻译成了“pleas slow line”，就是请=please，慢=slow，行走的行也是行列的行，而行列的行=line
于饮食文化的论文： 论饮食文化汉译英中的“意译 论饮食文化汉译英中的 意译” 意译〔摘要〕把中国的饮食文化翻译为英语是一件很复杂的工作。要把饮食文 化，尤其是菜谱忠实地传达出来，要兼顾菜名的“形美、音美、意美”，又要考 虑到西方人的饮食所讲究的内容和实质，同时还需要关注菜肴本身的材料、烹 调方法和人们的饮食文化心理。本文搜集了大量的菜谱英语译名并加以归纳， 总结出中国饮食文化尤其是菜谱汉译英中的“意译”情况。 〔关键词〕菜谱 翻译 “意译” 〔中图分类号〕H315〔文献标识码〕A〔文章编号〕1009-5349（2010） 11－0042－02 引言 民以食为天，饮食是人们日常生活的大事。饮食文化也是世界各族人民文 化中不可缺少的一部分，在各族文化中占有非常重要的地位。在经济全球化的 趋势下，越来越多的外国人到中国来工作，或者跟中国人打交道，而他们也在 不断地了解中国， 学习中国文化。 饮食文化是中国文化中的一个很重要的部分， 很多外国学者及外国游客对此兴趣浓厚。要做好饮食文化的对外宣传，我们首 先就要把我国的菜谱翻译出来、整理成文。大多数中国食谱的命名方式都是“形 美、音美、意美”，让食客看得舒服的同时，还充满着期待。中式菜谱的翻译除 了要求语义对等，还必须注重文化联系，这就要求翻译出来的菜名符合西方人 的文化、语言、价值观等思维。 根据王秀芬在其论文《浅析中式菜谱的文化和翻译》的总结和归纳，我国 的学者把菜名译成英文的常用方法有四种。 (1)写实型命名法。如“烤乳猪”被译为 Roast Piglot，“糖醋排骨”被译为 Spareribs with Sweet and Soysauce” (2)写意型命名法。如“红烧狮子头”被译为 Stewed Meat Balls with Brown Sauce.“芙蓉水晶虾”被译为 Shrimps Cooked with Eggwhite. (3)典故型命名法。如“东坡肉”被译为 Dongpo Braised Pork.“叫花鸡”被译 为 Beggar’s Chicken. (4)以地名、数字命名法。如“北京烤鸭”被译为 Peking Duck.“八宝饭”被译 为 Eight-Jewel Rice Pudding. 这四种菜谱的翻译法基本上都能被外国人所接受。 然而从翻译的方法来说， 许多菜名都采用了意译。 一、意译 意译总是与直译、音译联系在一起的。关于意译，钱歌川在其著作《翻译 漫谈》中是这样定义的：“采用原文大意，或甚至有时候改变原意，依译者自己 的意思写出，结果是不大忠于原文（钱歌川，1980：11）。”在汉译英中，很 多时候，直译会让外国人莫名其妙。 在把中国饮食文化对外宣传的翻译过程中，不管写实型命名法还是典故型 命名法的菜谱，都不可避免地采用意译。 二、中国菜谱的意译 中国的菜谱五花八门， 各具特色。 有的只看菜名就对其做工材料一目了然， 有的则采用历史文化典故，让客人在品菜的同时，感受文化气氛；而有的菜名 确实展示了地方特色和民族风情，有的则采取的是浪漫主义的命名方式，让食 客充满遐想。很多菜名还采用了文化典故、历史事件、成语、俗语、谚语来命 名，这就约束了中国菜名翻译时的直译手法。因为很多时候，直译会让外国人 费解，中国人若是不了解这道菜，也会被英文译文弄得莫名其妙，不知所谓。 所以，在把中国菜名翻译成译文的时候，更应该多采用意译的方法。本文通过 分析、归纳和总结，发现中国菜谱采用意译通常有以下三种。 （一）直译表达不明时，常采用意译把菜谱译出 文化的差异必然导致理解上的困难。不是所有的外国人都有那么好的中文 语言基础和积淀，很多中文说法、词语在我们炎黄子孙看来毫不费劲，但是在 外国人眼里，这些表达可能引起误解，或者让他们在点菜时，因为不理解不了 解而无从下手。直译菜名很多时候并不适合外国人看，因为直译往往会让一样 东西在两种语言中呈现出很大的差异，译文跟原文也许会互不相干或是背道而 驰。因为不是所有的中文词汇都能在英文中找到语义与之对等的单词。或者有 时候找到与之意思相近或者相同的单词，但是这些词不一定可以传达菜名的用 意，因为菜名通常还包含着深厚的文化内涵。这时候，菜名的翻译只能采用意 译，在直译不能确切表达菜名本意的时候，添加成分，以达到解释说明的作用。 如，白饭，如果直译，则为 White Rice，但是中国人说“白饭”，强调的并 非它的颜色而是它的内容，是指单独的米饭，不包括菜或其他配料。所以，为 求更准确地表达出中文“白饭”二字的涵义，译者此时应该舍弃直译而采用意译， “Plain White Rice”，加上 plain 一词，外国人更容易联想到饭本身的材料，有 white 他们也不会想到“黑米饭去”。 又如“凤凰玉米羹”这道菜，中国人大概都知道这道菜中的凤凰并非指一种 鸟，而指的是鸡，称之为凤凰只是为求好听，因为这样命名会让这道菜显得更 有档次。若把其中的“凤凰”译为 phoenix，则让外国人纳闷，因为凤凰仅仅是传 说中的一种鸟，并非真实存在的动物，如果搬到餐桌上来了，让人难以置信。 虽然很多外国人可以在不明真相的情况下点了这道菜，但是上菜时，他们总会 知道这里的“凤凰”的真实身份，或许到时候很多外国食客会觉得失望。所以对 于这道菜，我们可以译为 corn and chicken porridge。 又如“臭豆腐”，有人直译为“Smelly tofu”。这种译法算不上错，因为 Smelly 一词本身就能很确切地描述出臭豆腐的气味特点。但是，很多外国食客也会因 为“Smelly”一词而放弃对此食物的尝试。其实臭豆腐除了臭，也还有香的一面， 闻起来臭，吃起来香，这就是臭豆腐的特点。所以，我们应该采用意译的方法， 把“臭豆腐”译为“stinky tofu”。 （二）结合菜肴所需的主要材料翻译菜名 很多菜谱包含了俗语或习语，而对于俗语、习语的翻译，直译也无法正确 表达其含义，此时多采用意译。然而，对于菜名的翻译，又不能完全等同于单 独的俗语、习语本身的翻译。单独的俗语、习语本身的翻译采用解释、增译等 方法传达其内涵和意思，然而包含俗语、习语的菜名，不仅要求翻译工作者能 够通彻领悟俗语、习语本身的含义，还要注意俗语、习语本身与菜肴之间的紧 密联系。习语、成语做菜名时所反映的文化内涵和历史渊源，比菜名本身更为 重要。