包括有：英语医学科技论文中分词、合成词作定语以及名词连缀的使用英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误英文医学科技论文中数词的用法及数字的写法外文斜体的使用方法 希望能帮助到你，望采纳！
据学术堂了解，在医学英语论文写作的过程中，主要应该注意论文的题目、摘要及引言三个部分。题目：概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项：英文题目以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成，例如The fabrication of…短语型题目要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准摘要：与结论不重复，体现整个文章的结论和思想，包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等摘要写作注意事项： 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论引言： 主要研究进展，有代表性的同行研究工作，自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足，前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents,"[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."[4]The field was founded on the claim that a central property of human beings, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.[5] This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and limits of scientific hubris, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.[6] Artificial intelligence has been the subject of breathtaking optimism,[7] has suffered stunning setbacks[8] and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science.[9]AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[10] Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[11] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still a long-term goal of (some) research.[12]Thinking machines and artificial beings appear in Greek myths, such as Talos of Crete, the golden robots of Hephaestus and Pygmalion's Galatea.[13] Human likenesses believed to have intelligence were built in every major civilization: animated statues were worshipped in Egypt and Greece[14] and humanoid automatons were built by Yan Shi,[15] Hero of Alexandria,[16] Al-Jazari[17] and Wolfgang von Kempelen.[18] It was also widely believed that artificial beings had been created by Jābir ibn Hayyān,[19] Judah Loew[20] and Paracelsus.[21] By the 19th and 20th centuries, artificial beings had become a common feature in fiction, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Karel Čapek's . (Rossum's Universal Robots).[22] Pamela McCorduck argues that all of these are examples of an ancient urge, as she describes it, "to forge the gods".[6] Stories of these creatures and their fates discuss many of the same hopes, fears and ethical concerns that are presented by artificial problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken down into a number of specific sub-problems. These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers would like an intelligent system to display. The traits described below have received the most attention.[11][edit] Deduction, reasoning, problem solvingEarly AI researchers developed algorithms that imitated the step-by-step reasoning that human beings use when they solve puzzles, play board games or make logical deductions.[39] By the late 80s and 90s, AI research had also developed highly successful methods for dealing with uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts from probability and economics.[40]For difficult problems, most of these algorithms can require enormous computational resources — most experience a "combinatorial explosion": the amount of memory or computer time required becomes astronomical when the problem goes beyond a certain size. The search for more efficient problem solving algorithms is a high priority for AI research.[41]Human beings solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgments rather than the conscious, step-by-step deduction that early AI research was able to model.[42] AI has made some progress at imitating this kind of "sub-symbolic" problem solving: embodied approaches emphasize the importance of sensorimotor skills to higher reasoning; neural net research attempts to simulate the structures inside human and animal brains that gives rise to this intelligenceMain articles: Strong AI and AI-completeMost researchers hope that their work will eventually be incorporated into a machine with general intelligence (known as strong AI), combining all the skills above and exceeding human abilities at most or all of them.[12] A few believe that anthropomorphic features like artificial consciousness or an artificial brain may be required for such a project.[74]Many of the problems above are considered AI-complete: to solve one problem, you must solve them all. For example, even a straightforward, specific task like machine translation requires that the machine follow the author's argument (reason), know what is being talked about (knowledge), and faithfully reproduce the author's intention (social intelligence). Machine translation, therefore, is believed to be AI-complete: it may require strong AI to be done as well as humans can do it.[75][edit] ApproachesThere is no established unifying theory or paradigm that guides AI research. Researchers disagree about many issues.[76] A few of the most long standing questions that have remained unanswered are these: should artificial intelligence simulate natural intelligence, by studying psychology or neurology? Or is human biology as irrelevant to AI research as bird biology is to aeronautical engineering?[77] Can intelligent behavior be described using simple, elegant principles (such as logic or optimization)? Or does it necessarily require solving a large number of completely unrelated problems?