一、新课标指出：各个学段的阅读教学都要重视朗读和默读。可见朗读是阅读教学中最常用、最重要的教学手段，朗读训练是否有效，是阅读教学是否成功的主要标志。目前，朗读教学已受到广大语文教师的关注，但实际教学效果却并不如人意。多数学生能把文章读正确、读流利，但能读出意，读出味，读出情的学生却是极少数。那么，如何强化朗读训练，有效培养学生的朗读能力呢？哲学家黑格尔说：“教师是孩子们心目中最完美的偶像。”小学生有很强的向师性，模仿能力极强。特别是中低年级的学生，对朗读的技巧掌握还不够，教师在课堂上声情并茂的范读，不仅可以激发学生的朗读兴趣，而且使学生很快就能在模仿中感悟如何断句，如何停顿，以及语气的变化。高年级的学生尽管掌握了一些朗读技巧，但教师的范读仍很必要。好的范读可以创设良好的教学情境，让学生直接领略文本所要表达的感情进而体会文本的思想内容和感情基调。教师该范读时要范读，且不可简单使用录音代替，失去范读的直观作用。实践证明：教师的朗读示范作用发挥得越好，学生的朗读水平就提高得越快。二、充分保证课堂上读书的时间。语文教学的主要任务是培养提高学生理解、积累、运用语言的能力。而这些能力的培养提高无不要求教师以教材为根本，以课文为依托。只有让学生有较多的时间与文本打交道，从中获取信息，才能提高学生对语言文字的感受、理解、积累运用能力。语文课上，教师应留给学生一定的读书时间，让学生多读，充分地读。然而，很多教师的语文课变成了一问一答的问答课。有的语文课上，教师一会儿让学生听录音，一会儿又让学生看影视，一会儿让学生去表演，学生朗读的时间少得可怜。还有的教师生怕学生对文本不理解，文章讲不透，不厌其烦地讲解，把学生朗读的时间变成了教师的演讲。古人云：书读百遍，其义自见。谓读得熟，则不待解说，则自晓其义也。有效的朗读胜过教师透彻的讲解，所以语文教师要在课堂上留出时间让学生去读，在读中发现问题，分析问题，解决问题。让课堂上繁琐冗长的“讲讲、问问、答答”让位给朗读，让花俏形式的，没有实效的小组讨论让位给朗读。三、当前，小学语文教材中。有很多课文文质兼美，可读性强，人文性强?。在教学中，教师应根据文章体裁、内容的不同，设计朗读的目标和要求不同?。说明文、科普小品文一般适用于介绍性的语气读，不宜进行朗读训练。而叙事写人的作品，言辞优美，故事情节曲折，感情变化跌宕；描景抒情的文章语言华丽，感情色彩浓厚；古诗文和现代诗歌节奏感强，含义深远。这些题材的文章都适合进行朗读训练。一般说来，体现文章中心的段落和语句，最能表现文章的主要内容和思想感情，教师把这些内容作为朗读训练的重点，更能准确地把握文章所表达的思想感情。文章的每段内容进行朗读训练的目标也要有所不同，例如我在指导学生朗读《月光曲》最后三个自然段时，是为了启发想象，体会意境;指导朗读《燕子》一文的第二段时，是为了领会写作技巧及表达方法。四、 积极创设朗读情境，激发学生朗读兴趣要使学生越读越好，越读越美，教师就必须以情激情，以境生情。创设朗读情境的方式有很多：教师有效地范读，多媒体的使用，背景音乐的播放，以及教师根据文章内容创设生动有趣的提示语等。我在引导学生读《荷花》一课第四自然段时，我先声情并茂地范读，让学生闭上眼睛，边听边想象，学生立刻被我的激情感染，想象自己也变成了一朵朵荷花，入情入境后，我再引导学生带着自己的想象配乐表情朗读课文，学生立刻就陶醉在荷花的美丽，对大自然的热爱之中。引导学生读《两小儿辩日》一课时，我采用煽情的“挑拨”提示语：“一儿不服曰”、“一儿扯着嗓门曰”、“一儿脚跺地曰”，让两组小儿的辩斗愈读愈激烈，达到了良好的教学效果。虽然学生也是在反复地读，但读的效果与我们平时机械的读截然不同。五、朗读的形式要多样化。朗读的形式有很多：有齐读、领读、轮读、轻声读、分角色读、男女生赛读等。一般说来，低年级常运用轻声读、齐读，分角色读，以增强学生的读书兴趣，集中学生的注意力。高年级宜采用个别读，默读，有利于静思默想，潜心思考。一节课中，教师可采用几种朗读方式交叉使用，但要以某一种方式为主。如故事性较强的课文，适合个人朗读，如《卖火柴的小女孩》；人物对话较多的课文或片段，则适合分角色朗读，如《陶罐和铁罐》；节奏感强，感情饱满的课文，尤其是诗歌，则可进行集体朗读；而词句艰深，含义深刻的课文，则需要教师适时范读或创设情境导读，如朱自清的《匆匆》。六、加强朗读技巧的指导。学生的朗读能力不是天生就有的，更不是一蹴而就，它的形成和提高离不开教师的指导。课堂教学是培养学生朗读能力的主阵地，教师作为课堂教学的组织者和引导者，要加强对朗读技巧的指导。训练时引导学生要根据文章的内容和故事情节来设计重音、停顿、语气和语速的变化。一般情况下，对于描写突然
高级工程师答辩注意事项：一、答辩的目的;答辩是对申报人的一次综合性面试考核，主要目的是两;凡申报高级工程师和工程师资格的专业技术人员均应参;二、答辩的方法;答辩之前，各评审服务机构均应遵照人事局的要求，根;我们机械设计和机械电气设计高级和中级评委会制定的;(一)论文评价;(二)答辩评价;(三)综合评价(1、含学识水平2、工作能力3、工;“论文评价”是专家按照高级工程师答辩注意事项一、答辩的目的答辩是对申报人的一次综合性面试考核，主要目的是两个，一是核实，二是定位。所谓核实是对申报人提供的申报材料内容和论文进行核实;所谓定位是通过答辩，对申报人的学识水平、工作能力、工作业绩做出综合评价，给每个人一个相对准确的定位，以便确定其是否符合高级工程师或工程师任职资格。凡申报高级工程师和工程师资格的专业技术人员均应参加答辩。二、答辩的方法答辩之前，各评审服务机构均应遵照人事局的要求，根据自己的专业特点，本着公正、公平、科学、准确的原则，在广泛听取专家意见的基础上，制定出答辩评议量化考核标准和答辩评议方法。我们机械设计和机械电气设计高级和中级评委会制定的量化考核标准中的考核内容共有三个方面五个项目，即：(一)论文评价(二)答辩评价(三)综合评价( 1、含学识水平 2、工作能力 3、工作业绩 )“论文评价”是专家按照评价标准进行评价，对有严重抄袭问题的论文，可给予最低分。“答辩评价”主要是记录申报人答辩时回答问题的正确率和准确率。三个方面五个项目可能会有些交叉和重复，但目的是要准确记录申报人在答辩过程中的真实情况，立体地多侧面地将申报人的综合水平反映出来。专家根据申报人报送的评审材料，通过答辩面试，参照有关量化考核标准，对申报人做出具体评价，三、答辩的题目答辩题目一般为2～4道(不含加试题)，根据答辩情况专家可补充提问，答辩题目主要是结合申报人的论文和申报表中的专业技术工作情况，在申报人的专业范围之内，涵盖内容的广度与深度应能体现高、中级专业技术人员的任职水平。四、答辩的程序各评审委员会根据申报人的专业分成若干答辩评议组，各答辩评议组一般由3～5位专家组成。答辩题目可提前交给申报人，准备时间为20～30分钟左右，申报人可以自备有关资料，做一些简单的摘要，答辩时间一般为20～30分钟，中级一般没有准备时间。五、评审结果及证书发放按照市人事局规定，评审结果及相关材料会及时上报市人事局验收审核，进行公示，我们也会在网上进行公示，是否取得任职资格，应以公示情况和人事局审核后的意见为准。证书由人事局统一办理，证书办好后，我们会在网上通知大家领证并退回申报材料。六、答辩注意事项：请看“申报人注意事项”和“答辩规范用语示例”申 报 人 注 意 事 项1、答辩前20--30分钟申报人可拿到答辩题并在候答室准备。2、要保持安静，要关闭手机，禁止与他人交谈，禁止离开候答室。3、在候答时可查阅自备的资料，可做摘要。4、申报人在工作人员引导下进入答辩室。5、答辩时申报人要围绕主题，简捷、清楚的 回答，可参阅所做摘要。6、要注意专家提示及追加的问题。7、不要与专家过分寒暄，无需握手和交换名片，不要与专家谈论与答辩无关的话题。8、答辩时间为20--30分钟，答辩结束后将答辩题交给工作人员。答 辩 规 范 用 语 示 例专 家 ：根据你的工作和论文，我们提出了N个问题，请你先回答第一个问题：X X X X X X X X申报人：??第一个问题回答完毕专 家：请你先回答第二个问题：X X X X X X X X申报人：第二个问题回答完毕专 家：答辩结束
(一)携带必要的资料和用品首先，学员参加答辩会，要携带论文的底稿和主要参考资料。在答辩会上，主答辩老师提出问题后，学员要当面回答。在回答问题过程中，允许翻看自己的论文和有关参考资料，答辩时虽然不能依赖这些资料，但带上这些资料，当遇到一时记不起来时，稍微翻阅一下有关资料，就可以避免出现答不上来的尴尬和慌乱。其次，还应带上笔和笔记本，以便把老师所提出的问题和有价值的意见、见解记录下来。通过记录，不仅可以减缓紧张心理，而且还可以更好地吃透老师所提问的要害和实质是什么，同时还可以边记边思考，使思考的过程变得很自然。(二)要有自信心，不要紧张在作了充分准备的基础上，大可不必紧张，要有自信心。树立信心，消除紧张慌乱心理很重要，因为过度的紧张会使本来可以回答出来的问题也答不上来。只有充满自信，沉着冷静，才会在答辩时有良好的表现。而自信心主要来自事先的充分准备。(三)听清问题后经过思考再作回答老师在提问题时，学员要集中注意力认真聆听，并将问题回答略记在本子上，仔细推敲老师所提问题的要害和本质是什么，切忌未弄清题意就匆忙作答。如果对所提问题没有听清楚，可以请提问老师再说一遍。如果对问题中有些概念不太理解，可以请提问老师做些解释，或者把自己对问题的理解说出来，并问清是不是这个意思，等得到肯定的答复后再作回答。只有这样，才有可能避免答所非问。(四)回答问题要简明扼要，层次分明在弄清了老师所提问题的确切涵义后，要在较短的时间内作出反应，要充满自信地以流畅的语言和肯定的语气把自己的想法讲述出来，不要犹犹豫豫。回答问题，一要抓住要害，简明扼要，不要东拉西扯，使人听后不得要领；二要力求客观、全面、辩证，留有余地，切忌把话说“死”；三要条分缕析，层次分明。