此外，翻译人员在翻译时还必须注意把菜肴所需的主要材料表达出来， 但又不能过多剔除习语、成语本身的意蕴。因为如果仅仅传达了成语、俗语等 意思，而忽略菜肴材料的介绍，则会让食客在点菜的时候难以兼顾营养的搭配 和均衡。如果食客只是对菜名好奇而点菜，到时候上的菜全部是肉类，这会让 客人觉得很油腻，整个饭局吃得不够尽兴。同时从营养的角度来说，也是不科 学的。所以，翻译人员在翻译的过程中，不能仅仅把菜名当作是简单的一个词 语来翻译，而应该把菜名与菜肴所需的主要材料结合起来，力求使菜谱的翻译 能够完美、忠实地表达原意。 如，中国有道菜叫“过山峰炖清汤”，如果翻译此菜名时采用直译，则会将 其译为 Guoshan Peak clear soup。对于此译文，不仅外国人看不懂，就连土 生土长的中国人也摸不清这道菜是用什么做的，点了这道菜他们将会品尝到什 么。实际上，这是一道鸡汤。“过山峰”在此当然不可能是一座山峰，也不可能 是山上的某块材料，而是指鸡块本身。为此，我们的翻译工作者把此菜译为 Mountain Peak chicken clear soup。译文既表达了中文原意，又指出了菜肴所 需的材料，同时也不会让外国食客误解 Mountain Peak 在此菜名中的含义。 又如，我们日常生活中常见的一道家常菜“麻婆豆腐”，很多饭馆将其译为 Ma Po’s bean curd。此种译法对于熟悉此菜的中外食客而言是无关紧要的，然 而并非所有的外国食客都了解中国的饮食文化。Ma Po 会被理解为一个人名。 她的豆腐可做菜名，对食客当然具有一定的吸引力，但是这菜毕竟还是豆腐， 不管是谁的牌子，对很多外国食客而言不一定有吸引力，或者说他们并不一定 清楚这个豆腐与其他豆腐的不同之处。但是如果我们采用“意译”的方法，把菜 肴的材料填补上去，说不定可以引发食客的兴趣，刺激其的食欲。“麻婆豆腐” 的特别之处在于它的烹饪所需的配料。所以，我国的翻译工作者也把它译为 “Bean curd with mince and chili oil”。 还有“蚂蚁上树”一菜，单看中文菜名，很多中国食客也会认为是吃蚂蚁， 因为在中国的饮食文化当中，蚂蚁也是可以吃的，也可以泡酒，或是打汤。而 实际上，这道菜是面条跟碎肉末一起烹饪的。煮熟以后，肉末附在面条上，就 如蚂蚁爬到了树上一样。此菜的中文菜名的命名是采用比喻的方法，所以我们 在翻译此菜名时，不可以简单地译为 Ants climbing trees，因为 Ants 会让外国 人食欲尽失。同时，此种译法又不能正确地反映出这道菜的真正内涵，所以把 这个菜名译为 Vermicelli with cpicy minced pork 更受青睐。 （三）意译关注菜肴的烹饪方法 用“意译”翻译出其材料固然好，但是单看材料也不一定就能表达出一道菜 的真正风味，因为同一材料根据不同的刀法和烹调方法可以做出千变万化的多 种佳肴。饮食文化很讲究刀法和烹调方法，如烘（baking）、蒸（steaming）、 煮（boiling）、炸（deepfrying）、剥皮（skinning）、腌制（pickling）、切片 （slicing）、切碎（mingcing）、熏（smoking）等。烹饪方法在食物、菜肴的 制作过程中非常重要，因为它不仅影响了食物的味道，还影响了食物的营养和 口感。所以，在直接翻译菜名材料不能传达菜肴的本质意思的时候，我们可以 采用意译的方法，在意译中注重烹饪方法的翻译。 如“千层饼”被译为“multiple-layer steamed bread”突出了饼的形状， “steamed”又明确了这种饼的烹调方法。 此种译法又让外国食客门路清晰而不至 于会错意点错菜，这比“multiple-layer bread”多了一层“multiple-layer bread”的 意思，而多出的这层意思就是烹饪的方法。“multiple-layer bread”可以让外国食 客明白千层饼的外表和材料，而 steamed 又能让客人了解这道事物的做工程 序。 又如“茄汁鸡脯”这道菜，从菜名就可以看出其材料的主要成分：茄汁和鸡 肉。然而单看菜名，一般食客并不知道其中的制作过程和方法，因为任何人都 很难从菜名中寻究出很明显的答案来。用茄汁和鸡肉混在一起可以做出几个样 式的菜来，而直译这两个材料并不能让客人想象出菜肴的味道。事实上，这里 的鸡肉是油炸过的。熟悉这道菜的真正内容和其烹调方法之后，我们就可以将 其译为“Fried chicken in tomato sauce”。此菜译文突显了烹调方法，又充满了 西方饮食风味，让外国食客倍感亲切。 又如“桶子鸡”，若直译为“Chicken in pail”，则让人误以为此菜为炖品，拿 桶来盛装以求新鲜。事实上，这道菜是干的，跟盐焗鸡差不多，只是这里选用 的鸡为童子鸡。所以，这道菜译为“Spring chicken in salt”时，则会让外国食客 更容易从菜名上最快地获取其所需信息而不影响菜肴文化内涵的传达。 菜谱的翻译有时候让人费心费力，但有时候也可以让人舍繁从简。在很多 大餐馆的菜单上，菜谱旁边大都附上图片。有了图片，食客无需从文字上考虑 太多菜肴所包含的材料。此时，菜谱的翻译尽可以从简，只突出其刀法或者其 烹调方法即可。 如“铁扒比目鱼”，在有图片说明的情况下，我们可将其译为“Grilled Sole”。 在此不需要突出盛装菜肴的器皿，也不需强调此菜为汤类还是干炒类或是其他 的。 三、结语 把中国菜谱翻译成英文，既要兼顾菜名给人留下的特有意象，又要考虑到 西方人的饮食思维和爱好，兼顾菜肴本身的材料、烹调方法和人们的饮食文化 心理。因为文化上的差异，加上翻译中出现的语义上的困难，所以“意译”在菜 谱的翻译中占着非常重要的地位，因为“意译”比直译更能让译者更好地传达中 国的饮食文化，其译文也能更易为外国食客所接受。当然，因为意译本身有时 候也会让译文失去菜名原有的韵味，语言也失去了色调，所以，中国菜谱的翻 译还将是未来长期的研究话题。 【参考文献】 [1]王秀芬.浅析中式菜谱的文化和翻译[J].金华职业技术学院学 报,2001(01). [2]伦淑新.直译与意译浅析[J].中国校外教育(理论),2007(11). [3]钱歌川.翻译漫谈[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1980. [4]卫虹.短命的意译词语[J].语文研究,1984(01).