[78] Can intelligence be reproduced using high-level symbols, similar to words and ideas? Or does it require "sub-symbolic" processing?[79][edit] Cybernetics and brain simulationMain articles: Cybernetics and Computational neuroscience There is no consensus on how closely the brain should be the 1940s and 1950s, a number of researchers explored the connection between neurology, information theory, and cybernetics. Some of them built machines that used electronic networks to exhibit rudimentary intelligence, such as W. Grey Walter's turtles and the Johns Hopkins Beast. Many of these researchers gathered for meetings of the Teleological Society at Princeton University and the Ratio Club in England.[24] By 1960, this approach was largely abandoned, although elements of it would be revived in the can one determine if an agent is intelligent? In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a general procedure to test the intelligence of an agent now known as the Turing test. This procedure allows almost all the major problems of artificial intelligence to be tested. However, it is a very difficult challenge and at present all agents intelligence can also be evaluated on specific problems such as small problems in chemistry, hand-writing recognition and game-playing. Such tests have been termed subject matter expert Turing tests. Smaller problems provide more achievable goals and there are an ever-increasing number of positive broad classes of outcome for an AI test are:Optimal: it is not possible to perform better Strong super-human: performs better than all humans Super-human: performs better than most humans Sub-human: performs worse than most humans For example, performance at draughts is optimal,[143] performance at chess is super-human and nearing strong super-human,[144] and performance at many everyday tasks performed by humans is quite different approach is based on measuring machine intelligence through tests which are developed from mathematical definitions of intelligence. Examples of this kind of tests start in the late nineties devising intelligence tests using notions from Kolmogorov Complexity and compression [145] [146]. Similar definitions of machine intelligence have been put forward by Marcus Hutter in his book Universal Artificial Intelligence (Springer 2005), which was further developed by Legg and Hutter [147]. Mathematical definitions have, as one advantage, that they could be applied to nonhuman intelligences and in the absence of human is a common topic in both science fiction and in projections about the future of technology and society. The existence of an artificial intelligence that rivals human intelligence raises difficult ethical issues and the potential power of the technology inspires both hopes and Shelley's Frankenstein,[160] considers a key issue in the ethics of artificial intelligence: if a machine can be created that has intelligence, could it also feel? If it can feel, does it have the same rights as a human being? The idea also appears in modern science fiction: the film Artificial Intelligence: . considers a machine in the form of a small boy which has been given the ability to feel human emotions, including, tragically, the capacity to suffer. This issue, now known as "robot rights", is currently being considered by, for example, California's Institute for the Future,[161] although many critics believe that the discussion is premature.[162]Another issue explored by both science fiction writers and futurists is the impact of artificial intelligence on society. In fiction, AI has appeared as a servant (R2D2 in Star Wars), a law enforcer (. "Knight Rider"), a comrade (Lt. Commander Data in Star Trek), a conqueror (The Matrix), a dictator (With Folded Hands), an exterminator (Terminator, Battlestar Galactica), an extension to human abilities (Ghost in the Shell) and the saviour of the human race (R. Daneel Olivaw in the Foundation Series). Academic sources have considered such consequences as: a decreased demand for human labor,[163] the enhancement of human ability or experience,[164] and a need for redefinition of human identity and basic values.[165]Several futurists argue that artificial intelligence will transcend the limits of progress and fundamentally transform humanity. Ray Kurzweil has used Moore's law (which describes the relentless exponential improvement in digital technology with uncanny accuracy) to calculate that desktop computers will have the same processing power as human brains by the year 2029, and that by 2045 artificial intelligence will reach a point where it is able to improve itself at a rate that far exceeds anything conceivable in the past, a scenario that science fiction writer Vernor Vinge named the "technological singularity".[164] Edward Fredkin argues that "artificial intelligence is the next stage in evolution,"[166] an idea first proposed by Samuel Butler's "Darwin among the Machines" (1863), and expanded upon by George Dyson in his book of the same name in 1998. Several futurists and science fiction writers have predicted that human beings and machines will merge in the future into cyborgs that are more capable and powerful than either. This idea, called transhumanism, which has roots in Aldous Huxley and Robert Ettinger, is now associated with robot designer Hans Moravec, cyberneticist Kevin Warwick and inventor Ray Kurzweil.[164] Transhumanism has been illustrated in fiction as well, for example in the manga Ghost in the Shell and the science fiction series Dune. Pamela McCorduck writes that these scenarios are expressions of the ancient human desire to, as she calls it, "forge the gods."[6]