此外还要注意吐词清晰，声音适中等等。(五)对回答不出的问题，不可强辩有时老师对答辩人所作的回答不太满意，还会进一步提出问题，以求了解论文作者是否切实搞清和掌握了这个问题。遇到这种情况，答辩人如果有把握讲清，就可以申明理由进行答辩；如果不太有把握，可以审慎地试着回答，能回答多少就回答多少，即使讲得不很确切也不要紧，只要是同问题有所关联，老师会引导和启发你切入正题；如果确是自己没有搞清的问题，就应该实事求是地讲明自己对这个问题还没有搞清楚，表示今后一定认真研究这个问题，切不可强词夺理，进行狡辩。学员在答辩会上，某个问题被问住是不奇怪的，因为答辩委小组的成员一般是本学科的专家。他们提出来的某个问题答不上来是很自然的。当然，所有问题都答不上来，一问三不知就不正常了。(六)当论文中的主要观点与主答辩老师的观点相左时，可以与之展开辩论答辩中，有时老师会提出与你的论文中基本观点不同的观点，然后请你谈谈看法，此时就应全力为自己观点辩护，反驳与自己观点相对立的思想。答辩老师在提问的问题中，有的是基础知识性的问题，有的是学术探讨性的问题，对于前一类问题，是要你作出正确、全面地回答，不具有商讨性。而后一类问题，是非正误并未定论，持有不同观点的人可以互相切磋商讨。如果你所写的论文的基本观点是经过自己深思熟虑，又是言之有理、持之有据，能自圆其说的，就不要因为答辩委员会成员提出不同的见解，就随声附和，放弃自己的观点。否则，就等于是你自己否定了自己辛辛苦苦写成的论文。要知道，有的答辩老师提出的与你论文相左的观点，并不是他本人的观点，他提出来无非是想听听你对这种观点的评价和看法，或者是考考你的答辩能力或你对自己观点的坚定程度。退一步说，即使是提问老师自己的观点，你也应该抱着“吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理”的态度，据理力争，与之展开辩论。不过，与答辩老师展开辩论要注意分寸，运用适当的辩术。一般说，应以维护自己的观点为主，反驳对方的论点要尽可能采用委婉的语言，请教的口气，用旁说、暗说、绕着说的办法，不露痕迹地把自己的观点输入对方，让他们明理而诚服或暗服。让提问老师感受到虽接受你的意见，但自己的自尊并没受到伤害。这样的辩论，答辩老师不仅不会为难你，相反会认为你有水平，基础扎实。(七)要讲文明礼貌论文答辩的过程也是学术思想交流的过程。答辩人应把它看成是向答辩老师和专家学习，请求指导，讨教问题的好机会。因此，在整个答辩过程中，答辩人应该尊重答辩委员会的老师，言行举止要讲文明、有礼貌，尤其是在主答辩老师提出的问题难以回答，或答辩老师的观点与自己的观点相左时，更应该注意如此。答辩结束，无论答辩情况如何，都要从容、有礼貌地退场。此外，毕业论文答辩之后，应该认真听取答辩委员会的评判，进一步分析、思考答辩老师提出的意见，总结论文写作的经验教训。一方面，要搞清楚通过这次毕业论文写作，自己学习和掌握了哪些科学研究的方法，在提出问题、分析问题、解决问题以及科研能力上得到了提高。还存在哪些不足，作为今后研究其他课题时的借鉴。另一方面，要认真思索论文答辩会上，答辩老师提出的问题和意见，修改自己的论文，加深研究，精心修改自己的论文，求得纵深发展，取得更大的战果。使自己在知识上、能力上有所提高。
1、要做到对自己论文内容的绝对熟悉，绝对熟悉，绝对熟悉!重要的事情说三遍!2、注意把握陈述时间，每个人陈述时间以5-6分钟为宜，语速不要过快，先在脑子里想清楚再说出口，尽可能避免错误或者遗忘。3、陈述时注意语言简洁、不要哕嗦，要重点突出，逻辑清楚。另外要沉着冷静，声音洪亮，站稳!4、着装，选择正式而得体的着装，显示你对论文答辩的重要性。5、上台后注意自己的礼貌和态度，可以解释自己的论文内容但是一定不要跟评委老师产生争执,下台时记得感谢老师。6、答辩之前，找同学自己相互排练至少三遍，记得互相计时。7、相互帮忙把论文再次检查至少两遍，重点关注错别字、标点、参考文献格式。8、回答老师提问时，一定要所答即所问。这就要求必须非常熟悉自己的论文内容，尤其是论文涉及到的各种基本概念、研究方法等。一旦老师问到，要做到能很熟练的回答。按照学术堂说得这8点论文答辩技巧做，基本都会顺利通过论文答辩的。
答辩时考官会根据你论文中的内容提问，问你的观点，你的想法，你的结构、思路等等，你首先要做的就是熟悉你自己的论文。
姐姐支个招儿呗。。。
初中阶段是英语教学的重要阶段，这一时期打牢英语根基，学生今后才有可能学好英语；如果这一时期学不好英语，学生今后更学不好英语；同时教师在英语教学中起着重要的作用。下文是我为大家整理的关于初中英语教师论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 初中英语教师论文篇1 试探初中英语渗透 文化 摘 要：语言与文化互相影响，互相作用，理解语言必须了解文化，理解文化必须了解语言。文化是形形色色的，语言也是多种多样的。语言是文化的基石――没有语言，就没有文化;从另一个方面看，语言又受文化的影响，反映文化。 关键词：初中;英语;渗透;文化 语言是交际的工具，语言教学的最终目的就是为了能在生活中交流，运用。而交际能力的核心就是使学生能够运用所学语言在不同场合中对不同对象进行有效的，得体的交际。不同国家，民族之间的文化有着很大的差异，交际失败往往因文化误解而引起的，而忽视社会文化差异的言辞不当就更让人接受不了。因此在英语教学中，教师帮助学生认识中西文化差异，正确地理解中西语言差异，是教学中必不可少的。 一、语言与文化相互作用 语言是文化的一部分，语言又受文化的影响。有些社会学家认为，语言是文化的基石――没有语言，就没有文化;从另一个方面看，语言又受文化的影响，反映文化。可以说， 语言反映一个民族的特征，它不仅包含着该民的历史和文化背景，而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和 思维方式 。语言与文化互相影响，互相作用，理解语言必须了解文化， 理解文化必须了解语言。文化是形形色色的，语言也是多种多样的。由于文化和语言上的差别。 互相了解不是一件容易的事，不同文化间的交流常常遇到困难。 学习一种外语不仅要掌握语音、语法、词汇和习语 而且还要知道择这种语言的人如何看待事物，如何观察世界;要了解他们如何用他们的语言来反映他们社会的思想、习惯、行为;要懂得他们的“心灵之语言”，即了解他们社会的文化。实际上，学习语言与了解语言所反映的文化是分不开的。语言是文化的一部分，并对文化起着重要作用。有些社会学家认为，语言是文化的基石――没有语言，就没有文化;从另一个方面看，语言又受文化的影响，反映文化。 因此，语言不仅仅是一套符号系统，人们的语言表现形式更受语言赖以存在的社会文化的制约和影响。文化内涵是语言交际的具体内容，文化意识是语言交际的思维基础不了解语言背后的文化，只是形式，而不注意语言的内涵，就不可能真正掌握这种语言。 二、语言于文化相互渗透 (1)语言教学有助于避免文化交际中出现 “文化错误”。为什么西方的笑话，在中国笑不起来?为什么在中国广为传颂的传统美德“谦虚”，在西方则被认为是无能的表现?在东方，更强调集体表现和集体主义精神，在西方，则强调个人表现和个性张扬，他们认为， 不愿显露自己才华的人，是不可思议的和奇怪的。以上问题的症结，归根到底是文化差异问题。在跨文化交际过程中，经常出现的文化错误主要表现在称呼方面、 问候语 方面、对赞扬的反应方面、谈论的话题、词语以及文化内涵方面的差异等。 (2)文化教学有助于英语语言知识的学习。美国 教育 家斯宾赛提倡“快乐教育”，要尽量激励学生的学习兴趣，带着快乐的情绪去学习知识变求知为一件快乐的事。轻松愉快的课堂气氛，师生情感的融合，就能激励起学生对 英语学习 的浓厚兴趣，积极主动地参与教学活动，学生获得情感的满足，从而更好的完成学习目标。因此，适时适量渗透文化知识教育， 尤其是跨文化交际中需要注意的知识 ，恰是调动气氛的良好工具。 (3)文化教学有助于提高学生的文化素养。在英语教学中渗透有关西方的文化知识，不仅可以使学生接受异国的文化，还可以在进行文化对比的同时，对本国文化有更深刻地理解，从而形成正确得体的交际，培养学生的世界文化意识，并能有意识地提高自身的交际能力。 三、语言中如何渗透文化 1.课堂教学渗透文化 毫无疑问，课堂教学是跨文化意识培养的主要途径，教师要通过课堂讲解渗透英语国家的文化。 (1)充分利用现代教育技术和多媒体教学手段在教材授课过程中，利用现代教育技术和多媒体教学手段，制作出精美的课件让学生能够直观地感受到异国文化。通过制作一些相关的 PPt /flash，或是观看一些英语原声电影，动画片或是科普短片，不但能使学生更多地了解英语国家的文化，学到更多的科学文化知识，而且能增强学生的学习兴趣，帮助学生的语言学习，提高对异国文化的认知与欣赏。 (2)引导学生就同一主题进行中西比较。在教授校本教材过程中，可以引导学生就同一主题进行比较，如食品、习俗、节日等，从而加深对异国文化的理解。大的主题如节日 ―― 春节 和 圣诞节 ，将这两个重大的节日进行比较， 师生间的活动可以通过问答进行When's Christmas Day/Spring Festival? What do people usually do on Christmas Day/ at Spring Festival? Which do you like better? Why? 把西方的传统节日和中国的传统节日进行比较，一方面可以使学生加深对知识点的掌握，另一方面能是他们体会不同的文化差异。 2.课外活动渗透文化 文化的学习不应只限于课内，课堂外的文化教学也是一个很好的延续和补充，它能为学习者提供一个从量变到质变的过程。 具体 方法 为： (1)指导学生阅读有代表性的外国文学作品。