一般有以下规律：（一）地方菜可直接用拼音： 在美国和欧洲的中餐馆中，中文菜单翻译英文最直接的方法就是“音译”。音译就是把菜品的中文名字用拼音写出来，这种方法简洁直接也很有特色。比如豆腐，虽然可以译成“大豆乳酪”，但更多的是用“TOFU”一词即可，美国人点菜已经会正确地说“TOFU”，还知道它有益健康呢。还有像“担担面”(DAN DAN NOODLES)“云吞”(WONTON)等餐点，直接用拼音命名，含有一种“我有人无”的自豪。反正国外没有相对应的食品，那么就用我们的称呼好了。 这种方法，在其他国家的餐饮里也屡见不鲜:日本寿司(SUSHI)，日本清酒(SAKE)，朝鲜泡菜(KIMCHI)都是直接用音译，这已经在西方获得广泛的采用。而现在国内所说的法国的“香槟”，意大利的“比萨”都是原汁原味音译而来，如今还有谁不知道那些是什么东西呢。 （二）意译有三大讲究：不用说，这是最要功夫的译法。意译法仔细讲来也分3种: 以用料为主的翻译——主要介绍菜肴的主料和配料，先写好其中的鸡肉、牛肉或海鲜的种类名称，再加上青菜、果仁等配料的名称，像香菇(BLACK MASHROOM)、鲜笋(BAMBOO SHOOT)都是中餐常用的材料，外国人多数不会大惊小怪，会照吃不误。 以味道为主的翻译——在用料之外，强调调味的作料，把椒盐、麻辣、甜酸等味道注明在菜单上，这对外国人点菜会有很大帮助。要知道外国人给予中国菜“用舌头来吃的饭菜”的美誉，很多时候他们来吃的就是味道。加了青葱、芝麻等，都是特色风味，不妨一一写出。不过，在北美有一道很受欢迎的菜“甜酸肉(鸡)”SWEETAND SOUR PORK(CHICKEN)，与国内所说的“糖醋里脊”并不完全相同，它的色泽金黄，味道也偏甜，有果汁味，可能吃惯了这道菜的外国人到了国内会弄混。 以烹饪法为主的翻译——把常用的煎炒烹炸方式译入菜名，既符合中国菜的传统，又能显示中国菜的制作艺术。菜肴爆炒的浓香、油炸的酥脆、清蒸的清淡都可以充分在文字中显示出来。 在海外，红烧一般会明说是用酱油(SOY BEAN SAUCE)做的，而不是笼统地说是BROWN SAUCE，这样不喜欢酱油的外国人就可以不点这道菜了。 （三）巧用人名地名： 这个译法似乎又回到了音译法，但实际上却增加了更多的文化底蕴。细看外国菜谱会发现，法国的奶酪、德国的香肠有很多都注明了产地和风味，而且他们的这些地名即使出现在英文菜单上，也全都使用原文拼写。所以我们的“西湖牛肉羹”、“蒙古烤肉”、“上海酱鸭”，也可以写上这些特色地名的汉语拼音，或者加注“SHANGHAI STYLE”(上海风味)，顺便也给外国朋友们来点地理知识。同样，借类似“东坡肉”、“左公鸡”、“麻婆豆腐”等菜式中的人名，就可以向外国人介绍一下这是中国诗人苏东坡，著名将军左宗棠等人所喜爱的食品以及四川妙手阿婆的拿手菜等，增加进餐时的趣味话题和交流。 两点注意： 1.使用所在地通用名称和烹调法，可以取得事半功倍的效果。比如“叉烧肉”，只要写成“BBQ烤肉”(涂了浓调味汁的烤肉)，北美人就心领神会了。而我们常说的“荷兰豆”，在美国和加拿大被称为“雪豆”，翻译时需要注意。 2.我们中华民族历来是礼仪之邦，要尽量避免暴力、性等字眼。比如“童子鸡”，只要写成“很嫩的鸡肉”就可以了，有的餐馆翻译成“未过性生活的鸡”就会被笑话了。想来咱们老祖宗发明这道菜的本意，也只是要标榜材料的鲜嫩爽滑而已，没有谁要打听鸡宝宝的私生活。 举例： “宫保鸡丁”翻译三选一。中餐菜名翻译成英文，可以用多种不同的表达方法。例如“宫保鸡丁”这道菜就有以下3种译法: ■音译:GONGBAO CHICKEN (宫保鸡丁)■以用料为主的翻译: SAUTEED CHICHEN CUBE WITH PEANUTS (炒鸡块，添加花生) ■以味道为主的翻译: DICED CHICKEN WITH PEANUTS IN CHILI SAUCE (鸡肉花生在辣椒酱中)
翻译是将一种语言所表达的意思用另一种语言准确而完整地表达出来。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 漫谈英文定语从句的翻译 摘 要：英文中有大量的定语从句，在翻译时不仅要正确理解定语从句和句子其它成分之间的语法关系和内在逻辑关系，进行必要的句子结构分析和语义分析，还要根据表达的需要对句式做适当变动和调整，使译文顺畅，符合汉语表达习惯。 关键词：定语从句 前置 后置 状语 在英文中，用来修饰、限制、说明句中某一名词、代词、名词或代词短语乃至整个句子的从句叫定语从句。在语序上，定语从句置于先行词之后，是句子中起形容词作用的主谓结构。定语从句是英语语言表达中重要的基本句型之一，在英语中大量出现，它的句子有长有短，结构有繁有简，对先行词的限制作用有强有弱，还有的定语从句在逻辑上具有表示原因、结果、让步、目的、条件、假设等意义。 由于英汉两种语言分属于不同的语系，它们的行文结构存在很大的差异。定语从句虽然在英文中很常见，但却是中文中所没有的结构之一。所以，在将英文中含有定语从句的复合句翻译成汉语时，需要作适当的调整，具有较大的灵活性。在具体翻译时，必须正确体会原文的逻辑概念，合理安排译文的语序，根据其结构和含义采用不同的译法。 一、前置译法 前置译法主要用于限制性定语从句，尤其是一些较短的限制性定语从句。此时，定语从句与它所修饰的先行词关系非常密切，如果分开译会影响主句意思的完整。翻译时可按照汉语定语前置的习惯，将其译成带“的”的定语片语，放在先行词的前面，使译文简洁明了，符合汉语的行文习惯。例如： 1The boy who just went out is my nephew. 刚出去的那个男孩是我的侄儿。 2The old lady died on the day when her son arrived. 那个老太太在她儿子到达的那天去世了。 3Objects that do not transfer light cause shadows. 不透光的物体会造成阴影。 4Shanghai is the place where he was born. 上海是他出生的地方。 5I know the reason why he came late. 我知道他来迟的原因。 6I want to buy a watch which is waterproof. 我想买一块防水的表。 7This is the reservoir that we bulit after the flood last year. 这就是去年洪水过后我们修建的水库。 8Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 我们两国是有着悠久友好历史的邻邦。 除此之外，一些非限制性定语从句，或因结构短小，或因与先行词关系较密切，或因拆译后会造成译文结构松散，在翻译时也可以译成前置定语结构。例如： 1My brother-in-law’s laugh，which was very infectious，broke the silence. 我姐夫富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默。 2The American busines *** an，who had long been interested in Chinese products，was invited to visit a development zone in East China. 