要求 1．简明扼要（short and concise） （1）尽量控制在一行，但不是一个句子 （2）不超过25个单词或120-140个字母 （3）除DNA、RNA、CT等不用缩写 2．信息丰富(informative) 3．便于索引（indexing） 4．较长标题可采用副标题
Qd 一天一次Bid 两天一次Tid 三天一次im 肌肉注射ICU 重症监护bp 血压R 呼吸P 心率Ca 癌症
这个建议楼主多看一些医学论文的范文。或者缠一下老师什么的，总之得靠自己..哈哈
无论哪个翻译软件翻出来的都是比较生硬的，一眼就能看出来。如果非要用软件翻的话，谷歌在线翻译相对来说好一些，不过还是推荐人工来翻译，北京译顶科技那边都是人工给你翻译的
下面是我整理的常用 医学英语 词汇 ，以供大家学习参考。 医学 英语口语 ：常用医学英语词汇 Medical Terminology 常用医学名词 Medical Terminology 过敏 Allergy 健康诊断 Gernral Check-up Physical Examination 检查 Examination 入院 Admission to Hospotial 退院 Discharge from Hospital 症状 Symptom 营养 Nutrition 病例 Clinical History 诊断 Diagnosis 治疗 Treatment 预防 Prevention 呼吸 Respiration便通 Bowel Movement 便 Stool 血液 Blood 脉搏 Pulse, Pulsation 尿 Urine 脉搏数 Pulse Rate 血型 Blood Type 血压 Blood Pressure 麻醉 Anesthesia 全身麻醉 General Anesthesia 静脉麻醉 Intravenous Anesthesia 脊椎麻醉 Spinal Anesthesia 局部麻醉 Local Anesthesia 手术 Operation 切除 Resectionlie 副作用 Side Effect 洗净 Irrigation 注射 Injection X光 X-Ray 红外线 Ultra Red-Ray 慢性的 Chronic 急性的 Acute 体格 Build 亲戚 Relative 遗传 Heredity 免疫 Immunity 血清 Serum 流行性的 Epidemic 潜伏期 Incubation Period 滤过性病毒 Virus 消毒 Sterilization 抗生素 Antibiotic 脑波 洗肠 Enema 结核反映 Tuberculin Reaction 华氏 Fahrenheit 摄氏 Celsius, Centigrade
为了帮助大家学好 医学英语 ，下面我给大家带来医学 英语口语 表达大全，希望对大家有所帮助!
医学英语口语表达：胃肠
胃肠Stomach & Bowels
(1)当空腹时，他感觉胃里不舒服。
He has a certain disagreeable felling in the stomach when it is empty.
胃不调upset stomach
消化不良have bad(impaired：defective)digestion;suffer from indigestion(dyspepsia)
胃有毛病have a disordered stomach(stomach disorder);something is wrong with one's stomach.
因过食而伤胃injure one's stomach by overeating oneself
觉食物积滞胃中feel heavy on the stomach
食物不易消化lie(sit)heavy on one's stomach
自从那时起，消化便已失常。
Thereafter，the digestion was not really good.
曾有过一时性的恶心和呕吐，但并没有食欲不振或体重减少发生。
Transient nausea and vomiting was present，but no anorexia or weight loss occurred.
欲呕feel nauseated
有晨吐have morning sickness
夜吐(饭后恶心)nocturnal(postprandial)nausea
晕船(车)be sea-(car-)sick
有点恶心have(experience)some nausea
严重的作呕have considerable retching
里急后重时发生恶心和呕吐have a spell of N & V while straining at stool
患食欲不振和恶心be anorexic and nauseated
偶而恶心和呕吐develop occasional nausea and vomiting
老是溢酸，感觉腹胀burp all the time，feel bloated
吐出清净透明的胃容物with vomiting of clear gastric contents
呕吐停了，消失了vomiting stopped(ceased)，cleared
止吐settle the stomach
打噎belch(eruct;eructate)
这病人恶心，曾呕吐了含有胆汁液体数次。
The patient developed nausea and vomited bile-stained fluid on several occasions.
当要呕吐时，他发觉有严重的腹上部痛和剧烈的头痛。
With the advent of vomiting，he noted severe epigastric pain as well as severe headache.
在第2天中午，她开始呕吐，随后呕吐胆汁质物。
At noon on the following day she stared vomiting food，which was followed by bile- stained material.
在病发时呕吐2次vomit twice at the onset
极度反胃regurgitate food violently
一小时后，他吐出不含血液的水质样东西。
One hour later，he vomited watery material containing no blood.
有时这病人在发作最厉害时，呕吐1、2次。
Sometimes the patient vomited once or twice at the height of the attack.
昨天早晨的呕吐物，被形容为含有未消化的食物和绿水，无血。
The vomitus of yesterday morning was described as containing indigested food and
greenish water with no evidence of blood.
最初的呕吐物是透明的，但据说住院治疗之前的呕吐物，带有褐色。
The vomitus was initially clear but just before hospitalization was said to brownish.
他开始有多次、带泡沫和臭味的大便。
He began to have frequent，frothy，foul-smelling stools.
解大便open(relax;evacuate)the bowel;have a passage
有便意have a call of nature
有1次(2次)大便have a motion(two motions)
没有大便be constipated
平均每天大便12次averaged 12 stools daily
发觉粪便中有很多血noticed gross blood in one's stools
开始一天解8次松的多脂粪便began to pass 8 loose greasy stools per day
大便增加到一天4~5次stools increased in number to 4 or 5 daily
更换尿布时有些粪便have some stool in each diaper change
大便次数减少了，但他仍然每天继续有2~3次大量的稀大便。
The stools became fewer in number but he still continued to have 2~3 large loose stools daily.
住院前2个月，她发觉黑色大便，但却把它忽略过去了。
Two months before admission she had noticed black stools but she disregarded them.
种类ordinary，dry，hard，loose(soft)，large，watery(liquid)，formed，formless，frothy，mucous，bloody，rice-water，pea-soup，tarry
臭味odorless，extremely foul，sour，putrid，less offensive in odor，offensive but no excessively foul
颜色black，tarry，brownish-black，brown，red，green，yellow，light-brown，grey- white(clay-colored)
大便的粗细和硬度正常，且从未呈黑色。
The stools were of normal caliber and consistency and have never been black.
大便颜色很淡，并且软如泥。
Stools were very light in color and of mushy consistence.
他诉说间歇性腹泻与便秘交替发生。
He complained of intermittent diarrhea alternating with constipation.