你可以去创新医学网上看看，而且还有翻译服务。
Intelligent processing tools is usually deal with uncertain, unstructured, of no fixed algorithm, the process is a process of inference control processing, the final results are often not sure, may be right, may be is not correct. Natural speech understanding is mainly studied how to make the computer can understand and raw or natural voice technology, natural speech understanding process can be divided into three levels: lexical analysis, syntactic analysis and semantic analysis, due to the natural voice is rich and colorful, so the natural speech understanding is quite difficult, moving from words, we can find some shortages at current levels of natural speech comprehension. Radio, television and the Internet through the waves propagated, digital circuit, newspapers need to typesetting printing, fast and slow step. Magazines, books, movies, more slowly. Release speed of the tool, holds a large advantage in the aspect of news release; Slow release tool that is used to release more to think about and research materials, such as publishing a variety of social science and natural science research, often in the form of magazines and books. In the information society, the use of network to network communication has been thought highly of by people more and more quickly, because the network has provided a broad space to people, shorten the distance between people. In a certain period of time, we can gather in different places, different age, different education and different classes of people to communicate and discuss, make people more broad vision, to know more comprehensive information, experience more rich, therefore, with the further development of information technology and the progress of the society, and believe that there will be more and more people using the Internet the medium for communication and study, but we should also see, there are also all kinds of problems on the network, such as some people release some bad information on the Internet, trap set all kinds of information. Contrast we should distinguish right and wrong, penetrative, taken as true, let the Internet become our good place to study and communication. Intelligent interface technology is the study of how to enable people to make nature to communicate with the computer, in order to achieve this goal, for the computer to read text, understand language, speech, and even be able to translate between different languages, and the realization of the function of these depend on the knowledge expression method of research, therefore, the intelligent interface technology has made remarkable achievements, character recognition, speech recognition, speech synthesis, image machine translation and natural language understanding technology has practical application智能处理工具通常处理的问题是不确定的,非结构的,没有固定算法的，处理的过程是推理控制的过程，最终得到的结果常常是不太确定的，可能是正确的，可能能是不正确。自然语音理解主要是研究如何使计算机能够理解和生或自然语音的技术，自然语音理解过程可以分为三个层次：词法分析，句法分析和语义分析，由于自然语音是丰富多彩的，所以，自然语音理解也是相当困难的，从话动中，我们可以发现目前水平的自然语音理解能力的一些不足。广播、电视和网络通过电波、数字线路进行传播，发布的速度快，报纸需要排版印刷，速度慢了一步。杂志、书籍、电影更慢。发布速度快的工具，在发布新闻方面占有很大的优势;发布速度慢的工具，则多用来发布需要思考和研究的材料，如发布各种社会科学和自然科学的研究成果，常采用杂志与书籍的形式。 在信息社会中，利用网络进行进行网络进行交流已经越来越快受到人们的重视，因为网络给人们提供了广阔的空间，缩短了人与人之间的距离。在一定的时间内，我们可以聚集不同地方、不同年龄、不同学历、不同阶层的人们进行交流和探讨，使人们的视野更加广阔，了解到信息更为全面，得到的经验更加丰富，因此，随着信息技术的进一步发展和社会的进步，相信会有更多的人利用网络这种媒介进行交流和学习，但是我们也应该看到，网络上也存在各种各样的问题，如有些人在网上发布一些不良的信息，设置各种信息陷阱。对比我们应该分辨是非，明察秋毫，劫为存真，让因特网成为我们学习交流的好地方。 智能接口技术是研究如何使人们能够方使自然地与计算机交流，为了实现这目标，要求计算机能够看懂文字、听懂语言、说话表达，甚至能够进行不同语言之间的翻译，而这些功能的实现又依赖于知识表达方法的研究，因此，智能接口技术已经取得显著成果，文字识别、语言识别、语音合成、图像机器翻译以及自然语言理解等技术已经实用化
人工智能的出现也迅速地成为了写作的素材，下面是我为你整理的关于人工智能英文作文，供大家阅览!
AI人工智能英语作文
Recently, Google’s AlphaGo have become the most famous artificial intelligence since it defeated Lee Sedol, the World Go Champion, 4 to 1 in a five-game match. Lee ,a world champion,cannot win a "robot",it seems like impossible,but in fact,facts speak louder than words.
The machine’s sweeping victories have once again made AI a hot topic. Some people welcome the progress and the artificial intelligence is expected to benefit mankind in more fields;other people worry that artificial intelligence will eventually get out of control.
Indeed, artificial intelligence can benefit mankind in many fields,such as treatment of diseases, industrial production and large data for Google’s AlphaGo,it has achieved great progress and this progress could be revolutionary.
At the same time,some people think we should not be carried away by convenience,we cannot ignore the risk of artificial actually,most of people come into contact with artificial intelligence in science panic root in survival contradiction of artificial intelligence and human in the movies or novels. There is no denying that their concerns is in my point of view,it is not a computer beats the human, but human defeated the human.
First of all,the development of artificial intelligence will lead to unemployment in a large is the most direct intelligence can work more efficiently,and nobody can deny that they can work as cheaper , the most affected areas is areas of the economic law can be modeled,society may be last thing is people can be more and more lazy,people who is thinking would be only a violates the original intention of social development.