早就对中国产品感兴趣的那个美国商人应邀参观了华东地区的一个开发区。 3He likes his sister，who is warm and pleasant，but he doesn’t like his brother，who is aloof and arrogant. 他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。 4Last night I saw a very good film，which was about the French revolution. 昨晚我一部关于法国革命的精彩电影。 5A man，who bites others，gets bitten himself. 害人者， 反害已。 二、后置译法 后置译法在翻译非限制性定语从句时使用比较普遍。英语中的非限制性定语与先行词的关系较为松散，在文字上一般有逗号与先行词隔开。非限制性定语从句对先行词不起限制作用，有些只是用来对其先行词加以描述、解释或补充说明，在语意上与主句接近于并列结构。翻译时可将其与主句分开，译成一个独立的汉语句子，放在先行词的后面。将非限制性定语从句单独译成一句可以使译文层次分明，并符合汉语简洁、明了的表达习惯。例如： 1She has two brothers，who are both doctors. 她有两个兄弟，他们都是医生。 2We will put off the party until next week，when we won’t be so busy. 我们将把聚会推迟到下星期，那时我们不会这样忙。 3They turned a deaf ear to our demands，which enraged all of us. 他们对我们的要求置之不理，这使我们大家都很气愤。 4I told the interesting story to Jessica，who told it to her hu *** and. 我把这个有趣的的故事告诉了杰西嘉，杰西嘉又告诉了她的丈夫。 5Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully，which showed that the putations were accurate. 不过问题还是圆满地解决了，这说明计算很准确。 6Mechanical energy is changed into electric energy，which in turn is changed into mechanical energy. 机械能转变为电能，电能又转变为机械能。 7He had talked to Vice-President Nixon，who assured him that everything that could be done would be done. 他和副总统尼克松谈过话。副总统向他担保，凡是能够做到的都会去做。 另外，有些较长的限制性的定语从句结构相对复杂，若译成前置定语结构往往显得冗长，而且也不符合汉语的表达习惯。在这种情况下，也可译成后置的并列分句。例如： 1A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。 2Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we fit in society. 身份是人类的奇妙发明，它可以使人们相互之间相处融洽，并使人们得以确定在社会中所处的恰当地位。 3Philosophy is speculative in that it attempts to construct patterns from life experiences that give meaning to reality in the universe. 哲学的推断性在于试图从生活经历中构筑模式，这些模式给天下存在的万物赋以意义。 4The airline has a booklet that will tell you most of the important things about the trip to Eorope. 这家航空公司备有一本小册子，小册子会告诉你有关欧洲之行的大部分重要事情。 5Late last century all the universities in the United States adopted the credit system which benefited students a great deal. 上世纪末，美国所有大学都实行了学分制。学生们从中受益匪浅。 三、合成译法 英语中有些限制性定语从句与主句关系十分紧密，并且在意义上突出了全句的重点;而主句仅起结构上的作用，其本身的意义并不突出。这时，可将原句中的主句和定语从句融合在―起译成一个独立的汉语句子。英语中带定语从句的There be…结构和它的变体结构或先行词在逻辑上与定语从句中的动词构成主谓或动宾关系时，汉译时常用这种方法来处理。例如： 1There are some metals that are lighter than water. 有些金属比水轻。 2There are many people who want to see the film. 许多人要看这部电影。 3There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。 4What's the time you usually go to bed? 你通常什么时候睡觉? 5Her hair is the same color as her mother's. 她的头发和她母亲的头发一样颜色。 6ABC is a triangle whose sides are of unequal length. ABC是不等边三角形。 7This is the paper mill that they set up in 1980. 这个造纸厂是他们在1980年建造的。 8I saw a cow that was grazing under a tree. 我看见一头牛在树下吃草。 四、转换译法 英语中有些定语从句，其表层结构虽为定语，实际上却起状语的作用，兼有状语从句的职能，在逻辑上与主句有状语关系，具有说明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等含义。翻译时不能只注意定语从句及其所修饰的先行词，而应善于从原文的字里行间发现整个从句和主句的内在联络及它们之间逻辑上的关系，增译“由于”， “结果”，“尽管”，“不论”，“当”等词，将其译成相应意义的汉语偏正复句。例如： 1The newswoman wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to that assassination. 这位女记者想写一篇文章，以便能够引起公众对那起暗杀事件的注意。译成目的状语从句 2Electronic puters， which seems to play the role of a human brain， is often called an electronic brain. 由于电子计算机起著类似人脑的作用，所以常常被称做电脑。