便秘suffer from constipation
惯性便秘habitual constipation
时常便秘be always constipated
有便秘倾向have a tendency to be constipated
只有灌肠才能缓和严重的便秘one's severe constipation was relieved only by enemas
便秘很难治，他以前常乞灵于泻药。
The constipation was very obstinate(stubborn)and he resorted to the frequent use of cathartics.
她的便秘逐渐严重起来，同时发觉到粪便直径变细。
She became progressively more constipated and noted a narrowing in the caliber of
the stools.
晨泻，水泻，粘液性腹泻，慢性腹泻diarrhea(morning，watery，mucous，dysenteric，chronic)
腹泻diarrhea(轻症mild，拖延的protracted，无法控制的uncontrolled，难医的intractable)
患腹泻suffer from diarrhea;have(an attack of)diarrhea;have loose bowels
短期的腹泻发生了a brief episode of diarrhea occurred
开始泻腹(自然消失，于两天后消失)diarrhea commenced(spontaneously disappeared，cleared after 2 days)
偶而泻肚子have occasional diarrhea
腹泻厉害，在3~7次之间diarrhea varied in severity from 3 to 7 .
不得不服药be obliged to take physics
腹泻未因吃脱脂牛奶而转佳received skim milk without any improvement in the diarrhea
用泻药use a purgative
他患腹泻，每天有8~10次带有粘液，脓和鲜红色血的大便。
He developed diarrhea with the daily passage of 8~10 stools containing mucous，pus，and bright red blood.
Ex2：以前他患过同样的腹泻，但从来没有这么严重过。
He previously had similar attacks of diarrhea but they were never so severe.
医学英语口语表达：排尿
排尿Urination，生殖器Genitalia
(1)他诉说，在两侧鼠蹊部和睾丸有拉痛，且有夜尿，小便时有灼热感，间或放红色的尿。
He complained of a drawing pain in both groins and testicles，nocturia，burning on urination and the intermittent voiding of red-colored urine.
排便micturate;make(pass)water;void;piss
一夜有2次小便have nocturia twice nightly (a night)
这次住院时解出一个结石pass a stone on this admission
小便浑浊one's urine is thick(colored)
解出极浑浊，乳白色的尿the passage of highly turbid，milky urine
频尿frequent urination(micturition)
无法忍受的频尿intolerable frequency of urination
终末性血尿terminal hematuria
终末尿带有几滴血urine terminates with a few drops of blood
排尿痛micturition pain
解尿时左腰疼痛have pain in the left loin on micturition
小便流势良好void with a good stream
尿流细小small urinary stream
常解少量的尿pass small amounts of urine frequently
小便发生困难dysuria(inability to void)developed
小便时非常的痛piss pins and needles
变成失禁become incontinent
患便尿失禁develop urinary and fecal incontinence
把尿失禁完全治好obtain complete cure of incontinence
不能把尿尽行解出be unable to void without residual urine
小便时有强烈的烧灼感，当他工作时受到很大的困扰。
His voiding was accompanied by severe burning，and he was greatly inconvenienced at work.
他尿意频频，但每次仅出2、3滴。
He has a frequent desire to urinate，but only a few drops cone out each time.
(2)性欲减退，但仍能射精。
There was a decrease in libido but ejaculation was still present.
发觉性欲减退note decreased libido
发觉性欲渐减note gradual loss of libido
性欲有些减退have some decrease in libido
没有性欲have no libido
性冷感be frigid(unaffectionate)sexually
性欲正常libido is normal
性要求过高(太低)be oversexed(undersexed)
对于性交无热诚be unenthusiastic about intercourse
性感不快已有几个月了had dyspareunia for a few months
不起劲的性关系devitalized sexual relationship
25至35岁夫妻的正常次数normal frequency of intercourse for married couples of 25 to 35
未曾达到高潮never achieve(reach)climax
在结婚头一年时常不容易达到极致frequently have difficulty in reaching orgasm in one's marital coitus in the first year of marriage
未曾尝过情欲高潮的极致have not experienced orgasm
仅有过一次情欲高潮的极致have only had an orgasm once
享受每一动作greatly enjoy every act of sexual intercourse
节欲be continent
仍能射精，但阴茎勃起力却减退了。
Ejaculation was possible but penile erectile strength decreased.
后来月经停止了，而她对于「性」冷淡了起来。
Later，menstruation ceased and she became sexually aopathetic.
阴蒂边发痒、有刺激感itching and irritation around the clitoris
婚前的纵欲premarital sexual indulgence
婚前有过性关系engaged in premarital sexual relationship
接交过性病病人venereally exposed;venereal exposure
染淋疾，患梅毒contract gono.，get syphilis
否认与性病有染deny . contact
不能人道inability to perform sexual intercourse
交媾疼痛painful coitus(coition)
突然变成阳萎suddenly became impotent
一星期以前，他发觉在右鼠蹊部，发生无压痛的肿胀，时起时消。
He noticed a nontender swelling appearing on and off in his right groin one week ago.
这病人诉说阴茎和足底发痒，并且齿龈有不舒服感。
The patient complained of pruritus of the penis and itching in the soles of the feet，and an annoying sensation in the gingiva.
月经于13岁开始，一直到发生月经过多症以前，经期正常。
Menarche occurred at 13 years of age and the menstrual cycle remained within normal limits until the onset of menorrhagia.
月经开始(少量、中等、厚、多) (mild，moderate，frank，heavy)menses begin (start;commence;take place)
经期正常28~30日一次have normal period at 28-to 30-day intervals
月经规则，周期为28天，继续4天have regular period every 28 days that lasted 4 days
月经周期为28天have menstrual cycles of 28 days
月经开始不规则，并且长期无月经began to have menstrual irregularities with long period of amenorrhea
月经未曾失常have no previous menstrual aberrations
周期变成不定interval became variable
比平常多heavier than usual
发觉到月经持续不断并且过多noted persistent excessive menstrual flow
月经不来menses did not occur
停经已4年be 4 years postmenopausal
在46岁时停经passed(underwent;went through)the menopause at age 46
多量(块状，厚多)阴道出血加多，有几个月之久increasingly profuse (massive，frank)vaginal bleeding of several months duration.