However,artificial intelligence also have the positive side, they won't be tired and food and water become unnecessary,they work by electricity. But we should understand that the advantages should not be abused,if so,there will be an unpredictable ending.
To make a long story short,artificial intelligence will become our "invisible assistant" rather than our competitors in within a period of time,we should cooperate fully with artificial intelligence,using it appropriately is the right way in my mind.
人工智能英语作文
Don’t Rely Too Much on Computers
Nowadays, a large number of people are becoming increasingly dependent on their PC. They might use such computer software as QQ or Fetion to stay in touch with their family and friends. They may surf the Internet to find useful information for them or to help their work done. Anyway, reasons for relying on computers are uncountable.
However, relying excessively on computers can bring about lots of problems. First and for most, computers can make people lazy. Computers are faster than human in calculation, more capable in getting things done all at one time. Once a person has such an assistant, he or she can be addicted to getting helped. Thus, when they run into problems, instead of thinking by themselves and trying their best to figure things out, the lazy version of them may just turn to computer for convenience.
In my opinion, we should strike a balance between asking for help from computers and working on our own. Nevertheless, computers are only tools devised by human who should not be taken place by them. Only in keeping our minds active and brains trained can we human invent smarter devices than computer and build a better world of intelligence.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a ubiquitous topic in today's world. It refers to the ability of machines to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. AI has been increasingly applied in various industries, including healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and transportation, and it has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and of the major benefits of AI is its ability to automate repetitive and time-consuming tasks. For example, chatbots and virtual assistants can handle customer service inquiries and administrative tasks, freeing up human resources for more complex and creative work. In healthcare, AI can help doctors and researchers