译成原因状语从句 3An automatic production line is excellent for the automotive industry where thousands of identical parts are produced. 自动生产线最适合用于汽车工业，因为那里要生产成千上百个同样的零件。译成原因状语从句 4Those who are in favor please hold up their hands. 如果赞成，就请举手。译成条件状语从句 5He insisted on buying another coat，which he had no use for. 他坚持要再买一件上衣，虽然他用不着。译成让步状语从句 6My assistant，who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment，could not obtain satisfactory results. 虽然我的助手在做试验之前已经仔细阅读过说明书，但他还是未能得到满意的结果。译成让步状语从句 7Electronic puters，which have many advantages，cannot carry out creative work and replace man. 虽然电子计算机有很多优点，但它不能进行创造性的工作，也代替不了人。译成让步状语从句 8Friction，which is often considered as a trouble，is sometimes a help in the operation of machines. 摩擦虽然常被看作是一种麻烦，但有些时候却有助于机器的运转。译成让步状语从句 9Rubber is a light，elastic，durable and water-resistant material，which makes rubber industry very important. 橡胶是一种质轻、富有弹性、经久耐用和防水的材料，因此橡胶工业十分重要。译成结果状语从句 10He took Chinese medicine，which relieved her symptoms. 他服了中药，结果缓解了症状。译成结果状语从句 综上所述，中、英文关于定语修饰语的差别使得我们在翻译时必须善于变通，充分考虑汉语的表达习惯。英文中的大多数定语从句在翻译成汉语时并不译成中文中的定语，而是灵活变通，转换成其他型别的从句或译成各种型别的状语， 并体现他们之间因果、让步、并列等的关系，还有的甚至译成汉语的独立句。这就要求我们在实际的翻译中，不仅要正确理解定语从句和句子其它成分之间的语法关系和内在逻辑关系、进行必要的句子结构分析和语义分析，还要根据表达的需要对句式做适当变动和调整，使译文顺畅，符合汉语表达习惯。 参考文献： [1]浩瀚，马光.轻松掌握英语翻译[M]395-398.北京：中国书籍出版社，2001. [2]张先刚.英文被动语态的汉译技巧[J].安阳师范学院学报，2006，3. [3]任爱民.定语从句的状语功能例说[J].青海教育，2005，12. 篇2 浅谈中国菜肴的英文翻译 【摘 要】 饮食文化是中国悠久历史文化的重要组成部分，内涵丰富、博大精深.随着对外贸易的进一步扩大和全球化程度的不断加深，中国与国际交往日益频繁.外国朋友在品尝中国美食的同时，也想了解每道菜名的含义、使用原料、烹饪方法等.因此，中餐菜肴的准确英译在传播中华饮食文化上起着重要的作用.本文以宣传中国饮食文化为出发点，分析了中餐菜名和主食在英译中的基本原则，并结合具体示例提出了六种中餐菜名英译的方法和建议。 【关键词】 中国菜名;翻译原则;方法 俗话说，“民以食为天”，中国的烹饪艺术博大精深、源远流长，享有“烹饪王国”之美誉。近年来，随着全球化程度的不断深入，来华投资经商、旅游观光的外国客人越来越多。他们在工作之余或饱览中国的美丽风光之后也极想品尝一下中国的菜肴。因此，中餐菜名和主食的英译问题就突出地摆在了我们面前。因为这既是增进友谊与了解的需要，也是传播博大精深的中国传统文化的重要工作。 一、中国菜肴英译的基本原则 一求实避虚原则 根据Newmark对实用文字的划分，中餐菜名翻译文字应属资讯型文字，翻译的目的是让外国朋友了解菜肴的内容，以及菜名所包含的文化内涵。因此译者在翻译中餐菜名时所要遵循的首要原则应是求实避虚原则，如实翻译出菜肴的主料、配料、调料、烹调方法等真实内涵，而不是完全按照菜名的字面意思翻译。例如：有一道菜叫“金玉满堂”，其实就是虾仁鸡蛋汤，如果照菜名字面意思翻译成“Hall full of Gold and Jades”，外国客人准得大吃一惊，“How can Chinese people eat gold and jades?”;但如果译成 “shrimp and egg soup”，大家就很容易理解了。又如“百鸟归巢”应根据菜名组合实译为“chicken and pork with egg and bamboo shoots”。由此可见，对于这类改变了以原配料、加工形状和烹饪手段等常规命名方式的雅致菜名，必须化“虚”为“实”，翻译出该菜的原配料成分和烹调方法等辅助因素。 二避免文化冲突原则 在中式菜谱里，以龙、凤、鸳鸯、如意、芙蓉、翡翠、元宝、荷包等中华民族象征吉祥意义的动植物和象征著荣华富贵的物品来命名的菜名比比皆是。有些甚至借用了一些实际无法食用的物品或西方人所忌讳食用的动物名。如“龙凤配”这道名菜有些中餐馆直译成“Dragon & Phoenix”显然不妥。因为在西方文化中Dragon含有邪恶之意，而Phoenix是只在中国神话中才出现的飞禽，西方人对它没有感性认识。因此该菜名的翻译是不合适的。实际上这道菜的主料是Lobster龙虾和Chicken老母鸡，因此，我们可以译成Lobster and Chicken。又如脆皮乳鸽，象征著和平的鸽子烹而食之，西方人是无法接受的，还有诸如动物内脏、青蛙等。因此，又有如鱼香牛肝、火爆腰花、麻辣肥肠等菜名。译者应该具有跨文化意识，特别要注意那些根据联想意义而命名的菜肴，以免引起文化冲突和不必要的麻烦。 三舍繁取简原则 与西餐菜名相比，中国菜名显得过于冗长繁杂，如果将主料、配料、调料、烹调方法、刀工或蕴含的文化等全部逐字翻译，很难被外国人接受，应力求简明扼要。如corned beef罐头碎牛肉，corned的英文释义为pre-served in salt or brine用盐或盐卤腌制的，在这里涵盖了大量的资讯。有的菜名并不强调烹调方式、或者根据主配料的搭配可知其烹制程式，翻译时可将其省去。同样的道理，有些英译菜名可省去调料，甚至可省去配料。如蒜茸猪红拌时蔬，菜名太繁琐，把蒜茸省去，用spiced表示其部分语义，译为spiced pig’s blood with vegetables即可。省略调料或配料。如蜜汁烤叉烧：barbecued pork 略去调料蜜汁凉拌海蜇：special seaweed略去凉拌的调料，而用“special”来表示。 二、中餐菜名英译的方法 上面提到了中餐菜名英译的三个基本原则。下面通过一些范例对中餐菜名的英译进行一些具体探讨。 一直译法烹调法+原料 烹调法是指中国菜的做法，即煎、炸、煸、炒、蒸、煮等等。英译时把对应的制作法译出来，再以该菜的主要砂料为中心词就可以了。