月经过多，并且流出血块experience(develop)menorrhagia with passage of clots
有些轻微、无痛性阴道出血some slight painless vaginal bleeding
发觉经期外和性交后出血noted intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding
分泌少量厚汁物质drained a small amount of purulent material
间歇性的剧烈下腹痛intermittent，sharp，lower abdominal pains
她于13岁开始有正常的月经，周期为28~32天，有轻度的月经痛。
She began to menstruate regularly at 13 at intervals of 28~32 days with slight dysmenorrheal.
月经痛性而不规则，大约一个月发生2次。
The menstrual periods were painful and irregular，occurring approximately twice monthly.
医学英语口语表达：护理英语80句
.Receiving the patient(接待病人)
do you do?/ Good morning!您好!(初次见面时使用)/早上好!
can I do for you?/Can I help you?您需要我帮助吗?
'll bring you to your bedside, please follow me. This is your bed……
我要领您到床边去.请跟我来.这是您的床位.
toilet is over there.卫生间在那边
supply hot water.我们供应热水
wait a moment. I'll let your doctor know. /I'll inform your doctor.请等一会儿,我去通知医生.
is the nurse /doctor in charge of you.玛丽是您的负责护士/医生
let us know if you need any help.您需要帮助时，请告诉我们.
is not allowed here.这里不允许吸烟
二.information collection(收集信息)
you mind if I ask you a few questions?您介意我问您几个问题吗?
need some information from you.我们需要从您这儿收集一些信息.
your tummy still sore?您的肚子还疼吗?
your pain come on after or before meals?您的疼痛是在饭前还是饭后发作?
it hurt to pass urine?/when I press here?排尿时痛吗?/当我按压这儿时痛吗?
your back ache?您的后背痛吗?
your feet swell?您的脚肿了吗?
you have a cough/fever?您咳嗽吗?/您有发热吗?
you bring up any sputum?您咳痰吗?
there any radiation of the pain ?(to the shoulder)有放射(到肩部的)痛吗?
long have you had the pain?您的痛有多长时间了?
did the pain start?/where is your pain?疼痛从什么时候开始的/什么地方疼痛?
your periods regular?您的月经规则吗?
三.Physical examination(查体)
you please undress for medical examination?请您脱下衣服做体检好吗?
off your clothes, please.请把衣服脱下来
down on the couch, please./Just lie still on the couch and relax.请躺在治疗床上./请安静地躺在治疗床上,放松.
your knees, please.请屈膝.
your mouth and say 'ah“张开口,说:啊
deeply, please./take a deep breath, please.请深呼吸
I examine your tummy, please?我要检查下您的肚子,好吗?
up your sleeves, please.请卷起袖子.
四.communication.(交流)
am going to take your temperature./Please put the thermometer under your armpit.我要测一下您的体温/请把体温计放在您的腋下.
me feel your pulse.让我测一下您的脉搏.
'll test/take your blood pressure.我要测量您的血压.
34. I'm afraid I have to prick your finger and take a drop of blood for blood sugar level.我要取一滴指血做血糖测定,需要刺一下手指.
'll take some blood from your arm now.现在我要从您的胳膊抽血.
't take any thing by mouth after midnight until the blood is drawn tomorrow morning .半夜之后不要吃喝任何东西，明天早上抽血.
bring a specimen of your urine/stool/sputum./ please collect your mid-stream specimen of urine.请留一份尿/便/痰的标本/请收集您的中段尿.
have your blood and urine tests done.请做一下您的血和尿试验.
are going to have a CT-scan of your chest/head today.今天您要做一个胸部/头部CT.
are going to have a chest X-ray this morning.今天早上您要拍一个胸片.
are going to have a B-mode ultrasonic exam. Please keep your bladder full.您要做B超检查,请留尿,使膀胱充盈.
are going to have an gastric endoscopy tomorrow morning. please don't eat or drink
anything after 12 o'clock tonight.明天上午您要做胃镜检查，今晚12点之后，请不要吃喝任何东西。
are going to have urine catheterization now.现在您需要导尿.
'm going to do an ECG for you.我要给您做心电图.
'm going to put a gastric tube into your stomach, this is for gastrointestinal decompression.我要放胃管到您的胃内，这是胃肠减压.
We can feed you the necessary nutrients through the tube. Please swallow the tube as I put it down.我们通过胃管给您必要的营养.当我放管时,请做吞咽动作.
'm going to make your bed./ we'll change the bed linen at once.我要给您整理床铺/我们马上给您换床单.
'll apply a cold(hot)compress to your ankle.我要给您的踝部冷/热敷
operation will be done tomorrow/ an emergency operation must be done now.
Will you please sign to give your permission for your operation?明天将做手术/现在马上做急诊手术.同意手术请您签字好吗?
'm going to shave your skin. / I'm going to do skin preparation for you.我要给您做备皮/我要给您做皮肤准备。
're going to have a local/general/epidural anaesthesia.要给您做局麻/全身麻醉/硬膜外麻醉.
you allergic to any medication?/ penicillin?您对什么药物/青霉素过敏吗?
52. I'm going to do a skin test of pennicillin for you./ If you feel itchy or short of breath, please let me know at once. I'll see the result in fifteen minutes. /I'm going to do a tetanus hypersensitive test for you.我要给您做青霉素皮试.如果您感到痒或气短,请立刻告诉我./我十五分钟后看结果./我要给您做破伤风皮试.
'm going to give you an intramuscular injection./intravenous infusion/hypodermic injection.我要给您做肌肉/静脉/皮内注射
'm going to give you an enema to help you pass motion.我要给您灌肠,帮助您排便
doctor will change your dressing. /The doctor will remove your stitches.医生要给您换药/医生要给您拆线.
'm going to give you oxygen now.我要给您吸氧
'm going to give you nebulization.我要给您(雾化)吸入.
58. I'm going to do bladder irrigation for you.我要给您做膀胱冲洗
have to rest in bed for at least one week您至少要卧床休息一周.
are you today? How was your sleep last night? How is your appetite?您今天怎么样?您昨晚睡得怎么样?您的食欲怎么样?
you pass motion yesterday?/Are your bowel movements normal?昨天您排便了吗?/您的大便正常吗?
color of your urine?您的尿液什么颜色?
much urine do you pass each time?您每次排尿多少?
will have skin/cervical traction.要给您做皮肤/颈部牵引
65. Take more exercises./Do some light work, have a happy outlook, avoid excitement and too much worry. Be careful not to stumble.
多做锻炼/做一些轻体力活动，保持良好的心态，避免兴奋和过度忧虑，小心不要摔倒
are going to have a blood transfusion.要给您输血
results are normal.结果正常
are suffering from ~/Your disease was diagnosed as ~您的病诊断为~
have to stop smoking and alcohol.您必须戒烟、戒酒
五.about medication and nutrition(关于药物和营养)
two tablets three times a day after/before food.饭前/饭后服，每日三次，每次两粒.
the medicine with a lot of water.服用此药，要多饮水.
'll give you an injection twice a day.我要给您注射,每日两次.
medicine is used for preventing infection/treating infection/relieving your pain/protecting your stomach/supplying nutrients/ bringing down your temperature/ intracranial pressure/stopping bleeding/
这种药是为了预防感染/治疗感染/减轻疼痛/保护您的胃/提供营养/降低体温/降低颅内压/停止出血
should have a low fat/ low salt/ light diet/high caloric diet/high protein/soft diet/liquid food.
您的进食应该是低脂/低盐/轻淡/高热量/高蛋白/软食/流食的食物
take some more nourishing food.请食营养多的食物.
六.comforting(安慰)
mind/It doesn't matter没关系
't worry不要担心
't be nervous. You are in good hands.不要紧张,操作者是高手
will recover soon.您很快就会康复的
come back to see the doctor for check-up in two weeks.请两周后来看医生复查
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Are you feeling all right? 您是感觉好吗? Are you feeling nausea? 您是感觉恶心吗? Are your bowels acting properly? 您的肠能适当地行动吗? Are your bowels regular? 您的肠的运动是规则吗? Did you have pains here before? 您这里有以前痛吗? Do you cough? 你咳嗽吗？ Do you feel short of breath sometimes? 您有时感觉呼吸急促吗? Do you feel short-winded? 你有时感觉短促的喘气吗？ Do you feel tired? 您感到疲乏吗? Do you have any appetite? 您有胃口吗?Do you have difficulty breathing? 您有呼吸困难吗?
下面是我整理的常用 医学英语 词汇 ，以供大家学习参考。 医学 英语口语 ：常用医学英语词汇 Medical Terminology 常用医学名词 Medical Terminology 过敏 Allergy 健康诊断 Gernral Check-up Physical Examination 检查 Examination 入院 Admission to Hospotial 退院 Discharge from Hospital 症状 Symptom 营养 Nutrition 病例 Clinical History 诊断 Diagnosis 治疗 Treatment 预防 Prevention 呼吸 Respiration便通 Bowel Movement 便 Stool 血液 Blood 脉搏 Pulse, Pulsation 尿 Urine 脉搏数 Pulse Rate 血型 Blood Type 血压 Blood Pressure 麻醉 Anesthesia 全身麻醉 General Anesthesia 静脉麻醉 Intravenous Anesthesia 脊椎麻醉 Spinal Anesthesia 局部麻醉 Local Anesthesia 手术 Operation 切除 Resectionlie 副作用 Side Effect 洗净 Irrigation 注射 Injection X光 X-Ray 红外线 Ultra Red-Ray 慢性的 Chronic 急性的 Acute 体格 Build 亲戚 Relative 遗传 Heredity 免疫 Immunity 血清 Serum 流行性的 Epidemic 潜伏期 Incubation Period 滤过性病毒 Virus 消毒 Sterilization 抗生素 Antibiotic 脑波 洗肠 Enema 结核反映 Tuberculin Reaction 华氏 Fahrenheit 摄氏 Celsius, Centigrade
医学常用专业英语词汇
医学，是通过科学或技术的手段处理人体的各种疾病或病变的学科。以下是我为大家整理的医学常用专业英语词汇，希望对大家的`学习有所帮助。
心血管系统 The Cardiovascular System
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) 急性心机梗塞
Electrocardiogram (DCG) 心电图
Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease 高血压性心脏血管疾病
Congential Heart Disease 先天性心脏病
Hemangioma 血管瘤
Vasodilatation 血管扩张
Arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化
Hypertension 高血压
Hypertrophy 肥大
Hypotension 低血压
Varicose veins 静脉曲张
血液及淋巴系统 The Hemic and Lymphatic System
Adenitis 腺炎
Acute Lymphogenous Leukemia 急性淋巴球性白血病
Leukocyte 白血球
Leukocytopenia白血球减少
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 全身性红斑性狼疮
Splenomegaly 脾肿大
Anemia贫血
Aseptic 无菌的
Septicemia败血症
Hemostasis 止血
Transfusion输血
呼吸系统 The Respiratory System
Pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞
Mucosa 黏膜
Exhale呼吸
Apnea窒息
Tachypnea呼吸急促
Pneumonia肺炎
Bronchitis支气管炎
Lung Empyema 肺积脓
消化系统 The Digestive System
Short of breath 呼吸短促
Dysphasia说话困难
Aphasia 失语症
Aphonia失声
Dysphagia 吞咽困难
Gingivitis 齿龈炎
Pharyngitis 咽炎
Laryngitis 喉炎
Esophagoscopy 食道镜检查
Esophagus stricture 食道狭窄
Abdominocentesis腹部穿刺术
Gastric cancer 胃癌
Gastritis 胃炎
Gastroenteritis胃肠炎
Gastrorrhagia胃出血
Pyloric obstruction 幽门阻塞
Duodenal Ulcer 十二指肠溃疡
Peritonitis 腹膜炎
Enterorrhagia 肠出血
Enterorrhexis 肠破裂
Appendicitis 阑尾炎
Colon cancer结肠癌
Proctoscopy 直肠镜检查
Rectal cancer 直肠癌
Anal Fistual 肛门廔管
External hemorrhoid 外痔
Internal hemorrhoid 内痔
Excretion 排泄
Hepatitis肝炎
Hepatomegaly 肝肿大
Gall Stone 胆结石
Cholelithiasis 胆石症
Liver Cirrhosis 肝硬化
Ascites腹水
内分泌系统 The Endocrine System
Glycemia糖血症
Goiter 甲状腺肿
Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病
Diabetes Insipidus尿崩症
Bromidrosis汗臭症
Pituitary Tumor 脑下垂体肿瘤
神经系统 The Nervous System
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis 脑动脉硬化
Cerebral Hemorrhage 脑出血
Cerebral Edema 脑水肿
Cerebra Palsy脑性麻痹
Cerebral Thrombosis 脑栓塞
Cranial Neruritis 脑神经炎
Intracranial Hemorrhage 颅内出血
Encephalitis 脑炎
Electromyography 肌电图
Neuritis神经炎
Epilepsy 癜痫
Trigeminal Neuralgia 三叉神经痛
Rachitis 痀偻症
Rachioscoliiosis脊柱侧弯
Spondylitis 脊椎炎
Quadriplegia 四肢麻痹
Paraplegia 下半身瘫痪
Immediately loss of consciousness 立即丧失意识
Eye opening睁眼反应
Verbal response 语言反应
Motor response 运动反应
Corneal reflex 角膜反射
Plantar reflex 膝反射
Sciatica坐骨神经痛
Chorea 舞蹈症
Muscle atrophy 肌萎缩
Migraine 偏头痛
Parkinson's Disease 巴金森式症
肌肉骨骼系统 The Musculoskeletal System
brain Concussion 脑震荡
brain Anoxia脑缺氧症
brain Death 脑死
Anterior Cruciate Ligament 前十字韧带
Rheumatoid Arthritis 类风湿性关节炎
Arthrosclerosis关节硬化
Degenerated Joint Disease变性关节炎
Clavicle Fracture 锁骨骨折
Pelvic Fracture 骨盆骨折
Plastic Paris Cast 整形硬石膏
Matastatic Lesion转移性损害
Osteoporosis骨质疏松症
Amputation 截肢
Bone graft 骨移植
Hallux Valgus大拇指外翻
Prosthesis Replacement 人工弥补置换术
Range of Motion 运动范围
Varus 内翻
Chondromalacia软骨软化症
泌尿及男性生殖系统 The Urinary and Male Reproductive System
Cystitis 膀胱炎
Circumcision包皮环割术
Cystoscopy 膀胱镜检查
Hydronephrosis肾水肿
Renal Stone 肾结石
Acute Renal Failure 急性肾衰竭
Cryptorchidism 隐睾症
Spermatogenesis精子生成
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy 良性摄护腺肥大
Ureteral stenosis 输尿管狭窄
Dysuria 排尿困难
Hematuria血尿
Uremia尿毒症
Urinary Tract Infection 尿路感染
Vasoligation 输精管结扎
Impotence 阳萎
特殊感觉器官 The Organs of Special Senses
Audiometer 听力计
Otitis耳炎
Otorrhea耳漏
Tympanitis中耳炎
Tympanotomy 鼓膜穿破术
Nasitis鼻炎
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma鼻咽癌
Rhinorrhea 鼻溢
Intraocular Foreign Body 眼内异物
Intraocular pressure 眼内压
Oculus Uterque 双眼
Oculus Sinister 左眼
Oculus Dexter 右眼
Extraocular Muscle 眼外肌
Ophthalmologist 眼科医师
Diplopia 复视
Myopia 近视
Blepharoptosis 眼睑下垂
Corneitis 角膜炎
Pupil Size Anisocoria瞳孔大小不等
Retinopexy 视网膜固定术
Retinal Detachment 视网膜剥落
Visual field 视野
Vocal nodular 声带结节
Dermatologist 皮肤科医师
Dermatitis皮肤炎
Cataract白内障
Glaucoma青光眼
综合性字汇
Contraceptive避孕的
Contraindication 禁忌症
Biology 生物学
Hyperemesis 剧吐
Polydipsia剧渴
Homosexual 同性的
Heterosexual 异性的
Inject 注射
Lipoma 脂肪瘤
Lipoid 脂肪样的
Lipomatosis 脂肪过多症
Malformaiton 畸形
Malaise 不适
Necrosis坏死
Nocturia 夜尿症
Ployuria 多尿
Narcotics 麻醉药
Hyperplasia 增殖
Dysplasia 发育不良
Dyspepsia 消化不良
Prognosis 预後
Antipyretic 解热剂
Hydrophobia 恐水症
Photophobia 畏光
Antibiotic 抗生素
Syndrome 症候群
Hydrotherapy 水疗法
Perforation 穿孔
Percussion叩诊
Visceralgia脏器痛
你可以去创新医学网上看看，而且还有翻译服务。
【关键词】 医学英语论文； 标题写作； 修辞原则； 策略Abstract：As an important component part of a medical research paper，the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles：focuse on subject，be accurate，be concise，be words： Medical English research paper; Title writing; Rhetorical principle; Strategy人们读书看报，首先要看的是标题，题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好，简练又吸引人，才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首，句文之要”，被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展，医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁，在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”，国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此，学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能，指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能［1］。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略，以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能，促进学术交流。1 突出主题原则及修辞策略 题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点，是读者最先得到的直接信息，即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此，标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求：简练和反映论文主题，英文标题应切题准确，反映文章的中心内容，便于索引，利于论文广泛流通。 好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用，还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题，在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此，在标题英译时，应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略： 在信息传递上，要充分反映论文的创新内容，重要内容前置，突出中心；准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题，在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上，多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当，重要的词放在文题的起始，如association, application, determination，effect，detection，establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2 准确规范原则及修辞策略 准确是修辞的基本原则，也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则，因为学术研究特别强调准确，不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征［2］。医学英语除了具备以上特征外，它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此，在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行，必须忠实地传达原文的内容，保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法： 首先，格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写，其余的用小写（首字母缩略词全大写，专有名词的首字母大写）；也可采用标题首字母大写，其余实词首字母大写，虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写)；排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式；书名应用斜体表示。 其次，选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比，医学英语术语特征相对明显，专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此，熟知医学英语术语，选择专业词汇，避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如，“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”；“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”，而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面，科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确，忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点，在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词，如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。 此外，用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语，应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中，对缩写词的使用非常谨慎，对非公认的缩略词语，第一次出现必须先写全名，缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人：hepatitis C virus (HCV)，维甲酸：all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。 语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中，有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配，在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意，以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式，常见的搭配如：patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。 例： The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris （针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响） “影响”为中心词，但它在文中的意思为“疗效”，因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法，“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语，应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”，“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示，译文准确而明晰。［3］3 简明有效原则及修辞策略 好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上，用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度，不可夸大其词，以偏概全，也不可缩小研究范围，以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手： 在信息处理上，遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果，即“作者应该写的都能写出来，读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”［4］。 在选词用语上，文题力求语言精炼，中心词突出，一般在10个单词以内，通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略，但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名，医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有：名词+动词不定式；名词或名词短语+过去分词；现在分词短语；介词短语结构；名词或名词短语+介词短语；以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。 由于医学英语要求客观和精确，一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是，医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞，如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容，应注意到语法结构上的对称，即名词与名词并列，动名词与动名词并列，不要混杂使用。例如：The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children（关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用）宜改为：The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列，既简化了文字，符合修辞原则，而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果，不仅使主题更加突出，而且还富有美感，引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子：例1：“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2：“Socioeconomic status，standard of living，and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感，也明确了与中心词的修饰关系，既美观又醒目；例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确，读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4 得体原则及修辞策略 一个修辞行为的有效性，还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范，是否符合言语交际环境的规定，是否符合社会交往的礼仪，是否符合文化的习俗，是否符合双方的审美倾向。［5］如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点，保持文体的严肃性，是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致，包括风格的一致，语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此，在医学论文标题英译时，要考虑其语法、修辞特点，尽可能体现出英语的固有风格，避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。 英文标题的写作可以不拘一格，但应突出主题，服从英语的表达习惯，避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如，汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊，而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值，缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料，不必谦虚客套。 汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号，而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中，在英语中大多放在副标题中，如：Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases （输血后肝炎60例报告）。 由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响，在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语，题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语，使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。 名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态，这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中，定语置于中心词之前，而在英语中，“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如：葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效：Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo；心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定：Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease；严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择：Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。 总之，标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容，提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题，作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度，还要掌握专业英语知识，熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点，熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法，在正确理解论文主旨的基础上，力求重点突出，行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。
问题一：药学专业 英语怎么说 A pharmaceutical professional 问题二：药学英语 怎么说 pharmacy ['f:m?si] n. 1. 药学；药剂学；配药学 2. 药房；药店 3. 制药业；配药业 4. 一批备用药品 问题三：药学的英文读音 pharmacy 英 [?f:m?si] 美 [?f:rm?si] 问题四：药学临床前商务部 用英语怎么说 药学临床前商务部 Pharmaceutical clinical former ministry of merce 问题五：求翻译 药学英语 在1937，磺胺，磺胺类抗菌药物第一，产品销售。这类制剂的稀释液是乙二醇防冻剂，化学模拟。超过100人，其中许多是儿童，在接受药物后死亡。因此，美国国会制定了1938个联邦食品，药品和化妆品法案，这需要在一个新的药物进入临床实践前的安全性证明。这种行为也改变FDA的焦点从警务机构，强调没收假药，向监管机构监督评价新药。小儿科，不批准的食品和药物管理局（FDA）作为安全有效的儿童药物实践中每天服用。这是部分原因是由于到的事实，许多药物释放自1962年以来携带一个“孤儿条款”包中插入这样的作为，“不能用于儿童，因为临床研究已不足以建立建议使用。“什么是包插入的状态？它是一个法律指令的医生，或它的目的是作为一个医生处方药？包装插入，通过法律定义的联邦食品，药品和化妆品法案，是官方信息片的一种药物。它包含的信息来源于调查者提供的数据，并由制药公司提交给美国食品药品管理局提交。插入书面和药品制造商印刷，但我?TS内容必须获得FDA的批准。食品、药品和化妆品的行为，如经修订的1962，要求充分披露有关使用该药物的所有已知事实。因此，一个伟大的处理信息是包括插入，包括化学结构的药物，总结其药理和毒理作用，其临床适应症和禁忌症，注意事项，报告不良反应，剂量建议，可用剂型。 问题六：药剂学专业的英文怎么说 Pharmacy My major is Pharmacy 我专业是药剂学 望采纳！ 问题七：药学专业英语翻译 10分 目标化合物的生产。优化生产药品举国办法 微生物是变异和屏幕应变的改善，在 1940 年代一样 盘尼西林。这种方法可以易于产生增强药物的生产，由两至三 订单的严重程度，和在某些情况下由四到五个数量级 （35）。目前，这 日志 （图。4） 与改进的抗真菌活性和毒性较低 （34）。灭活后的 PK p450 氧化，氧化甲基对 C16 车 boxyl 在制霉菌素，加上的突变 NysC 的 PK mod-乌勒，烯还原酶活性使甲酯衍生物与共轭 heptaene 份额 （而不是中断的 hexaene）。最佳的化合物是有效打击 在小鼠模型和大大比两性霉素的毒性较低是播散的念珠 战术很难打，和分子生物 ical 操作取得较大成功 只有在孤立的情况下。一个有趣的例子是多拉菌素生产工艺的改进 () Dectomax（图。4）、 抗寄生虫剂在阿维菌素家庭 (36)。初始生产 应变是脱氢酶和 O-甲基反式转硫酶缺乏突变体 ofStreptomyces 阿维。这株可以作为启动器给多拉菌素喂车-甲酸环己烷 与一侧的产品羟基 C 23 而不是一个双键。DNA shuf 放纵 theaveCgene 和筛查的给了一种新的基因编码 10 氨基酸突变和 对以上所有改善生产的有害的污染物减少了 23 倍。 天然产品，包括那些从细菌，可以当然也作出或改进的 syn thetically。例如，大量的努力已进入合成类似物埃博霉素 B、 有前途的抗肿瘤药物 问题八：什么是药学英语 还有这个学科吗？这应该是一个科目吧。学药学的人选修或者必修的一门科目吧。 问题九：一些药学专业英语的翻译 5分 上市药品的参考（RLD）的品牌Acetriptan饥，20毫克，并在批准 美国在2000年（211168新药）治疗中度至严重的症状缓解。 “ RLD是没有装饰涂料的unscored立即释放（IR）片剂。片剂需要 被吞噬的“是”没有任何干预。因此，拟议的通用产品也将是 unscored红外片没有化妆品的涂料。标签中的最大剂量为每日40毫克 （即，两次，每次一个数位板每一天）。采取单一片剂，每剂量或与食物。牌 acetriptan片，20毫克，应吞食整个一杯水。
Oral Administration 口服给药 For oral administration, the most common route, absorption refers to the transport of drugs across membranes of the epithelial cells in the GI tract. Absorption after oral administration is confounded by differences in luminal pH along the GI tract, surface area per luminal volume, blood perfusion, the presence of bile and mucus, and the nature of epithelial membranes. Acids are absorbed faster in the intestine than in the stomach, apparently contradicting the hypothesis that un-ionized drug more readily crosses membranes. However, the apparent contradiction is explained by the larger surface area and greater permeability of the membranes in the small intestine. 口服是最常用的给药途径，其吸收涉及药物通过胃肠道上皮细胞膜的转运。由于给药时相关环境条件的不同，如胃肠道管腔内pH及单位腔道容积的表面积，组织血流灌注情况，胆汁和粘液的存在以及上皮细胞膜的性质等，口服给药的吸收也有差异。酸性药物在肠中的吸收较胃中快，这显然与非解离药物更易透过细胞膜这一假设相矛盾。然而，这种明显的矛盾却可以从小肠具有很大的表面积和小肠细胞膜具有较大的通透性中得到答案。 The oral mucosa has a thin epithelium and a rich vascularity that favors absorption, but contact is usually too brief, even for drugs in solution, for appreciable absorption to occur. A drug placed between the gums and cheek （buccal administration） or under the tongue （sublingual administration） is retained longer so that absorption is more complete. 口腔粘膜上皮很薄，血管丰富，有利于药物吸收。但是，接触的时间太短暂，即使是溶液剂也来不及等到明显的吸收发生。把一种药物置于齿龈和面颊之间（颊部给药）或置于舌下（舌下给药）则可保留较长时间，使吸收更加完全。 The stomach has a relatively large epithelial surface, but because it has a thick mucous layer and the time that the drug remains there is usually relatively short, absorption is limited. Absorption of virtually all drugs is faster from the small intestine than from the stomach. Therefore, gastric emptying is the rate-limiting step. Food, especially fatty foods, slows gastric emptying （and the rate of drug absorption）, explaining why some drugs should be taken on an empty stomach when a rapid onset of action is desired. Food may enhance the extent of absorption for poorly soluble drugs （eg, griseofulvin）, reduce it for drugs degraded in the stomach （eg, penicillin G）, or have little or no effect. Drugs that affect gastric emptying （eg, parasympatholytic drugs） affect the absorption rate of other drugs. 胃具有相对大的上皮表面，但由于它有较厚的粘液层，而且药物在胃内停留的时间相对较短，吸收也较少。事实上，所有药物在小肠中的吸收速度都要比胃中快。因此，胃排空即是一限速性步骤。食物，特别是脂类食物，延缓胃排空速度（从而也延缓药物吸收速度），这也就是为何某些希望迅速奏效的药物宜空腹服用的原因。食物可增强某些溶解性差的药物（如灰黄霉素）的吸收，减少胃内降解药物（如青霉素G）的吸收，食物以裁缝折吸收或无影响，或影响甚少。影响胃排空的药物（如副交感神经阻断剂）可影响其他药物的吸收速度。 The small intestine has the largest surface area for drug absorption in the GI tract. The intraluminal pH is 4 to 5 in the duodenum but becomes progressively more alkaline, approaching 8 in the lower ileum. GI microflora may inactivate certain drugs, reducing their absorption. Decreased blood flow （eg, in shock） may lower the concentration gradient across the intestinal mucosa and decrease absorption by passive diffusion. （Decreased peripheral blood flow also alters drug distribution and metabolism.） 小肠在胃肠道中具有最大的药物吸收表面积。十二脂肠腔内pH值为4~5，管腔内pH值趋碱性逐渐增强，至回肠下部时pH接近8。胃肠道内的菌丛可使某些药物失活，降低药物的吸收。血流量的减少（如休克病人）可以降低跨肠粘膜的浓度梯度，从而减少被动扩散吸收。（外周血流减少也会改变药物的分布和代谢。 Intestinal transit time can influence drug absorption, particularly for drugs that are absorbed by active transport （eg, B vitamins）, that dissolve slowly （eg, griseofulvin）, or that are too polar （ie, poorly lipid-soluble） to cross membranes readily （eg, many antibiotics）. For such drugs, transit may be too rapid for absorption to be complete. 肠道通过时间肠道通过时间能影响药物吸收，特别是经主动转运吸收的药物（如维生素B）、溶解缓慢的药物（如灰黄霉素），或极性太高（即脂溶性差）难以透过细胞膜的药物（如许多抗生素）。这类药物通过太快，致使吸收不全。 For controlled-release dosage forms, absorption may occur primarily in the large intestine, particularly when drug release continues for > 6 h, the time for transit to the large intestine. 对控释剂型来说，吸收主要在大肠内进行，特别是药物释放时间超过6小时，也就是药物运达大肠的时间。 Absorption from solution: A drug given orally in solution is subjected to numerous GI secretions and, to be absorbed, must survive encounters with low pH and potentially degrading enzymes. Usually, even if a drug is stable in the enteral environment, little of it remains to pass into the large intestine. Drugs with low lipophilicity （ie, low membrane permeability）, such as aminoglycosides, are absorbed slowly from solution in the stomach and small intestine; for such drugs, absorption in the large intestine is expected to be even slower because the surface area is smaller. Consequently, these drugs are not candidates for controlled release. 溶液剂型的吸收药物吸收受到大量胃肠道内分泌液的影响。药物要想被吸收，就必须要在与低pH环境及潜在的降解酶的接触中生存下来。通常，即使某种药物在肠环境中很稳定，但进入大肠的仍然是极少数。低亲脂性（即膜通透性低）药物，如氨基糖苷类，经胃和小肠溶液被缓慢吸收。而在大肠中，因表面积更小，预期吸收更慢。因此，这些药物不宜制成控释剂型。 Absorption from solid forms: Most drugs are given orally as tablets or capsules primarily for convenience, economy, stability, and patient acceptance. These products must disintegrate and dissolve before absorption can occur. Disintegration greatly increases the drug's surface area in contact with GI fluids, thereby promoting drug dissolution and absorption. Disintegrants and other excipients （eg, diluents, lubricants, surfactants, binders, dispersants） are often added during manufacture to facilitate these processes. Surfactants increase the dissolution rate by increasing the wetability, solubility, and dispersibility of the drug. Disintegration of solid forms may be retarded by excessive pressure applied during the tableting procedure or by special coatings applied to protect the tablet from the digestive processes of the gut. Hydrophobic lubricants （eg, magnesium stearate） may bind to the active drug and reduce its bioavailability. 固体剂型的吸收主要是出于方便、经济、药物稳定性、及病人接受性的考虑，大多数药物都以片剂或胶囊剂口服给药。这些制剂必须经过崩解和溶解才能被吸收。崩解大大增加了药物与胃肠液的接触表面积，从而促进药物的溶解和吸收。在制药过程中,为了促进崩解和溶解作用，往往添加一些崩解剂和其他赋形剂（如稀释剂、润滑剂、表面活性剂、粘合剂、分散剂）。表面活性剂通过增加药物的吸湿性、溶解度和分散性来增加其溶解速率。在制片过程中压片压力过大，或为了使药片免受肠道消化作用的影响而使用特殊的包衣，可延缓固体剂型的崩解。忌水性润滑剂（如硬脂酸镁）可与活性药物结合而降低其生物利用度。 Dissolution rate determines the availability of the drug for absorption. When slower than absorption, dissolution becomes the rate-limiting step. Overall absorption can be controlled by manipulating the formulation. For example, reducing the particle size increases the drug's surface area, thus increasing the rate and extent of GI absorption of a drug whose absorption is normally limited by slow dissolution. Dissolution rate is affected by whether the drug is in salt, crystal, or hydrate form. The Na salts of weak acids （eg, barbiturates, salicylates） dissolve faster than their corresponding free acids regardless of the pH of the medium. Certain drugs are polymorphic, existing in amorphous or various crystalline forms. Chloramphenicol palmitate has two forms, but only one sufficiently dissolves and is absorbed to be clinically useful. A hydrate is formed when one or more water molecules combine with a drug molecule in crystal form. The solubility of such a solvate may markedly differ from the nonsolvated form; eg, anhydrous ampicillin has a greater rate of dissolution and absorption than its corresponding trihydrate. 溶解速率溶解速率决定药物吸收时的可用度。当溶解速率低于吸收速率时，溶解就会制约吸收。药物的总体吸收可通过改变配方来加以调控，例如，减小颗粒体积可增加药物的表面积，从而增加那些溶解缓慢吸收受限的药物的胃肠道吸收速率和分量。药物的不同形式，如盐、晶体或水合物等，都可影响溶解速率。不管介质的pH是多少，弱酸的钠盐（如巴比妥酸盐，水杨酸盐）比其相应的游离酸溶解得快。某些药物有多种形态，可以非晶体形或不同晶体形存在。棕榈酸氯霉素有两种存在形态，但只有一种形态能充分溶解吸收，也因而被临床使用。当一个或多个水分子和一个晶体形药物分子相结合时，就构成一种水合物。这种的溶解度可能与非水合物的溶解度有明显的不同。例如，无水氨苄西林的溶解速率和吸收比其它相应水合物的溶解吸收速率都要快得多。
论文摘要一般指内容提要,分为英文摘要和中文摘要,以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。下面是我为大家精心整理的医学论文英文摘要格式，仅供大家参考。 一、标点符号 1、中英文标点混用: 经常出现英文里夹有中文逗号和句号，中文标点占一个字距，英文标点占半个字距，很明显是不同的。英文中如果冒出了占地多、又很粗大的逗号、引号、括号等，可能就是错用了中文标点。如: He says，“What?” 2、英文标点后空格问题: 英文标点后都要空格，看起来是个挺简单的原则，但受中文的影响，有人打字时就总是忘了空格。更有甚者，把字打成了先空格再加标点。这些错误在外国人眼里都是很明显的，因为外国人特别注意断句。 3、英文中没有的符号: 英语中没有顿号和书名号，在表示并列时用逗号。例如red、yellow、blue and black. 应该写成red，yellow，blue and black.《Beijing Youth Daily》应该写成Beijing Youth Daily。 4、中英文省略号的区别: 中文为中六点，英文为下三点。常见的错误是英文中用了居中的三个黑点 xxx… ，即用了中文省略号的一半。 二、数字 1、在正文中，数字10 以下用英语拼出， 10 以上包括10 用 *** 数字 序数词10 以下用英语拼出，10 以上 包括10用 *** 数字，如the 10th lunar month， the second lunar month 注意: th 不做上标 。带小数点的数字全部用 *** 数字表示，如 和 等。数字超过1000，必须表达为1,000。 2、百分数范围的书写: 每个百分数后面的“%”都要重复写出，例如“50% ～70%”不能写成“50 ～70%” 3、数字与单位之间要空格，例如: km，m 和cm等与前面的数字之间要空格，例如1， 000 km，而不要连在一起。 有关推荐：
Abstract objective to explore the role exchange students "teaching mode" in the clinical application of rehabilitation medicine teaching effect. Methods of clinical medicine in 96 professional students, including experimental group teaching by 48 students "and" teaching mode role exchange control, 48 students adopts the traditional teaching mode. After two groups of students and theory test and questionnaire. The result of the exam scores than theory of students in control group (p < ), and two groups of students' theory test scores are statistically significant differences between rate (p < ), Students in learning interest and initiative, knowledge and understanding of memory and self-study ability and problem solving ability than control group (p < ). Conclusion "and" teaching mode role exchange in the teaching of rehabilitation medicine application effect is good.[key] role exchange, Teaching methods, Rehabilitation, exploring[in] spasm of cerebral palsy type cerebral palsy is one of the most common, and its main function obstacle for sports development lags behind, abnormal posture, tendon hyper-reflexia, increased muscle tension, etc. According to the principle of Bobath therapy in the treatment of Bobath ball movement of cerebral palsy children borderline dysfunction can have very good effect.[key] spasm of cerebral palsy, Movement function, Bobath ball.
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the "teacher-student role reversal Law" teaching method in clinical medicine professional "rehabilitation medicine," teaching effectiveness. Methods of clinical medicine at school 96 students in group teaching, in which 48 students in the experimental group a "teacher-student role reversal Law" teaching methods in the control group 48 students using traditional teaching methods. Two groups of students after school at the same time a theoretical examination and questionnaire. Results In the experimental group of students the theory of test scores than the control group (p <), and the two groups of students the theory of the good test scores difference was statistically significant (p <); experimental group of students interest and motivation in learning, knowledge, memory and understanding, self-learning ability and problem-solving ability better than the control group (p <). Conclusion "teacher-student role reversal Law" teaching methods in the "rehabilitation medicine," an effective method in teaching.[Key words] the roles were reversed; teaching methods; Rehabilitation Medicine; AnalysisAbstract spastic cerebral palsy is the most common form of cerebral palsy, their motor dysfunction is manifested mainly delayed motor development, abnormal posture, tendon hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone and so on. Based on principles of Bobath therapy, Bobath ball in the treatment of spastic cerebral palsy children in motor dysfunction could play a very good words spastic cerebral palsy; motor function; Bobath Ball1，“师生角色互换法”教学法在《康复医学》教学中的应用探析 2，Bobath球在改善痉挛型脑瘫运动功能障碍中的应用"Teacher-student role reversal Law" Approach in the "rehabilitation medicine," Teaching of Analysis, Bobath ball with spastic cerebral palsy in improving motor dysfunction of