analyze large amounts of medical data to identify patterns and potential treatments, leading to better patient , there are also concerns about the impact of AI on the job market and society as a whole. As machines become more capable of performing tasks previously done by humans, there is a risk of job displacement and a growing divide between those with the skills to work with AI and those without. There are also ethical concerns around the use of AI, such as issues around privacy and bias in decision-making address these concerns, it is important to ensure that AI is developed and deployed responsibly. This includes ensuring transparency and accountability in AI systems, as well as promoting education and training opportunities to help people acquire the skills needed to work with AI. Additionally, policymakers and business leaders need to work together to create policies and regulations that promote the ethical and responsible use of conclusion, AI has the potential to bring about significant benefits to society, but it also poses challenges that need to be addressed. By fostering a responsible and ethical approach to the development and deployment of AI, we can ensure that it serves the best interests of humanity.
作文如下。
The biggest change brought to us by the era of artificial intelligence is the emergence of intelligent robots. It will bring great changes to our life. Cooking, laundry and housework can be completed by robots. We will spare more time to do what we like.
In the era of artificial intelligence, language communication will no longer be difficult. A translator loads hundreds of languages in the world.
With it, you can not only understand the language and dialect of any country in the world, but also automatically translate your language into any language for others.
In the era of artificial intelligence, in medicine, intelligent nano robots will make surgery very simple. There is no need to operate. They only need to send nano robots into the human body for surgery, which is safe, efficient and risk-free.
人工智能时代带给我们最大的变化就是智能机器人的出现，它会给我们的生活带来巨大的变化，做饭，洗衣，家务活等全都可以交给机器人来完成，我们会空出更多的时间来做我们自己喜欢的事情。
人工智能时代，语言交流将不在是困难，一个翻译器装载了世界上数百种语言，戴上它，你不仅可以听懂世界任何一国语言及方言，同时也可以把你的语言自动翻译成任何一种语言给别人听。
人工智能的时代，在医学上智能纳米机器人将会使手术变得非常简单，不用开刀，只需要派纳米机器人进入人体内部进行手术即可，安全高效无风险。
智慧医学现在万方收录了。根据查询相关公开资料得知，智慧医学在高起点新刊（2019），万方收录，目次收录（维普），外文期刊，《智慧医学(英文)》(季刊)，创刊于2021年，由中国科学技术协会主管。