例如： 炒肉丝 Sauteed Stir-fried Pork Slices 炖牛肉Stewed Beef 清蒸桂鱼Steamed Mandarin Fish 煎鸡蛋Fried Eggs 红烧鱼 Braised Fish with Brown Sauce 灼海螺片 Scalded Sliced Conch 回锅肉 Twice-cooked Pork/Double Cooked Pork 软炸里脊soft-fried pork fillet 二直译+释意法 该方法就是在英译时直接按中文菜名译出其意，然后再补充说明其内在的含义。示例如下： 全家福Happy Family-A bination of shrimps， pork， beef， chicken， lobster and mixed vegetables with brown sauce 龙凤配Dragon & Phoenix Two separate dishes characterize this distinctive plate. On one side， lobster meat in Sichuan chili sauce， which is and inviting. On the other is house special chicken， which never fails in delighting. 左宗鸡General Tso’s Chicken A mouth watering dish made with large chunks of marinated chicken， sautéed with scorched red chili peppers in special， tangy sauce. 三意译法 1.原料+with+作料 用原料为中心词，有时捎带把烹调法也译出，再加上用介词with或in与作料构成的短词即可。示例如下： 鱼香肉丝 Shredded Pork with Garlic Sauce 豆豉桂鱼 Mandarin Fish in Black Bean Sauce 黄焖大虾 Braised Prawns in Rice Wine 海米白菜Chinese Cabbage with Dried Shrimps 2.作料+原料 此方法是把作料用作修饰语，放在中心词原料的前面，用英文译出。示例如下： 咖哩鸡 Curry Chicken 麻辣豆腐 Spicy Bean Curd 怪味鸡 Multi-flavored Chicken 古老肉 Sweet & Sour Pork 3.以“实”对“虚”法 从严格的意义上说，该法也是意译法的一种。其方法是舍去中餐菜名里的喻义、夸张等说法而采用直接、明白的英语把它翻译出来。示例如下： 白玉虾球 Crystal White Shrimp Balls 红烧狮子头 Braised Meat Balls with Brawn Sauce 发财好市 Black Moss Cooked with Oysters 龙虎凤大烩 Thick Soup of Snake， Cat and Chicken 4.“移花接木”法 这种方法是用西方人熟悉并了解的欧洲菜名或主食名来译部分中国菜名与少数主食，因为它们之间有许多相似之处，故借彼之法为我所用。译文地道、通俗易懂，能收到事半功倍的效果。示例如下： 烤排骨 Barbecued Spare Ribs 盖浇面 Chinese-style Spaghetti 饺子 Chinese-style Ravioli 锅贴Pot Stickers 鸡肉串 Teriyaki Chicken Stick 这里的teriyaki一词是从日语来的借用词即“烤”的意思，该字用于此类英译在美国的中餐馆里十分流行。另外，spaghetti和ravioli两字均源自义大利语，其含义与吃法恰巧分别与我们的“盖浇面”和“饺子”非常相似，外国人都异常熟悉。PotStickers乃是一种通俗、诙谐的译法，较之呆板的译文pan-frieddumplings更显出其幽默而传神。另外，dumpling一字似有滥用之嫌，例如，在译“烧卖”、“馄饨”、“元宵”、“锅贴”、甚至“粽子”时，都用该字，往往容易引起误解。 5.音译+释义法 该方法是指先按中文用汉语拼音译出，然后再加以解释性的英译，使英译文保留点“中国味儿”。示例如下： 包子 Baozi Stuffed Bun 饺子 Jiaozi Chinese-style Ravioli 馒头Mantou Steamed Bread 锅贴 Guotie Pot Stickers 木须肉 Moo Shu Pork A bination of shredded pork and assorted vegetables as fillings rolled in *** all thin pan-cakes 6.“随机应变”法原料+地名+style 应用此方法可以灵活地处理一些难以对付的坟风味特色菜名。英译出原料名后，再稍加“点拨”就可以大功告成。示例如下： 广东龙虾 Lobster Cantonese Style 家常豆腐 Bean Curd Home Style 麻婆豆腐 Bean Curd Sichuan Style 中式泡菜 Chinese-style Pickles 湖南肉 Pork Hunan Style 另外，关于中餐主食的一些英译较之于中餐菜名来说就容易多了，这里简单举几个示例： 汤面 Noodles in Soup 炒面 Stir-fried Noodles 炒饭 Fried Rice 蛋炒饭 Egg Fried Rice 叉烧炒饭 Roast Pork Rice 由此可见，中餐菜名的英译方法是灵活多变的。至于我们在翻译中最终采用哪种方法，则可根据各人的习惯和具体情况确定。同时，有些译法也不是正式或固定译法，因为在口译或笔译时往往因人而异、因语境而异，常常会有不同的英译。 随着全球化程序的加快和我国对外交往活动的日益增多，餐饮业也逐渐走向世界。中国饮食文化历史悠久，博大精深，中国菜系多样，烹饪方法众多，各种菜式均有自己的品评标准和鲜明的民族特色。中餐菜名与主食的英译是中国饮食文化对外宣传工作中的重要一环。上面介绍到的几种翻译方法并非孤立，而是相互联络，可以并用。但不管采用哪种翻译方法，都要求译者首先必须熟悉中西饮食文化的差异，了解中餐菜名的构成及其内涵，这样才能对中餐菜名有更加准确的翻译，才能对中国文化的传播和促进世界烹饪文化的交流做出应有的贡献。 参考文献 [1]钟述孔.实用口译手册[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999. [2]何川.英语导游口译手册[M].北京：中国青年出版社，1989. [3]黄海翔.中餐选单英译浅谈[J].中国科技翻译，1999，1. [4]吴冰.汉译英口译教程[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1995. [5]何高大.实用英汉汉英口译技巧[M].长沙：中南工业大学出版社，1997. [6]冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997. [7]黄承球.中国菜谱英译初探[J].广西师范学报，1997，2. [8]陈洪薇.汉英翻译基础[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998. [9]林克难.新闻宣传英语[M].天津：南开大学出版社，1998. [10]罗赛群.中国饮食文化菜谱的翻译探讨[J].韶关大学学报，1998，5. [11]黄海翔.中餐选单英译浅谈[J].中国科技翻译，1999，1：18-21.