文学作品是 传统文化 的积累，也是文化的精华部分。如《百万英镑》《双城记》《项链》等。 (2)编写系统地介绍文化知识的阅读材料。尽可能搜集一些目的语国家的政治、经济、社会、科技、艺术、习俗、历史、地理等各方面的材料，力求通过大量的阅读让学习者在不知不觉中增加自己的文化含量。如在平时的课外阅读中，让学生正确理解 big brother( 地面塔台的跟踪雷达)， brain drain(人才流失)， rain check(雨票， 即球赛因雨中断， 留给下次继续使用的原票票根)等这些跨文化背景知识。 总之，学习语言与了解语言所反映的文化是分不开的。英语教学不仅是帮助学生掌握语言基本技能的过程，更是一个引导他们理解目的语文化、提高文化素养、培养跨文化交际能力的过程。 因此在今后的中学英语教学中我们应该贯彻语言教学与文化教学同步的原则， 在教学中有意识地向学生渗透文化教学，使我国的英语教学适应社会发展的需求，从而促进英语教学的发展。 初中英语教师论文篇2 浅析初中英语情景教学 摘 要： 教学方法 新颖又富有启发性，可激发学生的学习兴趣，使学生感到有趣、有味、有奇、有惑。 关键词：初中英语;情景教学 兴趣是最好的老师。教学方法新颖又富有启发性，可激发学生的学习兴趣，使学生感到有趣、有味、有奇、有惑。英语教学中，巧用情景教学法不失为一条锦囊妙计。创设情景的方法很多，结合笔者多年来的教学实践，从课堂教学和课外教学两方面着手， 总结 如下： 一、初中情景教学法的提出 语言是一种社会现象，人类语言学家都强调语言和它的社会环境的联系性和不可分离性。人脑对客观情景的反映用语言记载下来，所以语言是客观环境的反映。人们运用语言进行交际活动时，离不开社会语言情景。 在英语教学过程中，学生只有在真实的语言情景或模拟的情景中才能更好地组织思维，理解具体情景中所传递的信息和语言材料，触景生情，激发表达思想的欲望，从而促进培养运用英语理解和表达思想的能力。而情景教学法可以激发学生学习激情，培养学生浓厚的学习兴趣，促成学生智力因素和非智力因素的发展，从而从整体上正确理解和运用语言。 二、初中情景教学法的概述和意义。 情景，即：(具体场合的)情形、景象。所谓的情景教学就是根据教学内容为学生创造出一种和谐的语言环境，并通过教师本人的语言、动作、表情及姿态传递给学生，从而以情激情，以情促知，以情育人，实现知与情的统一、优化，最终达到激发学生学习的兴趣。情景教学法的特色是言、行、情三者融为一体，其核心是激发学生的情感，以引起学生一定的态度体验，从而帮助学生理解和获取知识或技能，并使学生心理机能得到发展的方法。 情景教学法在英语教学中的作用主要体现在以下几个方面： 1、情景教学使语言更直观，贴近学生生活和思维方式，激发学生自主学习兴趣，在学习和掌握课本知识的同时，活跃课堂学习气氛，达到学以致用的目的; 2、情景教学设计的内容一般可选用课外相关内容，拓展学生的知识面，根 据不同个体的 爱好 兴趣，自主选择不同内容; 3、情景教学对英语掌握程度不同的学生创造了一个平等的语言交流的舞台。在教学过程中，很多问题的提出没有唯一的答案，可以让每个学生都得到能力发挥的机会，谈自己的观点和见解，调动学生的学习积极性。 三、初中情景教学法的策略 1、培养学习兴趣 “兴趣是一个人倾向于认识和研究某种事物的一种心理活动，是学生求知的富有生气的内动力，是学习动机中最活跃的因素。”“兴趣是最好的的老师”，只有激发学生的学习兴趣，才能提高他们的学习动机，让他们积极踊跃地参与到课堂中来，才能使课堂气氛活跃，并且提高他们 学习英语 的自信心。 据调查发现，一个学校有一半多的学生对英语不感兴趣，特别是乡村中学。为什么会出现这种情况呢?有些学生是觉得单词量太多，背了又忘，忘了又背，花了很多的时间去对付单词，可是考出的成绩又不理想，后来干脆不去背单词。 还有些学生觉得上英语课特别枯燥乏味，教师只知道满堂灌，根本不管学生接受与否，而学生只是带着耳朵来，充当一名速记员，不能参与到课堂中来。这样的课堂气氛相当沉闷，导致学生对英语失去了兴趣。因此如何让学生积极地、踊跃地参与到课堂中来呢?这时情景教学便适应这种趋势，它能使学生积极地、主动地参与到课堂中来，让学生由“要我学”，转为“我要学”，学习英语变为了一件快乐的事情。 2、创设真实情景 英语教学本身就是一个真实的情景。教师从走进教室的那一刻起，直到课堂教学结束，离开教室为止，就是一个自然的、真实的、生动的、丰富多彩的语言交际情景。因此，教师要充分利用这个英语教学的真实情景，尽量用英语组织教学，把单纯传授知识的课堂转换为使学生自然习得语言的场所，体现学生的主体性。如教师进教室时，亲切地与同学们进行如下交谈，提供给学生一个真实的语言实践的机会。T：“Hello， boys and girls.”Ss：“Hello， Miss Cai.”T：“How are you， ×××.”S1：“Fine， thank you， and you?”T：“I’m OK. What about you， ×××.”S2：“I’m not very well.”T：“Oh， I’m sorry to hear that. What’s the matter?”S2：“I have a cold.”T：“Oh， I think you’d better go to see the doctor after school.”S2：“OK. Thank you.”在这亲切的交谈中，教师纯正的母语式的教学和亲切的师生间的互动活动，使学生乐于用英语进行交际。 把英语课堂变成一个师生间，生生间进行交际的语言环境。在这种环境中，学生自然而然地产生了了解这种语言的欲望和用这种语言与他人交际的意识，且日积月累，学生对语言的感知也愈来愈深。又如： 八年级 上M5 Unit 1 You like western classical music ，don’t you ?先播放了一首著名的歌曲 “The Blue Danuble ”，这时学生被轻松优雅的乐曲所吸引，会唱的学生还跟着节奏轻轻的哼了起来，之后我说：We all enjoyed this music. It’s so nice and some of us can even sing，but do you know who sang this song?有些知道的学生就说Strauss. 接着教师问：Where did he come from?知道的同学争先恐后的回答，然后再播放几首曲子，问他们是属于那种类型的音乐，西方的还是传统的，各种类型音乐的特点是什么?自然而然的将学生进入了新的课程的学习。 3、进行直观情景 以图画、 简笔画 图画、简笔画与动作，进行直观情景教学，使学生眼看实物，耳听声音，这样不仅使教学具体生动，而且能激发学生的学习兴趣。如教七年级上Unit2 Topic2 Section C，上课之前，让每个同学准备好三样物品：最喜欢的体育明星的照片、国旗(图片)以及他们国家著名建筑或自然风光的图片。上完课后，让学生用这些物品两个一组进行问答，介绍中要包括句型：What’s his/her name? His/Her name is---. Where is he/she from? He/She is from ---.这样，学生不仅掌握了课堂知识，而且了解了一些课外知识，让学生对英语越来越感兴趣。 采用简笔画教学，同样能让学生对英语不厌烦。例如七年级上Unit1 Topic3 Section B，我用简笔画进行教学，在教学课程中，我边画边问，T： What’s this in English? Ss： It’s a car.或是让学生到黑板前画简笔画，并且边画边让他问。这样，不仅学生学习了日常用语，而且学到了一些简笔画的知识，培养了他们动口和动手的能力。 初中英语教师论文篇3 浅谈初中 英语阅读 课七步教学 初中英语新教材、新大纲中规定，初中英语教学要突出培养学生的运用能力，2013年中考明显增加了阅读理解的题量，初一、初二教材增加了阅读课课量。由此可见，如何提高学生的阅读能力，在课堂上如何渗透培养学生阅读能力，综合听、说、读、写训练，提高课堂教学效率，是广大英语教师努力追求的方向。 近几年来许多英语教学书籍，把培养学生阅读能力作为英语阅读课课堂教学的重要目标，在课堂教学中突出对学生学法指导，体现学生的主体地位，发挥教师的指导作用。我在多年的教学实践中，归纳出英语阅读课七步教学法，即：预学、导学、听读、设疑、复述、解难、查测。 一、预学 在教学课文前，要求学生做好 课前预习 ，借助词典、单词表或有关资料，能对 文章 内容有大概的了解，初步完成Workbook中所给出的问题，能整体把握作者的思路和文章结构，不懂的字词句让学生在预习时划出来，留到课堂上或课后解决。把这一课前预习，作为提高阅读课教学效率的第一步，不无原因，新大纲中明确要求学生要有一定的预习能力，且学生预习效果的好坏直接影响课堂教学的效率。坚持要求学生课前预习不但可以提高他们的预习能力，而且可以提高他们的听课效率。并且每篇新学课文就是一篇典型的阅读训练题，坚持预习可增强学生的阅读能力。 二、导学 在教学整篇文章前，教师把整篇文章浓缩成一段精彩的片段，把重点的词组、 句子 ，溶入其中，通过现有的教学工具，如挂图、幻灯等媒体，展现出文章的基本 故事 形象。通过教师的介绍和师生之间的双边活动，把整个故事梗概及重点的语言点呈现出来，并作适当的板书，把握课文重点，为下面进一步理解课文奠定了基础。导学是一堂课的开始，“良好的开始是成功的一半”，导学部分，教师不能忽视，教师应精心设计，引人入胜，要把学生带入特定的意境，激发学生的好奇心，激起学生的求知欲望，提高学生的听课质量。 三、听读 学生在初步感知整篇文章内容后，让学生进行听的练习，在听之前可以提一、二个问题，问题要有代表性，要让学生听完整篇文章后才能得出答案，这样既培养了学生的听力，又培养了学生的整体理解力。如果文章比较长，可以选择部分重点段落，给学生听。听完后，核对答案，朗读课文。朗读课文可视学生理解情况作不同的要求，可以是模仿性跟读，也可以是学生集体朗读或分组阅读，或个体练读。在读的过程中要做到口、眼、耳、脑同时并用，提高记忆能力。另外，还应注意语气、神态，要通过朗读做到心领神会。 四、设疑 学生听读后，已经对文章有了进一步的理解，这时要求学生默读文章，解决教师精心设计或练习册中设计的T/F判断题或问答题。在设计问题时应注意这几点：①先易后难;②先理解后拓展;③先浅后深，兼顾两头。通过设疑检查学生对文章的理解程度，了解学生是否把握文章的中心、重点。 五、复述 复述课文是阅读课课堂教学的升华，是培养学生组织语言连贯表达的重要训练手段之一，通过复述对所学文章有更深层次的理解，变文章中的语言为自己的语言。会说才会写，坚持复述，既培养了学生的理解能力，又培养了学生的口头表达能力。复述的方法多种多样，如视图复述法、列表复述法、问题连结复述法、课文概要复述法、缩扩复述法、变更复述法等，在课堂教学中应注意不断交换复述方式;多种形式混合交替使用，不让学生感到单调乏味，增强课堂教学兴趣。 六、解难 所谓解难，就是指英语课堂教学中排忧解难的过程，是强化重点，突破难点的必经之路。解难的形式大体有两种，一种是由教师提出文章中较难理解的语言点，由学生思考、讨论，然后解答;另一种是学生将预习时或经过课堂教学后还有疑惑的问题提出来，由学生提出，师生共同讨论解答。这一过程可以培养学生的思维能力，培养他们在学习中发现问题、解决问题的本领，便于教师及时发现学生在学习过程中存在的问题。在这一过程中，要充分发挥教师的指导作用，精讲精练，点拨到位，启发学生思维，节省课堂时间，扩大课堂容量，提高课堂效率。 七、查测 这一步骤主要是检查学生课堂学习的效果，了解学生掌握情况，及时反馈教学信息。查测内容一般是课文教学中的重要语言点，也可以是拓展性问题。查测形式可以是口答、也可以是笔试。用不同的方式检查学生还有哪些知识没有掌握，哪些知识没有完善需要补充或提高，进而尽量达到优化课堂教学的目的。 使用阅读课文七步教学法进行阅读学习有以下几个优点： 1.遵循“整体--部分--整体”的教学原则，可以使学生整体理解文章，保证内容的完整性、连续性。 2.能把听、说、读、写综合地运用到课堂教学中，调动学生各个器官协调活动，使之更好地学习语言。 3.把一个课时分为几个阶段教，让学生由易到难，由浅入深地阅读、理解文章，使之用脑更科学，记忆最有效。 4.各个环节，井井有条，环环相扣，相辅相成，使学生感到从语言输入到语言输出，既自然又顺理成章，从而克服畏惧心理，调动学生学习积极性，提高课堂教学效率。 5.充分体现英语实践课的特点，更好地显示学生的主体地位、教师的指导作用，改变以教代学的满堂灌局面，重视学生学习的全过程。 6.重视了学生的学法指导，培养了学生的运用能力，激发了学生学习兴趣，提高了学生的阅读能力，使之在阅读中获得无穷乐趣。 总之，英语阅读课教学方法、教学模式多种多样，教无定法，只要能在教学中充分体现学生的主体地位，发挥教师的指导作用，重视学生的学法指导，打破固定的思维模式，培养学生的阅读能力，这样的教学方法与教学模式都是值得提倡的，教师应在教学中不断地摸索，完善自己的教法，把创新观念运用于教学中，提高课堂教学效率。 猜你喜欢： 1. 初中英语教师论文 2. 初中英语教师教育论文 3. 初中英语教师工作总结及反思 4. 优秀英语教师自我总结 5. 英语教师个人发展总结
初中英语阅读教学存在的问题与解决策略教育论文
在平平淡淡的日常中，说到论文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，论文是进行各个学术领域研究和描述学术研究成果的一种说理文章。你知道论文怎样才能写的好吗？下面是我整理的初中英语阅读教学存在的问题与解决策略教育论文，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
初中是学生语言发展的一个举足重轻的阶段，初中的阅读课是阅读能力培养的重要阵地，是广大英语教师探讨和研究得最多的教学组成部分。但是总的来说，初中英语阅读教学的状况并不理想，学生普遍存在着阅读速度慢，理解能力弱的现象。尽管教师和学生都在这一块投入了较多的时间和精力，但是与学习效果不能成正比，形成一种“高耗低效”的现象。不少的学生在英语考试当中阅读题得分普遍偏低。应该如何改变这种高投入低效率的现象，提高阅读教学质量，切实提高学生运用语言的能力，笔者从实际教学出发，对新课标下的初中英语阅读教学进行研究和探索，发现当前阅读教学当中存在的一些问题，对其进行分析并提出对应的优化对策。
一、英语阅读教学存在的问题
1、词汇量不足够、阅读速度慢。
词汇是语言的基本单位，学习任何一种语言都不能够忽视词汇的学习。已有的研究表明，要想阅读系列等级读物，必须达到95%的理解。也就是说，在阅读时，学生必须认识现有等级读物中95%的词，才能够做到快速顺利阅读。但是，由于学生的词汇量小，阅读的时间不够多，阅读的速度又由于词汇障碍而很慢，从而导致他们接触英语词汇的机会很少，词汇量小又引起他们在阅读过程当中容易引起挫败感，使得学生对阅读失去兴趣或失去信心，从而产生一种不良的循环。
2、课外阅读量少，不能为理解提供充分的输入。
学习任何一种语言，最有效的方法是置身于这种语言的文化背景当中去。我们在阅读一篇文字时，要达到对文字的理解，有时候不仅仅需要对词汇的熟悉认识，更需要对该段文字的背景知识的了解。而目前来说，初中生的英语阅读量偏少，不能为理解文章提供充分的输入，并且，过小的阅读量不利于词汇的积累与语言综合水平的发展。
3、教学模式单一，对阅读教材只限于对课文表层的理解。
阅读教学模式单一，阅读教材单一拘泥于学生对所读教材的表层理解，学生不能够对所读文章的重点进行有效推断，难以正确把握文章脉络，从而影响对文章理解的准确性。许多教师甚至还使用一问一答的教学方式，让学生回答的问题都是教师事先确定好的，学生只处于一个被动应付的局面，不利于培养学生的发散性思维和学习主动性。有些教师在日常阅读教学实践当中，把阅读当作精读，阅读教学就是讲解生词，罗列搭配，补充词组，逐句逐段地分析句子结构、语法等；而有的教师则把阅读当作课外阅读，划出词组，提供个标准答案，学生自读完以后只了解了个故事情节。由于教法单一、陈旧，学生接触到的教材基本是课本和试题，难以激发他们的阅读兴趣，更没能够发展他们的推理能力、归纳能力及感受能力。
二、适应新课改大背景下的阅读教学方法
《英语课程标准》指出“英语课程改革的重点就是要改变英语课程过分注重语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授，忽视对学生实际语言运用能力培养的倾向”，新课程要求对学生的培养目标要从以前的“双基”为主转到提高学生的阅读理解能力为主，并且增加了课外阅读量的要求，下面笔者尝试着谈一谈优化阅读教学的一些方法： 1、合理安排步骤，掌握阅读技巧，提高阅读能力。
阅读教学的开展应该具有步骤性，包括“读前”、“阅读”、“读后”三个步骤。阅读前，应该激活文化背景知识，减少阅读理解障碍。在日常阅读教学当中，经常会发生这样的情况，即尽管学生自己掌握了足够的词汇和语法知识，但仍然无法完全理解全文。原因就在于他们缺乏相应的文化背景知识，不具备在阅读过程中激活已有知识的能力。所以教师应开展各种各样的读前活动，开展读前活动时可以参照学生用书中的插图，图片。或者利用挂图，甚至录像VCD等。使得学生对所要阅读的内容有了一定的感性认识和背景文化支持。而阅读中，则应立足课堂，活用教材。阅读中教师所设计的活动应该以训练学生的阅读技能为目标，视教材为渠道，培养学生搜集和处理信息的能力，根据上下文猜测生词意思的能力，读懂并抓住大意的能力，培养学生的语篇分析能力。比如，在教学八（下）Unit3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?时，课前让学生预先收集与UFO相关的信息，可以查看有关的书籍、电视电影，并与同学交流讨论。阅读前，展示关于UFO的电影片断，展现图片，让学生看着图用下列词汇来描述UFO来临时的情景：land，getoutof，alien，while，surprised，anywhere，kid，right，runaway，happen。阅读时对学生进行引导，让他们说出每一段的段落大意，并进行语句语篇的讲解分析，以使学生对文章结构有更清晰的认识。阅读后则主要是及时对学生读语篇的理解程度进行检查，可以利用课文后附的练习，也可以自行设计，或检查学生对课文中的事实、情节等表层的理解，或检查学生对课文尝的理解。使学生挖掘文中内涵，开展创造性思维。
2、精读与泛读相结合，课内与课外相结合。
近年来各种类型各种等级的英语考试都更加注重阅读，阅读的比重在各种英语试题当中越来越大。新课标也对初中英语阅读技能提出了更高的要求。这也就反映了阅读的量应该相应的增加，但是阅读的量不应该盲目的增加。在阅读教学中，应该区分精读与泛读，课内与课外，并且使之有机地结合起来。因此，教师应该结合教材中的主题，补充各类贴近生活、贴近时代的课外阅读材料。课内进行精读，并加以细致的指导；课外进行泛读，培养学生的语感与开拓学生视野，丰富词汇。例如，教师可以为学生们订阅英语报、英语杂志。课堂上精讲课文内容，讲解词组、语法、分析句子结构与段落等等，然后给学生选定的报刊、杂志上的文章或某一段落，让他们在课外自行阅读并按照老师讲解的方法进行分析，报刊杂志上的其他文章则只要求他们进行泛读，并在课内抽取一定的时间来谈他们课外阅读的体会。
3、加强文化背景知识的积累。
课文的教学一般都涉及三个方面的知识，分别是语言知识、阅读技能和文化背景知识。我们在教授学生课文的时候，不仅仅只是要求他们认识词汇，理解字面意思与了解文章故事内容而已，更希望他们能够在教师的帮助下欣赏浅显的英语文学作品。文化背景知识的积累，又会加深他们对文章的理解，甚至会有助于提高他们的推理能力。在阅读教学中，教师应该注意引导学生融入到教材的文化内容中去，对比文化现象的异同，适当介绍英语国家社会制度、历史、民族习性以及价值观等文化现象，进一步提高他们英语阅读分析的能力，初步培养英语作品鉴赏能力。
教学质量是学校的生命线，教学质量管理是学校管理的重要工作。在课程改革背景下，学校教学质量的提高不能也不允许通过加大学生的课业负担来实现，要做到轻负担、高效益，只有落实有效教学，构建高效课堂。有效教学的核心是教学的效益。所谓“有效教学”，是指通过一段时间教学后，学生能获得具体进步或发展，学生能否得到最大化的进步和发展是衡量有效教学的主要指标。落实有效教学需要继承、借鉴、创新。纵观当前有效教学实施的过程，还存在很多问题，主要表现在：理念不新、备课不实、内容不齐、整合不力、方法不活、评价不新、发展不全。对实施有效教学过程中存在的这些现象，我们必须更新观念、制定制度、创新手段、优化行为，加强有效教学的指导，将有效教学的理论主张及操作要求内化为教师教学的需要。
一要加强学习，落实培训
教师教学理念认识不到位，其原因不仅仅在教师一方，学校也有责任。课程改革多年，而新课程学习培训方面，各级教育行政部门虽然开展了一些有成效的工作，但培训面相对狭窄，每年真正参加上级培训的名额非常有限，往往只能派部分优秀的教师教干参加。让每位教师深刻领会新课改的精神是实现有效教学的基本前提，教育行政部门和学校需加大培训力度，统筹安排，积极引领教师对新课程理念进行自学与研讨。学校要立足本校实际搞好校本教研：集体备课、教研活动、听课评课等要分期、分批有计划地进行，要对课标理念和教材易忽视的内容以小专题的形式进行研究和挖掘，形成具体的带有案例性质的解读材料。
二要明确要求，规范教学
实施有效教学，落实在课堂，关键在教师。因为教师的教学习惯一旦形成，要彻底改变并非易事，所以，仅靠目标管理来改变教师教学行为远远不够，需要有统一的标准来衡量、规范，因此需要在备课、上课、作业、教学方法选择等方面制订一系列标准。例如备课方面做到备教材、备学生、备教学法、备辅导（阅读），课堂教学务实不务虚，真正把学生当成学习的主人，课堂教学坚持从“教会知识”转向“教会学习”，力戒拖沓无神的“催眠课”与急风骤雨式的“填鸭课”。作业方面做到布置之前审核，以精当、适量、有层次为标准，克服作业布置的随意性，做到布置之后批阅要及时、认真、准确、全面等。
三要以学定教，顾及全面
现代教学理论强调教学以学生为主体，本质上说教学的教程就是学生学习的过程。教师是学生学习活动的计划者、组织者、引导者。因此，要立足学生，研究他们的学习需求与学习特点，从学生的具体需求与特点出发，结合课程标准的各个阶段目标，去设计教学目标和教学过程。教学方法的选择要根据学生的特点并结合教材内容，尽可能地利用学校现有的现代化教学设备，增强学生学习的主动性、互动性，提高学习参与率和自主学习能力，提升教学实效。
四要开发资源，拓宽渠道
校本课程资源的开发对教师来说确实有难度，但开发校本课程怎么搞应从学校实际出发，可简可繁。有能力形成课程体系的，可从教材研究、课程设置等方面系统整理，没有能力的，可针对学习内容和学生学习兴趣去收集整理一些拓展性材料，用学生感兴趣的内容去补充学习内容，从而开辟课程资源，增加学生吸取知识的渠道，有效地提高教学效果。
五要“授之以渔”，养成习惯
苏霍姆林斯基曾说过：“对于个人教育来说离开自我教育是不可思议的'。”要求教师加强自学指导，培养学生自主学习的习惯。自学就是要求学生学会自己提问，爱因斯坦说过“提出一个问题往往比解决一个问题更重要。”因此，教师要多引导学生动脑，少替代学生思考，让学生养成独立思考和自我质疑的习惯。教师要经常给学生布置预习任务并指导预习，对学生预习情况进行检查。久而久之，就会使学生在反复强化中逐渐养成预习、质疑和独立解决问题的习惯。教师还要关注学生情感、个性、意志品德、作业习惯等非智力因素的情况，通过针对性地训练和家校互动等方式，让学生在各个方面向积极的、可持续发展的方面发展。
六要注重评价，倡导反思
教学评价的目的主要是为了改进教师的教学，完善教学过程，有效地促进学生的发展。教学评价包括“教”的评价和“学”的评价两方面。在“教”的评价中，要强调教师的自我评价。教师可借助写教学反思的形式来进行，要让教学反思促进教师的自我成长，把反思的重点放在方法（如何反思）、角度（从哪些方面去反思）、连续性与实效上。教学反思一方面是每节课后的教学反思，另一方面是阶段性教学行为反思，因为只有把短期反思与阶段反思结合起来，使教师对自己的教学有深刻的认识并有较大的改进，才能达到“反思”的真正目的。教的评价还要结合有效教学，建立对教学每个环节的评价细则，形成领导点评、教师互评、日常评价和阶段性总结评价相结合，通过评价改进教学。“学”的评价要强调评价手段多样化。对学生的评价不能只用成绩报告书作为终极评价手段，平时对学生要采用动作、神情、体态、语言等表扬方式，经常性的随机激励评价，丰富评价的手段。教学中可构建“比、学、赶、超”的评比制度，开展教师评、学生评、师生互评、当堂现场评、课后个别点评等多种形式的评价，并在评价中通过建立学生成长记录等完善评价激励机制，发挥评价的促进功能。
总之，实施有效教学既近在眼前，又任重道远。我们必须在思想上重视，从方法上创优、内容上突破、细节上关注，才能取得实效、高效。固然，目前存在的每一个问题、采取的每一项策略都不是一蹴而就的，但只要我们管理者付出艰辛的劳动和不懈的努力，有效教学一定会显现。
摘要 ：课堂是教学活动的主阵地，课堂评价是建立促进学生全面发展的评价体系中最为重要的环节。新课程提倡学生积极主动地学习，这有利于学生的全面发展。但在现实教学中，学生积极主动学习、热情参与教学过程的状况与新课程的要求还有一段距离。小学英语课堂评价还存在一些现实的问题。有效的激励性评价策略能够充分调动学生的积极性，对促进小学生积极主动地学习具有重要意义。因此，在小学英语教学中，充分发挥课堂激励性评价的作用是促进学生积极主动学习、提高英语课堂教学质量等的有效途径。
关键词 ：课堂评价；问题；策略；英语教学论文
1引言
面对新要求，怎样才能通过科学的课堂即时评价促进学生的发展、提高教学质量呢?这是摆在教育工作者面前突出的、值得探索的新课题。
2课堂评价的概念界定
关于课堂评价的定义各式各样，但核心基本相同，即教师在课堂教学过程中，为判断学生的学习情况，促进学生的学习，了解自己的教学效果，而对学生的学习信息采集、分析与利用。从不同的角度分析，课堂评价具有多种类型。例如，从评价内容看，有学习行为评价、学习结果评价、发展趋势评价等。对评价类型的分析与把握，有助于我们科学地建立并合理地使用教师课堂评价标准。本文所述教师课堂评价，仅指即时性评价。
3课堂评价存在的问题及其原因
存在的问题
随着新理念的提出，课堂即时性评价在一定程度上得到了实施，但没发挥其真正的作用。目前课堂评价存在的不足有：评价语言和标准单一、僵化；评价主体单一；鼓励与夸奖的滥用；纠错方式不恰当；缺少体态评价。没有对不同层次学生的区别对待。
存在问题的原因
教师受传统评价理念的影响传统教育模式中，教师是权威的，教师单向评价学生。在新课改下，传统评价思想依然存在，学生评价老师和学生互评在课堂上也不多见，老师掌握着课堂评价的主动权，必然造成评价主体单一。教师对评价功能意识淡薄有的教师为了体现新课改的精神,在课堂上大量运用“万能”的“Good,OK”来表扬学生。老师不指出读得好，好在哪里；对又对在哪里。学生听了表扬当然高兴，可这有利于学生的提高吗？教师淡忘了评价的功能。教师对激励性评价片面理解在小学英语课堂上，教师在评价时不恰当地使用激励性策略，有的是浮夸的，甚至学生出现严重错误时都一味地鼓励学生。教师对学生的心理认识不清小学五年级阶段的学生被称为学龄中期阶段或少年期，是各方面蓬勃的、不均衡的发展时期。他们的自尊心开始增强，有的教师忽略了学生的心理感受，当面批评指责学生，造成了不良的学习效果。
4激励性评价策略
概念阐述
激励性口头评价是指在课堂教学情境这一特定语境的制约下，当学生的某一行为完成后，教师通过激励性的语言对学生的行为进行价值判断，激发学习动机，诱发其兴趣，进而促使学生积极主动地发展。
策略
转变教师观念和课堂教学方式要想新的教学理念付诸于实践，解放教师的思想是前提。有的教师说：“只要学生学到东西就可以了，不一定非要展示。”可见其根本就不重视学生是否参与课堂，教师都不重视那又怎会激励学生去参与呢？而观念的转变要落实在实际的课堂中。英语课堂中如何创设语境是教师要着重思考的问题。毫无疑问，小学生更喜欢在游戏中学习。课堂评价应充满人文关怀小学英语课堂教学中，教师的评价应凸显对学生的人文关怀，体现对学生个性的尊重，评价必须坚持正确的人文价值取向。要真诚地爱学生，做到客观公正一堂小学英语课上，学生每回答一个问题，教师就表扬加分，每说一段话，教师就奖励一张贴纸。从案例中可以看出教师没有考虑活动的难易程度，一味进行雷同的表扬。教师要做到客观公正，需针对不同的学生、不同的行为作出不同的口头评价，让学生感到“老师的评价就是针对我的。”鼓励学生自评、互评积极鼓励学生自评和互评，进行面对全体学生的多主题评价。教师在评价某一位学生时可以推而广之，对集体进行激励；也可以开展学生互评。当然，这意味着教师的责任将更重，要机智地引导学生进行正面、友善的互评，否则会导致同学间关系的紧张、矛盾的产生，从而破坏集体的团结。
参考文献：
[1]陈婉琳.熊德信.课堂即场评价型教学评析与启示——以中山大学夏纪梅教授教学艺术为例[J].福建论坛(社科教育版),2008,(10).
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一、尽早抓起，循序渐进，持之以恒 学生英语阅读能力的培养和提高并非一朝一夕所能达到，而是需要经过师生长期坚持不懈的努力，方能一点一点的提高。那种你认为让学生在初一、初二打好英语基础知识的底子，等初三再突击阅读能力的训练之方法是不可取的。因此，在学生进入初中阶段后，教师就需要制定周密的计划，有条不紊，坚持不懈的对学生的阅读能力进行长期的系统的训练。经过这样长期的坚持训练，学生的阅读量会日益扩大，随着阅读量的不断加大，学生的阅读能力也就自然而然的得到了培养和提高。 二、合理安排教学步骤，有层次地引导学生阅读1.引导学生快速阅读，捕捉大意，扩大阅读视幅面，培养他们良好的阅读习惯，训练阅读速度，提高概述能力。 2.指导学生精读全文，把握信息，然后有效指导学生学习语言知识，培养他们理解、掌握和应用语言知识的能力。3.引导学生充分利用课本，强化课文整体理解教学，课文是最好的阅读材料，须充分利用。教师在组织学生学习课文时，应把课文当作一个整体来组织教学。这种教学方法能提高学生的英语学习兴趣，调动学生的学习积极性。当然，除此之外，采取一定的方法来培养学生的阅读能力是必要的。如：在安排学生预习课文时可让学生找出重点段落的中心句或用英语来说出这部分的意思来，这样经过长期不懈的训练，就可逐步培养和提高学生的英语阅读能力
Reading is one of the four basic skills which learners are required to master if they want to learn a foreign language. English reading can improve reader’s perception so as to give a lot of help to improve listening, speaking and writing. It can increase knowledge, widen their visions, and enhance their interest in English. However, in China, in foreign language learning, many learners seem to have difficulty in reading accurately and efficiently. To help the learner become a more efficient reader, it is crucial to improve their reading ability. This paper clearly states how we should improve reading ability by adopting the following methods: improving language knowledge, enlarging the reader’s schema, forming a good habit of reading, applying reading skills, be confident and active in reading. [Key words] reading ability; language knowledge; reading schema knowledge; reading skills 1. Introduction These days the influence of the English language is increasing. Today no matter you like it or not, English is the closet thing to a lingua franca around the globe; English is very widely used for business. Between different countries, most business letters around the world are written in English, and three quarters of the world’s books and newspapers are made in English. Reading is one of the four basic skills which learners are required to master if they want to learn a foreign language. English reading can improve reader’s perception so as to give a lot of help to improve listening, speaking and writing. It can increase knowledge, widen their visions, and enhance their interest in English. So it is clear that it’s very important to do a lot of English reading. But the problem is that many English learners seem to have difficulty in reading accurately and efficiently. Moreover, in various international and domestic examinations, English reading has taken larger and larger part. In this situation, how to improve English reading draws more and more attention. This paper tries to state some points as how to help English reader improve their reading ability. 2. Improve your language knowledge The language knowledge here mainly refers to vocabulary and grammar. Your language knowledge can help you read both fast and with high comprehension. Vocabulary The English language has about 750, 000 words, and more new words are coming into use daily. Also, words are constantly being redefined. Each word takes additional meanings as time passes until it has many meanings. It has been proved that the readers with small store of vocabulary will find it very difficult in reading comprehension. How to solve this problem? According to the study of Hatch and Brown，learners' strategies for 1earning vocabulary fall into five essential steps: 1) having sources for encountering new words; 2) getting the forms of the new words; 3) learning the meanings of the words; 4)making a strong memory of the words; and 5) using the words. This word acquisition theory not only manifests the inner rule or vocabulary learning but also reveals the three important aspects of vocabulary learning: word form, word meaning and word use.[1] Therefore, we can build up our vocabulary from the following aspects: Firstly, learn about word formation. You can enlarge your vocabulary by using the rules of word formation, Many words in the English language are made up of word parts called roots, prefixes, and suffixes, like“ sad ”, “sadly”, “sadness”, and so on. Therefore, this method is used to help readers get the meaning of an unknown word by analyzing the word structure, which is by dividing words into usable parts such as roots, prefixes and suffixes. If you know a number of commonly used prefixes, roots and suffixes, they will be of use in unlocking the meanings of unknown words that you find in your reading. For example, when you know the word “courage”, “ encourage，discourage，courageous” will not be new to you.[2] Secondly, collect the new words you often meet in reading. That doesn’t mean encouraging you to consult the dictionary whenever you meet a new word in reading. The appropriate way is to try to guess the word meanings from context clues, from the words around it, and then you will gradually know the clear meaning of the word after meeting it often. And now, if you look it up in the dictionary, you will have a good memory of it. Thirdly, learn a certain number of new words by heart every day. Young students have good memories. It is possible for you to memorize some words every day without much difficulty. You can choose some words for yourself, which is very helpfu1. When you meet these words in your reading，you will feel easy, “Aha, I’ve known their meanings. ” You will feel confident and more interested in reading. Grammar Language is composed of words and grammatical structures. The accurate rate of comprehension is based on the mastering degree of the words and grammar. In case of learning a language, for instance, a child or a beginner who learns a foreign language, learns some words first, then begins to get in touch with the regulation of sentence --grammar, then he can use words to make sentences himself. Only by understanding the rules of the game, you can win the game. Sometimes, we find some learners recite a large number of words and they can say the meaning of them as they see them, but when these words are arranged into a sentence, these learners cannot make sense of them. Why? That is because they are not familiar with grammar. Grammar is the skeleton, which produces the variety of different words combinations. We know that if you thread coins with a cord, you can carry away many coins at a time easily; if the coins scatter on the floor, it is hard to pick up every one. Grammar is like the cord to give life to the combination of words and make the expression diversified. It makes us know the approval, interrogatory or surprising tone and the like. Mastering grammar is the basic step to make progress on English reading. More exercises on grammar are all too good and no harm can come of it. Sometimes, in the reading, you will find that comprehension of an entire passage depends on your ability to understand a single sentence. Sentences, which are very long, sentences, which have more than one meaning, or sentences, which contain difficult grammatical patterns often, cause comprehension problems. In this case, readers should keep the following points in mind. (1) If the sentence is long, try to break it up into small parts: The general then added, “The only reasonable solution to the sort of problems caused by the current unstable political situation is one of diplomacy and economic measures and not the use of military force.” You should read the sentence like this:” The only reasonable solution to the sort of problems/caused by the current unstable political situation/is one of the diplomacy and economic measures/and not the use of military force.” (2) Look for key words that tell you the relationship within a sentence. “The West had sent armies to capture and hold Jerusalem; instead they themselves fell victim to new ideas and subtle influences,” “ Instead ”indicates that something happened contrary to expectations. 3. Enlarge your schema about various topics and things “The importance of reader’s knowledge of the world has been long emphasized in the reading processes. The role of this previously acquired knowledge in language comprehension has been formalized as schema theory.”[3] According to schema theory, comprehending a text is an interactive process between the reader’s background knowledge and the text. The more you already know, the less you need to find out. A good reader does not read passively only for the prepositional meaning of each sentence, but more importantly, he reads for the meaning at the pragmatic level. He can understand not only its surface meaning decided by vocabulary and grammar, but also the real purpose of the writer in using a particular piece of language. He does this by creating an effective discourse between himself and the writer to negotiate meaning. 4. Form a good habit of reading If you are reading for meaning，try to read fast. Some people read very slowly. They think that reading slowly helps them understand better. That is not right. As a mater of fact, the faster you read, the better you understand. The expression“haste makes waste” does not apply to reading. Remember, nothing hurts concentration more than reading too slowly. Your mind will keep up with your reading speed if you ask it to. By always reading at your top speed, you challenge your understanding and make it easier for your mind to concentrate on the materia1. To improve your reading speed, you must get rid of the following bad habits: a．Point at words or hold a pen or a pencil or ruler under the line while reading; b．Mumble the words to yourself or say the words in your mind，though other people cannot hear you reading; c．Read back from time to time; d．Stop reading at occurrence of the unknown words to look them up in the dictionary.[4] A good reader should develop a correct method of reading. That is to train himself to read attentively ( not to read back) and silently (not to read aloud), sentence by sentence, not word by word. Whenever meeting a new word, try to guess the meaning from the context. Consulting the dictionary from time to time not only affects one’s reading speed and the comprehension of the reading material, but also gets the reader frustrated. 5. Apply various reading skills Prediction
在世界经济全球化及中国加入WTO的形势下,社会需要大量能够用英语在国际上进行科技、经贸、法律和 文化 等方面交流的专业人才。下面是我带来的英语 文章 阅读带翻译，欢迎阅读!英语文章阅读带翻译篇一 In the public interest The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies. Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from high-handed or incompetent public officers. The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries like Denmark, Norway, Finland, and New Zealand. Even countries with large populations like Britain and the United States are seriously considering imitating the Swedes. The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public. As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual. A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State. The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the '.' or 'Ombudsman'. The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure. He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society. As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1200 letters a year. He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and he examines every single letter in detail. There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection. If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered. The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work. A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner. The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case. There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police stoutly denied the accusation. It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter. The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions. The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in he official files. It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts. The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted. The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed. 斯堪的纳维亚半岛各国实行开明的社会政策，受到全世界的推崇。在瑞典，已逐渐形成了一种完善的制度以保护每个公民不受专横的和不称职的政府官员的欺压。由于这种制度行之有效，已被其他国家采纳。 是瑞典人首先认识到政府工作人员如文职人员、警官、卫生稽查员、税务人员等等也会犯错误或者自以为在为公众服务而把事情做过了头。早在1809年，瑞典论会就建立一个保护公民利益的制度。议会内有一个代表各政党利益的委员会，由它委派一位称职的人选专门调查个人对国家的意见。此人官衔为“司法特派员”，但瑞典人一般管他叫“.”，即“司法特派员”。司法特派员不受任何政治压力的制约。他听取社会各阶层的各种大小意见，并进行调查。由于意见均需用书面形式提出，司法特派员每年平均收到1,200封信。他有8位律师作他的助手协助工作，每封信都详细批阅。司法特派员的工作没有什么秘密可言，他的信件是公开的，供公众监督。如果公民的意见正确，司法特派员便为他伸张正义。司法特员采取的行动因意见的性质不同而有所不同。他可以善意地批评某位官员，也可以甚至向议会提议修改某项法律。下述事件是司法特派员工作的一个典型例子。 一个住在瑞典乡村的外国人写信给司法特派员，抱怨说他受到警察的虐待，原因就是因为他是个外国人。司法特派员立即写信给当地警察局长，请他寄送与此事有关的材料。材料中没有任何文字记载证明外国人所说的情况符合事实，警察局长矢口否认这一指控。司法特派员难以处理。但是，当他又收到住在同一村庄的另一个外国人写的一封内容类似的投诉信时，他立即派出一位律师前去调查。律师证实有个警察确实多次粗鲁地对待外国人。警察歧视外国人的事在官方档案中不可能加以记载，司法特派员只有派他的代表去核对事实才能了解真相。当事的警察受到严厉的斥责，并被告知，如果再有人投诉他，他将受到起诉。司法特派员及时采取的行动，迅速制止了这一起不愉快的事件，不然这件事可能因未得到人们注意而不了了之。 英语文章阅读带翻译篇二 Instinct or cleverness? We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. Man continually wages war on item, for they contaminate his food, carry diseases, or devour his crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding with out dispelling our fears. Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinaing. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence. Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle ? Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud of it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither. Clusters of tiny insects called aphides were to be found on the underside of the leaves. They were visited by a laop colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey from them. I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twenty-four hours. I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape , making it impossible for the ants to reach the aphides. The tape was so sticky that they did not dare to cross it. For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree in bewilderment. I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it. I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair. Instead, I saw that they had discovered a new route. They were climbing up the wall of the house and then on to the leaves of the tree. I realized sadly that I had been completely defeated by their ingenuity. The ants had been quick to find an answer to my thoroughly unscientific methods! 我们自幼就在对昆虫的惧怕中长大。我们把昆虫当作害多益少的无用东西。人类不断同昆虫斗争，因为昆虫弄脏我们的食物，传播疾病，吞噬庄稼。它们无缘无故地又叮又咬;夏天的晚上，它们未经邀请便飞到我们房间里，或者对着露出亮光的窗户乱扑乱撞。我们在日常生活中，不但憎恶如蜘蛛、黄蜂之类令人讨厌的昆虫，而且憎恶并无大害的飞蛾等。阅读有关昆虫的书能增加我们对它们的了解，却不能消除我们的恐惧的心理。即使知道勤奋的蚂蚁生活具有高度组织性的社会里，当看到大群蚂蚁在我们精心准备的午间野餐上爬行时，我们也无法抑制对它们的反感。不管我们多么爱吃蜂蜜，或读过多少关于蜜蜂具有神秘的识别方向的灵感的书，我们仍然十分害怕被蜂蜇。我们的恐惧大部分是没有道理的，但去无法消除。同时，不知为什么昆虫又是迷人的。我们喜欢看有关昆虫的书，尤其是当我们了解螳螂等过着一种令人生畏的生活时，就更加爱读有关昆虫的书了。我们喜欢入迷地看它们做事，它们不知道(但愿如此)我们就在它们身边。当看到蜘蛛扑向一只苍蝇时，一队蚂蚁抬着一只巨大的死甲虫凯旋归时，谁能不感到敬畏呢? 去年夏天，我花了好几天时间站在花园里观察成千只蚂蚁爬上我那棵心爱的桃树的树干。那棵树是靠着房子有遮挡的一面暖墙生长的。我为这棵树感到特别自豪，不仅因为它度过了几个寒冬终于活了下来，而且还因为它有时结出些甘甜的桃子来。到了夏天，我发现树叶开始枯萎，结果在树叶背面找到成串的叫作蚜虫小虫子。蚜虫遭到一窝蚂蚁的攻击，蚂蚁从它们身上可以获得一种蜜。我当即动手作了一项试验，这项试验尽管没有使我摆脱这些蚂蚁，却使我着迷了24小时。我用一条胶带把桃树底部包上，不让蚂蚁接近蚜虫。胶带极粘，蚂蚁不敢从上面爬过。在很长一段时间里，我看见蚂蚁围着大树底部来回转悠，不知所措。半夜，我还拿着电筒来到花园里，满意地(同时惊奇地)发现那些蚂蚁还围着胶带团团转。无能为力。第二天早上，我起床后希望看见蚂蚁已因无望而放弃了尝试，结果却发现它们又找到一条新的路径。它们正在顺着房子的外墙往上爬，然后爬上树叶。我懊丧地感到败在了足智多谋的蚂蚁的手下。蚂蚁已很快找到了相应的对策，来对付我那套完全不科学的办法! 英语文章阅读带翻译篇三 From the earth: greatings Radio astronomy has greatly increased our understanding of the universe. Radio telescopes have one big advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space. The most powerful signals that have been received have been emitted by what seem to be truly colossal stars which scientists have named 'quasars'. A better understanding of these phenomena may completely alter our conception of the nature of the universe. The radio telescope at Jodrell Bank in England was for many years the largest in the world. A new telescope, over twice the size, was recently built at Sugar Grove in West Virginia. Astronomers no longer regard as fanciful the idea that they may one day pick up signals which have been sent by intelligent beings on other worlds. This possibility gives rise to interesting speculations. Highly advanced civilizations may have existed on other planets long before intelligent forms of life evolved on the earth. Conversely, intelligent being which are just beginning to develop on remote worlds may be ready to pick up our signals in thousands of years' time, or when life on earth has become extinct. Such speculations no longer belong to the realm of science fiction, for astronomers are now exploring the chances of communicating with living creatures (if they exist) on distant planets. This undertaking which has been named Project Ozma was begun in 1960, but it may take a great many years before results are obtained. Aware of the fact that it would be impossible to wait thousands or millions of years to receive an answer from a distant planet, scientists engaged in Project Ozma are concentrating their attention on stars which are relatively close. One of the most likely stars is Tau Ceti which is eleven light years away. If signals from the earth were received by intelligent creatures on a planet circling this star, we would have to wait twenty-two years for an answer. The Green Bank telescope in West Virginia has been specially designed to distinguish between random signals and signals which might be in code. Even if contact were eventually established, astronomers would not be able to rely on language to communicate with other beings. They would use mathematics as this is the only truly universal language. Numbers have the same value anywhere. For this reason, intelligent creatures in any part of the universe would be able to understand a simple arithmetical sequence. They would be able to reply to our signals using similar methods. The next step would be to try to develop means for sending television pictures. A single picture would tell us more than thousands of words. In an age when anything seems to be possible, it would be narrow-minded in the extreme to ridicule these attempts to find out if there is life in other parts of the universe. 天文学方面最新发展使得我们能够在银河系和其他星系发现行星。这是一个重要的成就，因为相对来说，行星很小，而且也不发光。寻找行星证明相当困难，但是要在行星上发现生命会变得无比艰难。第一个需要解答的问题是一颗行星是否有能够维持生命的条件。举例来说，在我们的太阳系里，对于生命来说，金星的温度太高，而火星的温度则太低。只有地球提供理想的条件，而即使在这里，植物和动物的进化也用了40亿年的时间。 一颗行星是否能够维持生命取决于它的恒星——即它的“太阳”——的大小和亮度。设想一下，一颗恒星比我们的太阳还要大，还要亮，还要热20倍，那么一颗行星为了维持生命就要离开的它的恒星非常远。反之，如果恒星很小，维持生命的行星就要在离恒星很近的轨道上运行，而且要有极好的条件才能使生命得以发展，但是，我们如何才能找到这样一颗行星呢?现在，没有一台现存的望远镜可以发现生命的存在。而开发这样一台望远镜将会是21世纪天文学的一个重要的研究课题。 使用放置在地球上的望远镜是无法观察到其他行星的生命的。地球周围温暖的大气层和望远镜散出的热量使得我们根本不可能找到比行星更小的物体。即使是一台放置在围绕地球的轨道上的望远镜——如非常成功的哈勃望远镜——也因为太阳系中的尘埃微粒而无法胜任。望远镜要放置在木星那样遥远的行星上才有可能在外层空间搜寻生命。因为我们越是接近太阳系的边缘，尘埃就越稀薄。一旦我们找到这样一颗行星，我们就要想办法将它的恒星射过来的光线遮暗，这样我们就能彻底“看见”这颗行星，并分析它的大气层。首先我们要寻找植物，而不是那种“小绿人”。行星上最容易生存下来的是细菌。正是细菌生产出我们在地球上呼吸的氧气。在地球上发展的大部分进程中，细菌是地球上唯一的生命形式。作为地球上的居民，我们总存有这样的希望：小绿人来 拜访 我们，而我们可以和他们交流。但是，这种希望总是只在科幻小说中存在。如果我们能够在另一颗行星上找到诸如细菌的那种低等生命，那么这个发现将彻底改变我们对我们自己的看法。正如美国国家航空和宇宙航空局的丹尼尔.戈尔丁指出的“在其他地方发现生命会改变一切。任何人类的努力和想法都会发生变化。”
英语阅读文章700-800字
关于英语阅读理解，我们一向是以练题为主，这样能日积月累提高我们的英语阅读能力，为帮助同学们提高英语阅读，我为大家分享英语的阅读文章及试题答案如下，仅供大家练手!
Passage 1
In 1939 two brothers, Mac and Dick McDonald, started a drive-in restaurant in San Bernadino, California. They carefully chose a busy corner for their location. They had run their own businesses for years, first a theater, then a barbecue(烤肉)restaurant, and then another drive-in. But in their new operation, they offered a new, shortened menu: French fries, hamburgers, and sodas. To this small selection they added one new concept: quick service, no waiters or waitresses, and no tips.
Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents. Cheese was another four cents. Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity, for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparation of their food, and they insisted on their cooks' sticking to their routine. Their new drive-in became incredibly popular, particularly for lunch. People drove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime. The self-service restaurant was so popular that the brothers had allowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened. They were content with this modest success untilthey met Ray Kroc.
Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in 1954, when he was selling milk shake-mixing machines. He quickly saw the unique appeal of the brothers' fast-food restaurants and bought the right to franchise(特许经营)other copies of their restaurants. The agreement struck included the right to duplicate the menu. The equipment, even their red and white buildings with the golden arches(拱门).
Today McDonald's is really a household name. Its names for its sandwiches have come to mean hamburger in the decades since the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen-cent hamburgers. In 1976, McDonald's had over $ 1 billion in total sales. Its first twenty-two years is one of the most incredible success stories in modern American business history.
1. This passage mainly talks about.
A)the development of fast food services
B)how McDonald's became a billion-dollar business
C)the business careers of Mac and Dick McDonald
D)Ray Kroc's business talent
2. Mac and Dick managed all of the following businesses except.
A) a drive-in
B) a cinema
C) a theater
D) a barbecue restaurant
3. We may infer from this passage that.
A)Mac and Dick McDonald never became wealthy for they sold their idea to Kroc
B)The location the McDonalds chose was the only source of the great popularity of their drive-in
C)Forty years ago there were numerous fast-food restaurants
D)Ray Kroc was a good businessman
4. The passage suggests that.
A)creativity is an important element of business success
B)Ray Kroc was the close partner of the McDonald brothers
C)Mac and Dick McDonald became broken after they sold their ideas to Ray Kroc
D)California is the best place to go into business
5. As used in the second sentence of the third paragraph, the worduniquemeans.
A)special
B)financial
C )attractive
D)peculiar
Passage2
You're busy filling out the application form for a position you really need; let's assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isn't it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree? Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University?
More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university. Registrars at most well-known colleges say theydeal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of aboutone per week.
Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms, then. If it turns out that an applicants lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them impostors(); another refers to them asspecial cases. One well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made byno such people.
To avoid outright(彻底的')lies, some job-seekers claim that they attended or were associated with a college or university. After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that attending means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that being associated with a college means that the job-seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century-that's when they began keeping records, anyhow.
If you don't want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony(假的)diploma. One company, with offices in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of non-existent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from Smoot State prices increase rapidly for a degree from the University of Purdue. As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana properly called Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper.
6. The main idea of this passage is that.
A)employers are checking more closely on applicants now
B)lying about college degrees has become a widespread problem
C)college degrees can now be purchased easily
D)employers are no longer interested in college degrees
7. According to the passage, special cases refer to cases where.
A)students attend a school only part-time
B)students never attended a school they listed on their application
C)students purchase false degrees from commercial films
D)students attended a famous school
8. We can infer from the passage that.
A)performance is a better judge of ability that a college degree
B)experience is the best teacher
C)past work histories influence personnel officers more than degrees do
D)a degree from a famous school enables an applicant to gain advantage over others in job petition
9. This passage implies that.
A)buying a false degree is not moral
B)personnel officers only consider applicants from famousschools
C)most people lie on applications because they were dismissed from school
D)society should be greatly responsible for lying on applications
10. As used in the first line of the second paragraph, the word utter means.
A)address
B)thorough
C)ultimate
D)decisive
>>>>参考答案<<<<
Passage 1
Passage 2
英语毕业论文答辩（通用6篇）
英语的论文答辩要点是格式最好少些瑕疵，提前将abstract和conclusion背一背。有利于答辩的顺利进行。下面是我为大家整理的.关于英语毕业论文的答辩。欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of On Transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels' addicts. For the above facts,I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This time's literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Teachers, good afternoon! My name is Chen Jing, the students of class xxx, my thesis topic is《 the power of the giver and the victim, foucault power interpretation theory perspective, the heroine in “the golden notebook, Anna》，thesis is completed under Wang Zhiqin teacher of meticulous guidance, here, I express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, to the teachers to take part in my thesis express our heartfelt thanks to you for, and for the past three years I have a chance to listen to the teachings, teachers say heartfelt I will this paper design the research background, significance and main content of the teacher made a report, please the teacher criticism guidance.
First of all, I want to talk about the research background and significance of the graduation thesis design.
Since the Golden Notebook involves comprehensive themes such as colonialism,feminism,racism,communism etc. and due to its severely fragmented writing forms,it has intrigued groups of both domestic and overseas critics. The research abroad could be roughly divided into three stages. The first comes about the biography of the author”],the general introduction and reading background of this novel,then a number of explorations over the themes of this book have been conducted, from the most popular one feminism,psychological featuresto the philosophical elements. Finally, critics shifted their concentration to the unique form or style applied by Lessing,for instance they analyzed the varied narrative techniques employed within ,the aesthetic value it displayed ,as well as its artistic nature generated by its messy it is worth mentioning that in 2006 Tapan has composed a specific collection of reviews on the Golden the study over this novel in foreign country has been quite fruitful and mature, the research in China is far lagging behind, most of them just emphasized the novel's multiplethemes such as feminism,eco-economic,psychology and modemism Thus more angels should be discovered by scholars at home, such as colonialism, religious and psychological exploration, and their research method should be more diversified,for instance,the potential inter-disciplinary study of this novel are waiting to be excavated, and seldomhave critics compared this masterpiece with other similar text.
Based on Foucault's power theory, this thesis is going to explore how the female protagonist Anna in Doris Lessing's the Golden Notebook, the producer and victim of power,fought against her catastrophic life. Through a close reading of the text, this thesis aims at making a Foucanldian interpretation on Lessing's motivation behind portraying such a schizophrenic female personality, convincing the reader that power permeates every capillary of the society mainly by exerting influence on power relations between individual. Sinceeverything concerns with the functioning of power, be it tragedy or comedy, Anna's destiny cannot be an exception, instead of restraining from the one-way suppress from men,Foucault's power theory enables us to put the heroine into a larger, more diverse cultural or social background where individual's identity could be perceived with much more plurality or heterogeneity. Ultimately, given Anna's gender attributes, the application of Foucault's power theory to the analysis of heroine can shed light on how women could wittedly deal with their counterpart, strike a balance between freedom and restriction, and thus heading feminism into a more reasonable and rational direction.
Secondly, I want to talk about the structure and main contents of this paper.
The author is going to divide this thesis into five chapters. The first chapter is a briefing about the research background of the Golden Notebook, which provides an overview on the fragmented content and complicated structure of this masterpiece. The second chapter is an introduction of the research status of this novel at home and abroad, at the same time,Foucault's power theory will be elaborated here as the theoretical framework. Chapter three concentrates on the text analysis of the female protagonist Anna's pursuit of the free woman identity, which will be conducted mainly from three perspectives, namely her political faith,marriage and love, as well we psychological status. Through asserting Foucault's power theory into the text analysis, we could get a clear view on how the heroine became the victim of the omnipresent power in contemporary social organizations, and also how individual resisted power via making explorations on the genealogy of the self. Chapter four gives two different interpretations of Anna's destiny, with each representing the common feminists'view and Foucault's version respectively. Via such comparison, the author attempts to find a correlation between Foucault's power theory and feminism, to tell in what ways Foucault'spower theory have modified parts of problems in current feminism, and how the formal convergent with the latter. The last chapter serves as a concluding part in which a summary of this thesis will be reached, and limitations as well as further implications will be point out.
Finally, I want to talk about the deficiency existing in this paper.
The limitations of this thesis cannot be regarded as the challenge to the relevance of Foucaxxlt's theory to feminism; on the contrary, it tells that the value of applying Foucault'spower theory lies precisely in his invitation to feminists to remain highly critical about their previous prejudices as well as their future trends. In order to make full use of Foucault's power theory in modifying feminism, we have to dig out more convergences they share with each other. With the idea that knowledge and truth are partial ones serving as a start,Genealogy is then an excellent perspective for farther explorations on the Foucauldian and feminist projects.
Thank you very much!
Good morning， Distinguished professors and teachers， ladies and gentlemen， thank you for attending the oral defense. I am XX. First and foremost， I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor， professorXX， for his intellectual guidance， invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative， evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society.
And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part， the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part， and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part. Thank you!
1、答辩主持人宣布答辩学生姓名和论文题目，同时宣布下一位答辩学生的姓名，让其作好答辩准备。 2、学生作自我介绍 3、学生作毕业论文自述报告(论文基本思想和主要内容)。其中包括：A.选题思路 (原因)B.论文的框架及写作思路(总体结构)C.论证的主要问题有哪些?(提出问题)D.分析的主要问题 (分析问题)E. 论文小结 4、答辩老师针对学生的毕业论文提问，学生回答。要求：每个学生5-6个问题，每个问题的回答时间不超过2分钟，请抓住要点，结合论文的内容作简短回答。 5、答辩点评并指出论文修改意见。 6、答辩主持人宣布答辩结束。进入合议，成绩评定环节，学生离场回避，答辩小组初步评定答辩结论。
首先是你大致介绍一下你的论文的主要内容，里面最好包括论文的layout，不要紧张。介绍完毕之后，老师会根据你的论文提问题，我答辩的时候，老师就针对我论文里面的某一内容，让我介绍一下，并举例子，只要你对论文熟悉，这样子的问题是比较容易回答的。总之，我的经验是你要对你的论文的每一章节都很熟悉，你自己可以看着目录对每一部分都可以用英文简单介绍一下，并举例子。Good luck~