刊名：智慧健康主办：工业和信息化部电子科学技术情报研究所主管：华人民共和国工业和信息化部主管国内刊号：CN 10-1365/TN国际刊号：ISSN 2096-1219《智慧健康》期刊简介《智慧健康》杂志是经国家新闻出版总署批准，中华人民共和国工业和信息化部主管主办, 面向国内外公开发行的"国家级医学类学术期刊"。国内统一刊号：CN 10-1365/TN，国际标准刊号：ISSN 2096-1219，邮发代号： 82-622。主要栏目有：专题专栏，智能医疗，研究论著，数字医学，质量控制，健康管理，医学工程，综述等。《智慧健康》期刊办刊宗旨本刊面向医疗科技人员和高等院校师生，报道国内外健康工程领域领先的科技成果与新理论、新方法、新技术、新发现以及健康工程学新进展，开展学术交流，推动健康科技成果的转化与应用，促进我国智慧健康学科的发展。其读者对象为高等院校相关专家学者、科研工作者、医疗卫生机构科研人员、医学工程科人员、技术研发人员、医疗管理人员等。力争打造成传播健康医学工程领域一流学术研究成果和受专业读者认可及喜欢的业界期刊。
是的。《智慧医学》杂志是经国家新闻出版广电总局批准备案的国家级医学综合类专业学术理论期刊，是正规期刊。智慧医疗英文简称WITMED，是最近兴起的专有医疗名词，通过打造健康档案区域医疗信息平台，利用最先进的物联网技术，实现患者与医务人员、医疗机构、医疗设备之间的互动，逐步达到信息化。
人工智能助力辅助诊断事实上，国外早已有科学家和医生正在利用人工智能来从海量数据，比如电子健康记录、影像诊断、处方、基因组分析、保险记录甚至是可穿戴设备所产生的数据中来提取有用信息，来为特定的一类人群而不是特定疾病来制定合理的卫生保健计划。最为知名的当属IBM的“Waston”医生。人的大脑的记忆容量和时间是有限的，难以记住并理解日新月异的医学研究论文和上万种疾病。但人工智能不同，它可以通过深度学习技术，可以不间断从大量医学书籍、电子病历等完善自己。然后通过认知分析技术，凭借从各种渠道搜集的海量数据，迅速给出“意见”，指导医生做出诊断和治疗决策，并且不会因为人的各情绪导致缺诊或误诊，同时患者能够更快速地获得医疗服务，而医疗机构也可节省成本。对于医生来说，通过人工智能可以辅助诊断，减少筛选对比病例的时间，为患者制定准确的治疗方案；对于患者来说，可以更快速的完成健康检查，获得更为精准的诊断建议，节省大量的时间、金钱成本；对于医疗来讲，深度学习可以提高准备效率，同进系统性降低医疗成本。基因分析和精准医疗当然，人工智能不仅仅只在辅助诊疗方面发光发热，它在基因分析和精准医疗方面更能展现自己的优势。精准医疗要想实现精准一定是建立在数据之上的，主要的是基因数据。对于很多疾病，尤其是罕见病来说，找到基因上微小的变化就很可能找到了解决问题的钥匙，但这同样也意味着巨大的计算量。在没有深度学习之前，这几乎是不可想象的，但随着深度学习的出现，像IBM Waston、Google大脑、百度大脑这些应用深度学习的计算处理系统，他们能够不断的通过已有数据进行训练，在“黑盒”中得出规则，并完成一些罕见病的早发现、早诊断。人工智能的计算能力还有效地推动更多精准治疗新药的出现，让我们攻克现有的一些疑难杂症，比如癌症、艾滋病等一些当前医疗水平较难处理的疾病。在美国像AtomWise、Flatiron Health等公司已经在尝试这方面的创新。人工智能仍然代替不了医生虽然人工智能在医学领域的应用越来越广泛，但人工智能终究不能代替医生。人工智能这项技术，其最大的作用在于整合海量的信息，从之筛选出有价值的数据，是作为医生诊断的辅助。而到真正的治疗阶段，则更多需要医生对患者面对面的沟通、交流，来确定合适的治疗方案。而患者也更需要医生亲切的关怀，是有血有肉的交流方式，而不是机器冷冰冰的问答。
人工智能将会是人类历史上第四次工业革命，智能社会的到来，是历史的必然。万物感知，万物互联，万物智能将是人工智能的典型特征。人工智能可以使人们在享受医疗服务时，摆脱时间和空间的束缚，实现看病便捷、自由，并让我们获得更长寿的生命自由。。人工智能将会在以下几个方面对服务医疗行业带来影响：1）智能诊疗系统；2）医疗机器人；3）基于人工智能的药物研发。
以医学为载体的人工智能论文可以投计算机期刊。计算机领域的期刊对于以医学为载体的人工智能论文也会有一定的接受度，而且随着人工智能技术在医学领域的应用逐渐普及，越来越多的计算机期刊也开始关注医学方面的人工智能研究。
社会发展的历史就是技术进步的历史。社会发展为人工智能提供了良好的外部环境，同时人工智能促进社会发展。以下是我精心整理的人工智能领域论文的相关资料，希望对你有帮助!人工智能领域论文篇一 人工智能研究领域及其社会影响 [提要] 社会发展的历史就是技术进步的历史。社会发展为人工智能提供了良好的外部环境，同时人工智能促进社会发展。本文在介绍人工智能基本含义的基础上，概述人工智能的研究和应用领域，并且从不同的角度阐述人工智能的发展对于社会的深刻影响。 关键词：人工智能;研究领域;社会影响;专家系统 随着网络技术和通讯技术的发展，人工智能以它强大的渗透力走进了社会生活的各个领域，极大地改变了社会面貌，深刻地改变了人们的思想和行为。探讨人工智能对人类进步的影响，对促进人工智能发展和对人类的进步有着重要意义。 一、人工智能的含义 人工智能也称机器智能，它是计算机科学、控制论、信息论、神经生理学、心理学、语言学等多种学科互相渗透而发展起来的一门综合性学科。从计算机应用系统的角度出发，人工智能是研究如何制造出智能机器或智能系统来模拟人类智能活动的能力，以延伸人类智能的科学。 人工智能领域的研究是从1956年正式开始的。这一年，在达特茅斯大学召开的会议上正式使用了“人工智能”(AI)这个术语。随后的几十年中，人们从问题求解、逻辑推理与定理证明、自然语音理解、博弈、自动程序设计、专家系统、学习以及机器人学等多个角度展开了研究，已经建立了一些具有不同程度人工智能的计算机系统。例如，能够求解微分方程、设计分析集成电路、合成人类自然语音，进行情报检索，提供语音识别、手写体识别的多模式接口，应用于疾病诊断的专家系统以及控制太空飞行器和水下机器人更加贴近我们的生活。我们熟知的IBM的“深蓝”在棋盘上击败了国际象棋大师卡斯帕罗夫就是比较突出的例子。 当然，人工智能的发展也并不是一帆风顺的，也曾因计算机计算能力的限制无法模仿人脑的思考以及与实际需求的差距过远而走入低谷。但是，随着硬件和软件的发展，计算机的运算能力在以指数级增长。同时，网络技术蓬勃兴起，确保计算机已经具备了足够的条件来运行一些要求更高的AI软件，而且，现在的AI具备了更多的现实应用的基础。1990年以来，人工智能研究又出现了新的高潮。一方面是因为在人工智能理论方面有了新的进展，一方面也是因为计算机硬件突飞猛进的发展。随着计算机速度的不断提高、存储容量的不断扩大、价格的不断降低以及网络技术的不断发展，许多原来无法完成的工作现在已经能够实现。 人工智能在发展过程中形成了几个学派，最主要的两个学派是符号主义和联接主义。符号主义，又称为逻辑广义、心理学派或计算机学派。其原理主要为物理符号系统(即符号操作系统)假设和有限合理性原理，代表人物是纽厄尔和西蒙。大量传统的人工智能研究是在这个学派的思想推动下进行的。联接主义认为人工智能源于仿生学，特别是人脑模型的研究。它的代表性成果是1943年由生理学家麦卡洛克和数学逻辑学家皮茨创立的脑模型，即MP模型，开创电子装置模仿人脑结构和功能的新途径。在这个学派中，有著名的模式识别理论。20世纪八十年代末神经网络迅速崛起，在声音识别、图像处理等方面取得很大成功。 二、人工智能研究和应用的领域 (一)模式识别。计算机硬件的迅速发展，计算机应用领域的不断开拓，急切地要求计算机能更有效地感知诸如声音、文字、图像、温度、震动等人类赖以发展自身、改造环境所运用的信息资料。但目前计算机却无法直接感知它们，键盘、鼠标等外部设备，对于这样五花八门的外部世界显得无能为力，即使是电视摄像机和话筒等，由于识别技术不高，计算机并未真正知道所采录的究竟是什么信息，计算机对外部世界感知能力的低下，成为开拓计算机应用的狭窄瓶颈。于是，着眼于拓宽计算机的应用领域，提高其感知外部信息能力的学科——模式识别得到了迅速发展。 (二)自然语言理解与机器翻译系统。语言处理是人工智能最早期的研究领域之一。人们之间用语言互通信息是一件非常简单的事情，而建立一个能够生成和“理解”哪怕是只言片语的计算机系统却是非常困难的。因为传递某一点的“思维结构”需要庞大的与该思维结构相关的公共思维结构，犹如一个人一样，需要有上下文知识并能根据这些知识进行推理。自然语言理解最重要的成果是机器翻译。现在，机器翻译真正推向市场还面临两大问题：一是准确性。由于科技文献和文学作品有许多专业术语，所以需要专家来进行译前处理和译后校正工作;二是翻译速度问题。翻译需要有庞大的字库系统，有效快速搜索是需解决的问题之一，如何减少翻译前的处理和翻译后的校正工作时间也是需解决的问题。 (三)自动程序设计。对自动程序设计的研究不仅可以促进半自动软件开发系统的发展，而且也使通过修正自身代码进行学习的人工智能系统得到发展。程序理论方面的有关研究工作，对人工智能的所有研究工作都是很重要的。我们所指的自动程序设计是某种“超级编译程序”，或者能够对程序要实现什么目标进行非常高级描述的程序，并能够由这个程序产生出所需要的新程序。这种高级描述可能是采用形式语言的一条精辟语句，也可能是一种松散的描述，这就要求在系统和用户之间进一步对话澄清语言的模糊，自动程序设计研究的重大贡献之一是作为问题求解策略的调整概念。 (四)专家系统。专家系统是一个具有专门知识的智能计算机程序系统，它应用人工智能技术，根据某个领域一个或多个专家提供的知识和经验进行推理和判断，模拟人类专家的决策过程，解决该领域需要由专家才能解决的问题，专家系统一般由数据库和推理机构成。近年来，在专家系统的研究中已经出现了应用人工智能技术解决实际问题的成功范例。如“故障诊断系统”，这种系统设计了一个计算机界面，可以进行人—机“对话”，用户与专家系统进行咨询对话就像用户与具有这方面知识与经验的专家对话一样，解释和回答用户的问题。此外，还有情报检索系统、数据分析系统和结构优化设计系统等。 发展专家系统的关键是如何表达和运用专家知识即构筑数据库，如何将那些来自人类专家的并已经被证明了的对解决有关问题有帮助的典型事例符号化后输入计算机。专家系统与过去的一些计算机系统不同，它是以符号处理为主的计算机程序系统，一般没有算法解，经常要在一些不完全、不精确、不确定的信息基础上做出结论。 (五)智能机器人。智能机器人是人工智能研究的另一个重要领域，其中包括对操作机器人装置程序的研究。至今，尽管已经建立了一些比较复杂的机器人系统，工业上也运行着成千上万台机器人，但这都是一些按预先编好程序执行某些重复作业的简单装置，大多数机器人只能“干”不能“看”，不具备“智慧”。如何摄取并处理视觉信息，研制能进行图像声音识别并进行拟人推理的机器人是人工智能的又一个十分活跃的领域。人工智能的研究促进了机器人研究和机器人学的发展;另一方面，智能机器人研究又促进了许多人工智能思想的发展。智能机器人的研究和应用体现出广泛的学科交叉，涉及众多课题。机器人已在各种工业、农业、商业、旅游业、空中和海洋以及国防等领域获得越来越普遍的应用。 (六)智能控制。人工智能的发展促进自动控制向智能控制发展。智能控制是一类无需人的干预就能独立地驱动智能机器实现其目标的自动控制。它是自动控制的最新发展阶段，也是用计算机模拟人类智能的一个重要研究领域。智能控制是同时具有以知识表示的非数学广义世界模型和数学公式模型表示的混合控制过程，往往是含有复杂性、不完全性、模糊性或不确定性以及不存在已知算法的非数学过程，并以知识进行推理来引导求解过程。 三、人工智能对人类社会的影响 随着计算机技术的快速发展和广泛应用，人工智能的思想和技术对人类的影响与日俱增，人工智能的发展将会对人类社会产生深远的影响，并将深入到人类社会的各个方面。 (一)人工智能的发展改变了人类的社会面貌 1、财富迅速增加。从财富的数量看，由于计算机、控制论和自动化技术的发展，正在迅速提高自动化的程度。同样数量的劳动力在同样的劳动时间里可以生产比过去多几十倍、几百倍的产品。从财富的质量看，由于计算机的推广应用，新兴产业以前所未闻的速度和前所未有的规模发展起来。 2、人际联系日益紧密。现在，任何社会制度的国家，由于人工智能的发展，生产社会化程度日益提高，使人际联系频度提高，距离缩短，Internet把整个世界联为一个整体。在这种条件下，生产国际化、贸易国际化、金融国际化、教育国际化、政治国际化和信息国际化，人们之间的往来将更加紧密。 3、信息快速增加和更新。人工智能发展为人们储存和处理信息提供了方便。一方面人们利用计算机每天输入大量的信息，使信息以几何级数增加;另一方面使信息更新加速，人们利用计算机大量输入、生成和输出的信息，使储存在载体上的信息加速折旧，人们不断期待正在传输中的最新信息，为满足这种需要，越来越多的人进一步搜集和输入新的信息。 (二)人工智能的发展，改变了社会的结构。人们一方面希望人工智能和智能机器能够代替人类从事各种劳动，一方面又担心它们的发展会引起新的社会问题。实际上，近十多年来，社会结构正在发生一种静悄悄的变化。人—机器的社会结构，终将为人—智能机器—机器的社会结构所取代。智能机器人就是智能机器之一。从发展角度看，从医院里看病的“医生”、护理病人的“护士”、旅馆、饭店和商店的服务员、办公室的“秘书”、指挥交通的“警察”，到家庭的“勤杂工”和“保姆”等，将均由机器人担任。因此，人们将不得不学会与有智能的机器和睦相处，并适应这种变化了的社会结构。 由于人工智能能够代替人类进行各种脑力劳动，例如用专家系统代替管理人员或医生进行决策、诊断或治疗病人的疾病。所以，将会使一部分人不得不改变他们的工种，甚至造成失业。人工智能在科技和工程中的应用，会使一些人失去介入信息处理活动(如规划、诊断、理解和决策等)的机会，甚至不得不改变自己的工作方式。 (三)人工智能的发展，提高了社会的经济效益。人工智能系统已创造出了可观的经济效益，专家系统就是一个典型的例子。随着计算机价格的继续下降，人工智能技术必将得到进一步推广，产生更大的经济利益。成功的专家系统能为它的建造者、拥有者和用户带来明显的经济效益。用比较经济的方法执行任务而不需要有经验的专家，可以极大地减少劳务开支和培养费用。由于软件易于复制，所以专家系统能够广泛传播专家知识和经验，推广应用数量有限的和昂贵的专业人员的知识。 如果保护得当，软件能被长期和完整地保持;因此，人类专家的经验能够得以延续。不受人类专家寿命的限制，这又是一笔巨大的财富。各领域专业人员(如医生)难以同时保持最新的实际建议(如治疗方案和方法)，而专家系统却能迅速地更新和保存这类建议，使终端用户(如病人)从中受益。 (四)人工智能的发展，改变了人类思维方式。人工智能是人类理性活动的产物，它延长了人的思维活动，有利于人们正确思维，有利于人们应用正确的思维方法。人工智能的运行遵循客观规律，因此要求人们在应用和开发中采取务实的态度，来不得半点虚假，用头脑思考，来不得半点感情用事。人工智能的发展与推广应用，将影响到人类的思维方式和传统观念，并使它们发生改变。例如，传统知识一般印在书本、报纸或杂志上，因而是固定不变的，而人工智能系统的知识库的知识却是可以不断修改、扩充和更新的。又如，一旦专家系统用户开始相信系统(智能机器)的判断和决定，那么他们就可能不愿多动脑筋，变得懒惰，并失去对许多问题及其求解任务的责任感和敏感性。那些过分依赖计算器的学生，他们的主动思维能力和计算能力也会明显地下降，并增加误解。在设计和研制智能系统时，应考虑到上述问题，尽量鼓励用户在问题求解中的主动性，让他们的智力积极参与问题求解过程。 (五)人工智能的发展，改变了人们的生活方式。随着人工智能的发展步伐，人类活动方式发生了突变。网络化加强了人们的横向联系。网络技术的迅速发展，使人们的联系方式发生了变化。就主从联系讲，以往主要靠从上到下的“金字塔管理”，现在突出了“网络管理”。就平等联系讲，以往由距离决定联系频度，现在可以超越时空，由利益决定联系频度。 人工智能应用主要遵循内涵深入和外延拓展两方面。首先，内涵深入表现在模拟的发展，结构模拟较多地受技术限制，功能模拟主要靠开发软件。现在全世界每年有几十万个成熟软件推向市场，而无论是商务的还是娱乐的，都改变了人们单调的工作和生活模式;其次，外延拓展主要是人工智能与其他技术结合，光子、超导和激光计算机是人工智能发展的新出路。在社会广阔领域中，人工智能借助机电光声技术，为社会提供了电子排版系统、电视节目编辑器、复印机、学习机、家庭影院、音乐喷泉、B超检查、CT检查和机器人，给人们生活带来了一片新气象。
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
你可以去创新医学网上看看，而且还有翻译服务。
去PubMed检索，列表后面有fulltext提示，部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜，一篇几美金到20多美金不等。
这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词，然后检索即可。