目前中文菜单的翻译研究
一般有以下规律：（一）地方菜可直接用拼音： 在美国和欧洲的中餐馆中，中文菜单翻译英文最直接的方法就是“音译”。音译就是把菜品的中文名字用拼音写出来，这种方法简洁直接也很有特色。比如豆腐，虽然可以译成“大豆乳酪”，但更多的是用“TOFU”一词即可，美国人点菜已经会正确地说“TOFU”，还知道它有益健康呢。还有像“担担面”(DAN DAN NOODLES)“云吞”(WONTON)等餐点，直接用拼音命名，含有一种“我有人无”的自豪。反正国外没有相对应的食品，那么就用我们的称呼好了。 这种方法，在其他国家的餐饮里也屡见不鲜:日本寿司(SUSHI)，日本清酒(SAKE)，朝鲜泡菜(KIMCHI)都是直接用音译，这已经在西方获得广泛的采用。而现在国内所说的法国的“香槟”，意大利的“比萨”都是原汁原味音译而来，如今还有谁不知道那些是什么东西呢。 （二）意译有三大讲究：不用说，这是最要功夫的译法。意译法仔细讲来也分3种: 以用料为主的翻译——主要介绍菜肴的主料和配料，先写好其中的鸡肉、牛肉或海鲜的种类名称，再加上青菜、果仁等配料的名称，像香菇(BLACK MASHROOM)、鲜笋(BAMBOO SHOOT)都是中餐常用的材料，外国人多数不会大惊小怪，会照吃不误。 以味道为主的翻译——在用料之外，强调调味的作料，把椒盐、麻辣、甜酸等味道注明在菜单上，这对外国人点菜会有很大帮助。要知道外国人给予中国菜“用舌头来吃的饭菜”的美誉，很多时候他们来吃的就是味道。加了青葱、芝麻等，都是特色风味，不妨一一写出。不过，在北美有一道很受欢迎的菜“甜酸肉(鸡)”SWEETAND SOUR PORK(CHICKEN)，与国内所说的“糖醋里脊”并不完全相同，它的色泽金黄，味道也偏甜，有果汁味，可能吃惯了这道菜的外国人到了国内会弄混。 以烹饪法为主的翻译——把常用的煎炒烹炸方式译入菜名，既符合中国菜的传统，又能显示中国菜的制作艺术。菜肴爆炒的浓香、油炸的酥脆、清蒸的清淡都可以充分在文字中显示出来。 在海外，红烧一般会明说是用酱油(SOY BEAN SAUCE)做的，而不是笼统地说是BROWN SAUCE，这样不喜欢酱油的外国人就可以不点这道菜了。 （三）巧用人名地名： 这个译法似乎又回到了音译法，但实际上却增加了更多的文化底蕴。细看外国菜谱会发现，法国的奶酪、德国的香肠有很多都注明了产地和风味，而且他们的这些地名即使出现在英文菜单上，也全都使用原文拼写。所以我们的“西湖牛肉羹”、“蒙古烤肉”、“上海酱鸭”，也可以写上这些特色地名的汉语拼音，或者加注“SHANGHAI STYLE”(上海风味)，顺便也给外国朋友们来点地理知识。同样，借类似“东坡肉”、“左公鸡”、“麻婆豆腐”等菜式中的人名，就可以向外国人介绍一下这是中国诗人苏东坡，著名将军左宗棠等人所喜爱的食品以及四川妙手阿婆的拿手菜等，增加进餐时的趣味话题和交流。 两点注意： 1.使用所在地通用名称和烹调法，可以取得事半功倍的效果。比如“叉烧肉”，只要写成“BBQ烤肉”(涂了浓调味汁的烤肉)，北美人就心领神会了。而我们常说的“荷兰豆”，在美国和加拿大被称为“雪豆”，翻译时需要注意。 2.我们中华民族历来是礼仪之邦，要尽量避免暴力、性等字眼。比如“童子鸡”，只要写成“很嫩的鸡肉”就可以了，有的餐馆翻译成“未过性生活的鸡”就会被笑话了。想来咱们老祖宗发明这道菜的本意，也只是要标榜材料的鲜嫩爽滑而已，没有谁要打听鸡宝宝的私生活。 举例： “宫保鸡丁”翻译三选一。中餐菜名翻译成英文，可以用多种不同的表达方法。例如“宫保鸡丁”这道菜就有以下3种译法: ■音译:GONGBAO CHICKEN (宫保鸡丁)■以用料为主的翻译: SAUTEED CHICHEN CUBE WITH PEANUTS (炒鸡块，添加花生) ■以味道为主的翻译: DICED CHICKEN WITH PEANUTS IN CHILI SAUCE (鸡肉花生在辣椒酱中)
地方菜可直接用拼音巧用人名地名
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
翻译硕士怎么写开题报告
开题报告主要说明这个课题应该进行研究，自己有条件进行研究以及准备如何开展研究等问题，也可以说是对课题的论证和设计。开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的重要环节。以下是我整理的翻译硕士怎么写开题报告，欢迎阅读。
1、选题意义和背景。
随着中国加入世界贸易组织，中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场，提高在国际市场上的知名度，企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料，读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍，也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等，这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整，从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构，以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说，本文有三种类型，分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为，企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之，而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此，外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能，要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受，并让读者产生共鸣，继而付诸行动，实现译文预期的功能。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦（Verschuem）提出了顺应论，将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式，也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度，还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益，因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同，译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动，就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整，而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来，并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译，试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。
2、论文综述/研究基础。
1987年维索尔伦（Verschueren）提出顺应论之后，在语用学界引起了很大反响，不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索，而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中，成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。
1 国外顺应论研究状况。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦（Verschueren）在《IprA工作文集》（IprA WorkingDocument 1） （1987, 45-48）中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》，标志着顺应论的提出。1995年，他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》（handbook of Pragmatics）中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为，语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观，并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年，阿萨卡瑟（AsaKasher）主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts）论文集中，维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》（v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication ）的文章，主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年，在他的专着《语用学新解》（Understaning Pragmatics）中，维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用，这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角，突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支（语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学）的看法，而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观，贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面，可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角，可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命，可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析，也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。
2 国内顺应论研究状况。
钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学：语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》（1991,62-66）的文章中，将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面，即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析，并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨，认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》（2000,230-232），该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分，也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来，使其不再属于语言资源的语言学，而是加入到语言使用的语言学去，作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用，这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题，还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。
国内除钱冠连外，2007年何自然主编的《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是，该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向，集语用学的三个前沿理论（关联论、顺应论、模因论）为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。
关于顺应论的部分，该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合，为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出，顺应论是宏观语用学的核心，顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》（2000, 50-52）中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论，探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系，指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》（2007,51-55）从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映，纵观维索尔伦的语用思想，折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外，刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础，除了对语言顺应论做出肯定，他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙，以解释所有的语言运用，有运用过度之嫌”（李元胜，2007:124）。
中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究，还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中，顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。
从理论研究的角度来看，有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示，戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》（2000,7-11） -文中，为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程，它超越了以往语言学研究的框架，将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出，根据顺应论，语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程，两者可以相互影响，同样，翻译作为语言转换的过程，也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应，这种顺应应该以满了交际双方的需要为目的，对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。
有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法，王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》（2005,55-59） -文中，针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论，他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法，而不是翻译策略，动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时，他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。
顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中，学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外，还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去，比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析，同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。
叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics）中，首先对应用翻译进行了定位，然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化，并以《选美中国》为例，结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争，提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时，译者可以采取异化策略，担负起传播中国文化的使命，扩大目的语读者的'文化语境、认知语境，激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索，增强我国软实力。
纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状，可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面，研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究，而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申，缺乏创新点，并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定，导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。
3、参考文献。
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社，2004.
Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.
戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江，外语学刊。2002 （3） :7-11.
公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.
何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 （1） ; 19-25.
何自然。《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海，上海教育出版社。2007.
何自然，冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙，湖南教育出版社。2002.
胡芳毅，贾占波。《外宣翻译：意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海，上海翻译。2010⑴：23-28.
蒋澄生，廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州，广东工业大学学报。2005 （1） : 68-71.
贾文波。《应用翻译功能论（第二版）》[M].北京，中国出版集团公司。2012.
李明。《商务英语翻译（汉译英）》[M]?北京，高等教育出版社。2007.
李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都，成都大学学报 2007⑶：123-126.
刘恩祥，刘颖，李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山，佛山科学技术学院学报（社会科学版）》。2011 （1） :70-73.
卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆，肇庆学院学报。2007⑶：53-56.
钱冠连。《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京，外语教学与研究。2000（3） :230-232.
钱冠连。《语用学：语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京，外语教学与研究。1991（1）：61-66.
孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南，山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版）。2007 （6） :51-55.
潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京，外语与外语教学。2002 （6）：50-52.
王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京，外语研究。2005（4） :55-59.
叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海，上海交通大学出版社。2009.
张运桥，严敏芬。《语用三观：关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州，外语艺术教育研究。2009（3） :36-38.
4、论文提纲。
1 引言
2 文献综述
国外顺应论研究状况
国内顺应论研究状况
3 顺应论简介
顺应论的三个核心概念
变异
商讨性
顺应
顺应论的两个分析维度
语境因素的顺应
语言结构顺应
顺应论在翻译中的应用
4 从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构
企业外宣翻译的文本和语言特点
语篇重构的概念
从顺应论的视角看形式的语篇重构
语篇衔接和连贯方式与形式的语篇重构
语言风格与形式的语篇重构
从顺应论的视角看内容的语篇重构
心理世界与内容的语篇重构
文化现象与内容的语篇重构
社会规范和政治制度与内容的语篇重构
5 结论
5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。
本论文选取了两篇企业外宣材料，分别是《西麦克展览公司简介》和《海天味业网站宣传资料》，并由本人对其进行翻译。根据翻译过程中出现的问题，并结合顺应论的相关分析维度和语篇重构的两大类型，分析译者为顺应目的语读者的语言习惯、文化背景、社会规约和心理因素等所做出的调整。
6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。
本文以顺应论为基础，结合语篇重构的概念，分析了西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料英译过程中的语篇重构现象。企业外宣材料不仅仅涉及到基本信息传达，而且涉及到企业文化、价值观念、影晌力的传递。因此企业外宣翻译不是简单机械地表达和传递信息，还要从目的语读者的角度对原文作出调整，使目的语读者在阅读外宣材料时被其所传递的企业信息所吸引，继而激发他们采取行动。因此，译者为了符合目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯、思维方式、文化背景要对原文进行内容上和形式上的语篇重构。包括语篇衔接与连贯方式的顺应、语言风格的顺应、心理世界的顺应、文化现象的顺应以及社会规范和政治制度的顺应。同时译者为了达到以上这些顺应的目的，选择顺应的过程中也包含了对原文从词语、句子结构、篇章衔接以及内容上进行重构。
对于企业的外宣翻译，只有设身处地地从目的语读者的角度去思考和翻译，巧妙地对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语读者的语言和文化，才能激发读者付诸行动，为企业的形象宣传和经济发展带来实实在在的好处。
7、预期的结果。
企业外宣翻译要通过对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语社会的语言语境、心理世界、社交世界、文化世界等，才能更好地实现外宣翻译的交际功能，达到良好外宣效果。
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms