s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
你可以去创新医学网上看看，而且还有翻译服务。
去PubMed检索，列表后面有fulltext提示，部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜，一篇几美金到20多美金不等。
这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词，然后检索即可。
医学类SCI杂志期刊里没有绝对好发，或者说容易发的期刊。很多人会说低分的为灌水期刊，而高分的难发一些。不懂科研的人才会认为做科研存在最小工作量的颠覆性技巧。相对而言，OPEN ACCESS类的SCI期刊要比正常的容易一些，但是也并不代表说你什么都不下工夫就可以发表。优助医学认为，SCI发表的难易，应该以工作量来计算，最小工作量的需求来源于医生做科研时既经费局促又精力不足的窘境，基础条件很差的索性都去发META和临床研究的文章了。常规套路是细胞加上动物模型的实验，SCI，5分与1分的区别在于对临床资料各种分层分析的结果，以及获得有意义的结论。这一类研究，核心数据是三表一图：1）基线表；2）单因素表；3）多因素表；4）ROC曲线或者生存曲线图。
辑文编译8020为你解答问题 联系我请看个人资料现以《自然》杂志为例，简要介绍英文杂志的审稿过程，希望对大家有所帮助。送审前评估（Presubmission enquiries） 对于Nature等影响因子较高的杂志，往往投稿者甚众。而结果是往往有超过70%的稿子并不适合在此发表。为了节约编辑和作者的时间，这些杂志推出了“送审前评估”的服务。作者可以利用杂志网站上的相应链接，用一段文字向编辑阐述自己文章的重要性。编辑将会在1-2天内回复。如果编辑认可，作者可把文章全文发给杂志社做进一步的评审。如编辑认为文章不适合在该杂志发表，则建议转投其他杂志。 送审稿件的初期处理（Initial submission ） 目前，稿件的寄送往往按照杂志网站的指导，通过互联网完成。杂志社收到稿件后，会对其进行编号，并指定一个编辑负责浏览全文，并召集一些顾问对文章进行快速评估。同时还将把文章和最近发表的论文进行比较，以确定其先进性。如果文章确实十分优秀，编辑就会把它送到2-3名在这领域知名专家手里进行审阅（peer-review）。需要注意的是，影响因子较高的杂志，每天都接到大量的来稿，大部分来稿在这一步就会被拒绝，连送审的机会都没有。 审稿（Peer review） 在稿件发出送审的同时，文章的通讯作者也会通过电子邮件得到通知。审稿者往往由编辑指定。审稿者必须能够公正客观地评审稿件；必须是这个领域的专家；同时还需要他们在指定的时间内完成审阅。当然，作者也可以向编辑建议审稿人。但是这个人必须和文章没有直接利益联系。有时候编辑也会同意作者的建议。这对作者来说是非常有帮助的。决定与修改（Decisions and revisions） 当编辑收到审稿人的意见之后，往往要召开编委会讨论这篇文章。会上要评估文章是否已经达到杂志的基本要求；是否经过修改后会变得更完美。讨论结果往往会总结在给作者的一封信里。结论无非有三，拒稿，建议修改或者直接接受。如果是建议修改，编辑会提及是需要进行较大的修改，然后重新投稿；或只是进行一些小的修改。 修改完毕后，作者应该重新写一封信给编辑和审稿人。信中应该对编辑的意见逐条（point to point）进行认真回应。 如果文章的数据过多，尤其是一些图表和复杂的实验方法，超出杂志可发表的篇幅；而编辑又觉得它们非常必要，往往会建议在网上发表。文章接受后的处理（After acceptance ） 文章一旦被接受，工作就会转到出版编辑（copy editors）的手中。他们主要帮助作者修改文字和图表，使它更适合发表。对于非英语国家的作者，出版编辑还会帮助修改文字和语法等。 文章发表后（After publication）所有的文章都会以印刷和在线方式两种方式出版。通讯作者所有的信息都会公布。以便于读者和感兴趣的媒体联系。不同意编辑的决定（Disagreements with decisions） 如果编辑部不同意发表，往往会建议将文章转投其他杂志。如果作者认为编辑对文章存在误解，也可以写信给编辑部，从科研的角为什么编辑部拒稿是不妥的。编辑往往需要几周的时间进行答复。所以为了不耽误发表，在这段时间里，作者也可以把文章投往其它杂志。
内容好的都比较容易发表的。这方面的内容一定要真实可靠，不可虚造数据，跟患者的人身安全是息息相关的。
下面是医学类SCI刊列表，分值越低的要求越低ADVANCES IN MEDICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 1896-1126 Index: SCIAIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV ISSN: 0954-0121 Index: SSCIAMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART A ISSN: 1552-4825 Index: SCIAMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART B-NEUROPSYCHIATRIC GENETICS ISSN: 1552-4841 Index: SCIAMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS ISSN: 1552-4868 Index: SCIAMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL QUALITY ISSN: 1062-8606 Index: SCIAMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 0002-9629 Index: SCIANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ISSN: 0090-6964 Index: SCIANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ISSN: 1523-9829 Index: SCIARCHIVES OF MEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN: 0188-4409 Index: SCIARCHIVES OF MEDICAL SCIENCE ISSN: 1734-1922 Index: SCIBALKAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS ISSN: 1311-0160 Index: SCIBALKAN MEDICAL JOURNAL ISSN: 2146-3123 Index: SCIBIO-MEDICAL MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING ISSN: 0959-2989 Index: SCIBIOCYBERNETICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ISSN: 0208-5216 Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ISSN: 0895-3988 Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY ISSN: 0269-3879 Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ONLINE ISSN: 1475-925X Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS BASIS COMMUNICATIONS ISSN: 1016-2372 Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-BIOMEDIZINISCHE TECHNIK ISSN: 0013-5585 Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL MATERIALS ISSN: 1748-6041 Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL MICRODEVICES ISSN: 1387-2176 Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS ISSN: 2156-7085 Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL PAPERS-OLOMOUC ISSN: 1213-8118 Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL RESEARCH-INDIA ISSN: 0970-938X Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL RESEARCH-TOKYO ISSN: 0388-6107 Index: SCIBIOMEDICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AND CONTROL ISSN: 1746-8094 Index: SCIBMC MEDICAL EDUCATION ISSN: 1472-6920 Index: SCIBMC MEDICAL ETHICS ISSN: 1472-6939 Index: SCIBMC MEDICAL ETHICS ISSN: 1472-6939 Index: SSCIBMC MEDICAL GENETICS ISSN: 1471-2350 Index: SCIBMC MEDICAL GENOMICS ISSN: 1755-8794 Index: SCIBMC MEDICAL INFORMATICS AND DECISION MAKING ISSN: 1472-6947 Index: SCIBMC MEDICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ISSN: 1471-2288 Index: SCIBOSNIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 1512-8601 Index: SCIBRATISLAVA MEDICAL JOURNAL-BRATISLAVSKE LEKARSKE LISTY ISSN: 0006-9248 Index: SCIBRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ISSN: 0100-879X Index: SCIBRITISH JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE ISSN: 0967-4845 Index: SCIBRITISH MEDICAL BULLETIN ISSN: 0007-1420 Index: SCIBRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL ISSN: 1756-1833 Index: SCICANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY ISSN: 1712-9532 Index: SCICANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL ISSN: 0820-3946 Index: SCICHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL ISSN: 0366-6999 Index: SCICOMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ISSN: 1025-5842 Index: SCICOMPUTERIZED MEDICAL IMAGING AND GRAPHICS ISSN: 0895-6111 Index: SCICROATIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL ISSN: 0353-9504 Index: SCICURRENT MEDICAL IMAGING REVIEWS ISSN: 1573-4056 Index: SCICURRENT MEDICAL RESEARCH AND OPINION ISSN: 0300-7995 Index: SCIDANISH MEDICAL JOURNAL ISSN: 2245-1919 Index: SCIEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS ISSN: 1769-7212 Index: SCIEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN: 0949-2321 Index: SCIEUROPEAN REVIEW FOR MEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 1128-3602 Index: SCIEXPERT REVIEW OF MEDICAL DEVICES ISSN: 1743-4440 Index: SCIFEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY ISSN: 0928-8244 Index: SCIHONG KONG MEDICAL JOURNAL ISSN: 1024-2708 Index: SCIIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS ISSN: 1932-4545 Index: SCIIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ISSN: 0018-9294 Index: SCIIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING ISSN: 0278-0062 Index: SCIINDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY ISSN: 0255-0857 Index: SCIINDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN: 0971-5916 Index: SCIINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ISSN: 2040-7939 Index: SCIINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INFORMATICS ISSN: 1386-5056 Index: SCIINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY ISSN: 1438-4221 Index: SCIINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ROBOTICS AND COMPUTER ASSISTED SURGERY ISSN: 1478-5951 Index: SCIINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 1449-1907 Index: SCIINTERNATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL ISSN: 1341-2051 Index: SCIIRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 2008-3866 Index: SCIIRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL ISSN: 1561-4395 Index: SCIIRISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE ISSN: 0021-1265 Index: SCIISRAEL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL ISSN: 1565-1088 Index: SCIJAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION ISSN: 0098-7484 Index: SCIJAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION ISSN: 0003-1488 Index: SCIJOURNAL DE MYCOLOGIE MEDICALE ISSN: 1156-5233 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF APPLIED CLINICAL MEDICAL PHYSICS ISSN: 1526-9914 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICS ISSN: 1532-0464 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A ISSN: 1549-3296 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS ISSN: 1552-4973 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ISSN: 1550-7033 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS ISSN: 1083-3668 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE ISSN: 1021-7770 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES ISSN: 1570-0232 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN MEDICAL SETTINGS ISSN: 1068-9583 Index: SSCIJOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-MEDICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 1672-0733 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN: 0300-0605 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE ISSN: 1011-8934 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING ISSN: 1609-0985 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY ISSN: 1452-8258 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY ISSN: 0967-7720 Index: AHCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL DEVICES-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME ISSN: 1932-6181 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY ISSN: 0022-2585 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS ISSN: 0306-6800 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS ISSN: 0306-6800 Index: SSCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS ISSN: 0022-2593 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND RADIATION ONCOLOGY ISSN: 1754-9477 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH ISSN: 1438-8871 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY ISSN: 0022-2615 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY ISSN: 0047-2565 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCREENING ISSN: 0969-1413 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY ISSN: 1065-1438 Index: SCIJOURNAL OF MEDICAL SYSTEMS ISSN: 0148-5598 Index: SCI
2012年中国药学大会暨第十二届中国药师周论文集The 2012 Chinese pharmaceutical Congress and the Twelfth Chinese Journal of Pharmacology重点词汇释义中国China; the People's Republic of China; Sino-; PRC药学pharmacy大会convention; plenary session; general membership meeting; mass meeting; mass rally第十二twelfth药师apothecary; a senior pharmacist论文集symposium; memoir; colloquium
不用非得机械的翻译 你可以多查查文献 把文献中的语句套过来 整合成你自己的摘要 不一定非要自己来翻译
Purpose: to laevigata for root and stem the anti-inflammatory effects of comparative study, to study the root and stem rose laevigata the pharmacological effects of contrast, ensure the safe and effective medication and laevigata scientific research work, as its quality standards, regulating market. Method: acute and chronic inflammatory experiment inflamed by the : Gold cherry stem in mice have acute and chronic Pro-and anti-inflammatory effect,
Objective: extraction and separation principle of traditional Chinese medicine to prepare the grass before moving total triterpenes, provide samples for further pharmacological experiments. Methods: The ethanol extraction method, combined with solvent extraction for further separation and concentration of total triterpenes plantain. Results: The extraction, separation and concentration to obtain total triterpenes plantain extract, and determination were carried out. Conclusion: The method derived ethanol extract of plantain high content of total triterpenes. Key words: plantain; total triterpenes; ethanol reflux method; extraction
药学专业毕业拿理学学士学位，主要从事职业为执业药师。 药学本来就是医学的一个重要部分，医学学习的大多数东西药学都会学习，只是更偏重于研究，因此药学专业也可以报考执业医生资格。 学士学位，是高等教育本科阶段授予的学位名称。在我国学位结构中为基础学位，由国务院授权高等学校授予。是国民教育系列的本科毕业生在所修课程平均成绩及毕业论文均达到优良，且取得省级教育部门组织或认可的外语统考合格成绩，参加学位授予单位组织的“主干课程”考试，并且成绩合格的，由学位授予单位依照《中华人民共和国学位条例》所授予的一种学位。 它表示学位取得者较好地掌握了本门学科的基础理论、专业知识和基本技能，并具有从事科学研究工作或担负专门技术工作的初步能力。获取条件： 普通高等学校本科毕业生（包括统招专升本）毕业考试成绩合格，在校表现良好，就可以获得学士学位。有的学校要求过大学英语四级。 参加高等教育自学考试（本科），所有科目平均分在65~70分以上（不同学校要求不同），毕业论文答辩良好及以上并通过学位英语考试，毕业后可以申请学士学位（有的学校还要求通过学位加试，即本专业主干课加试）。 脱产、业余（函授）的成人教育本科生（包括成人专升本）毕业后符合条件者（一般是在校表现良好、论文良好及以上、所有科目平均分70分以上、补考累计少于四门、通过学位英语考试）可以申请学士学位。 参加各大学的网上远程教育本科（专升本）学习，毕业后符合条件者也可申请学士学位。
报关，商务英语，翻译
医药院校药学高职专业药学英语的教学探讨
【摘要】目前，药学英语逐渐成为高等医药院校药学生综合技能的重要组成部分。学习药学英语课程是药学学生提高英语水平、专业技能的重要方面，也是高校培养复合型人才的重要方面之一。由于目前多种因素的制约，我国高等医药院校的药学英语教学水平尚有待加强。本文针对目前药学专业英语教学的现状，探讨药学英语教学中遇到的问题，并提出相应对策，力求提高药学英语的教学质量。
【关键词】药学英语;教学;药学高职
近年来，我国医药事业取得了举世瞩目的成绩，进出口贸易有了蓬勃的发展，这对于药学专业的学生既是难得的机遇，又有着巨大的挑战。若要适应现代社会的迅猛发展，药学专业英语的学习就显得越来越重要。当今社会，经济的发展和社会的交流要求高校毕业生对药学专业英语的听说读写技能均要有一定程度的掌握。高校学生在进行了基础专业课及公共英语学习的基础上，已经具备了系统的知识结构。在此基础上进行药学专业英语的学习具有了很好的基础。但高职专业药学英语的教学及学习由于受到一些因素的影响，仍存在一定的问题。笔者通过自身的教学经历在此做一阐述并提出一些相应的解决方案。
1、药学高职专业药学英语教学中存在的不足
学生英语基础水平偏低，且参差不齐目前国内普通高校对高职学生英语水平的要求普遍不高，因此导致高职学生英语水平偏低。药学英语的难度相应于大学公共英语也偏高，教师上课时不但要讲解专业词汇，还要帮助学生复习基础英语中的词汇及句式。学生在学习过程中常会感到力不从心，因而产生厌学情绪，教师的积极性亦会受到影响。
教材单一，缺乏适合专科程度的教材 目前医药院校高职专业缺少针对性的教材，常用本科药学英语教材代替，由于本科教材中采用的文章专业性过强、难度较大，高职学生难于学习掌握。个别院校使用内部自编教材，但所收录的内容其难易程度往往不能与学生的实际英语水平完全契合，同时由于不能及时补充药学领域的前沿知识，实用性不强。
教学模式单一陈旧药学英语的教学普遍存在枯燥乏味、忽视不同专业差异的现象。在实际教学时未兼顾分析化学、有机化学、物理化学、药剂学、药物化学、生药学等不同专业的侧重点。教学方法通常是单一的课文翻译、重点难点词汇的讲解，而忽视了口语、听力等交流的能力。师生间缺乏教与学的互动。
师资力量薄弱 当前高校药学英语教师多是英语专业背景而缺乏药学专业的相关知识，因此这部分教师对于药学英语专业性内容的理解也会存在一些偏差;或者为药学专业毕业的教师，较难胜任英语教学。同时，许多院校对药学英语专职教师的培养缺乏重视，其结果是教学效果差，教学质量低。
学校及学生对专业英语的教育教学缺乏足够重视很多院校将学生大学英语四、六级考试通过率作为教学质量评定的一项内容，学生也将是否通过英语四六级考试作为学习的目标。部分学生在过级后放松了英语学习，对专业英语学习也缺乏兴趣和动力，很多学生并没有认识到药学英语在今后工作中的重要性，因此对于学习药学英语具有应付考试、获得学分的心态。某些高校的教学管理部门对药学英语的重视程度也不够，产生药学英语课时数偏少，不能满足教学任务的需要。
2、对策
丰富教学手段丰富多彩的教学方法能提高学生的兴趣，从而提高学习的效率和质量。可查阅一些专业文章及研究综述来丰富英语学习内容。采用多媒体教学的方式，因为这种方法能把图像、声音、动画等信息加入到课堂教学中，提高学生的兴趣。以讨论、问答等方式加强学生参与课堂教学及学习的.过程，提高学生的主动生。
培养学生学习药学英语的兴趣邀请国内外知名学者举办英语讲座，培养学生借助词典阅读药学英文文献的能力，为学生毕业后的实际应用打下基础。放映欧美药学相关的视频，既拓展了学生的视野，又能给学生最地道、最直接的感受，提高学习的兴趣。介绍专业的前沿与发展，让学生了解本领域的前景及就业信息，同时使其领会药学英语对于其竞聘工作及在本领域竞争中的重要意义。
加强专业教师队伍的建设药学英这门课程既不同于专业课，也不同于基础英语课，教师队伍也参差不齐，从业教师很难既具有药学背景、同时又具有英语专业背景。因此教学管理部门应重视对药学专业英语教师的培训。定期组织英语、药学方面的资深老师辅导，安排中青年教师到相关院校学习交流。
加强教材建设选择及编写教材应符合学生英语的实际水平以及其所学专业的特点，融趣味性、知识性、实用性于一体，既包括药学专业的词汇和特殊表达方式，同时又能详细介绍药学基础及专业知识。在课堂教学中，加入药品说明书、设备使用说明书、科技论文英文摘要等内容，以提高学生解决实际问题能力。
教学时间的合理安排药学英语的开课时间应尽量安排在药学专业课程结束之后。这样学生在学习药学英语之前就对专业知识有了很好的掌握，学习的过程中，就能对所接触的内容有更深层次的理解。同时，药学英语的内容又能促进学生对药学专业知识的回顾，加强对前期所学药学专业知识的进一步理解和掌握。
总之，医药院校高职专业的药学英语是专业内容不可或缺的一部分，同时其教学又有自身特点，对其各种改革应立足于培养新时期的复合型人才，并能学以致用，同时又与各个学校的实际情况相结合。药学教育工作者也应为这一教学目标和宗旨而不断丰富自己、提高理论教学水平，放眼医药前沿现状。
参考文献:
[1]雷丽红，高等医药院校药学英语教学工作的思考，华夏医学，2007，20(3)：577—578
[2]林玲，高等医药院校药学英语教学探讨，亚太传统医药，2010，6(8.)：190—191
[3]黎晶晶，唐霖，徐格非，医药类高职高专院校药学英语教学存在的问题及对策，卫生职业教育，2010，28(3)：15—17
药学专业毕业，一般不会在临床岗位工作，不大可能需要英语接诊，所以你有这样的疑惑。但是英语对你肯定也是很必要的，粗略分析一下，英语对你的用途主要包括：1、阅读文献。医药科学是理论性、实践性都很强的科学，要想在这个领域走得远，大量阅读国际上的先进理论和经验是必不可少的。作为医师或药剂师，将来评定职称也需要写论文、搞课题，都会涉及到阅读英文文献。英语不好就只能以国内文献为主，看不到最先进的东西，也就不容易研究出很有价值的成果。2、考试。前面说了医药科学非常注重理论，成功者往往是高学历人士，将来考研、考博都需要英语好，以后评职称等也始终离不开英语考试，英语好会占很大便宜。3、促进专业学习。药学涉及大量的拉丁词汇，英语好会有一定帮助：一方面，欧洲语言普遍与汉语差别很大，英语是与汉语相对接近的一个，以它为跳板，理解某些拉丁词根词缀的含义是个比较有效的途径；另一方面，现代英语中仍有部分拉丁语的残留，药学术语和英语学习可以在某些方面达成互相印证、互相促进的良心循环。4、生意。如果从事药品贸易，可能需要对药品的说明书很了解，英语是药品说明书中使用最广泛的语言。5、平衡个人能力。医药科学学业繁重，在学习时面对的是书籍和实验室，工作对象却最终是人，相比之下，大部分理工学科学生与人打交道没有医药学生这样深，大部分文科学生在学问钻研上不需要如此全身心投入，因此医药专业的人就比别人更面临着两者平衡的任务。在学习枯燥、繁琐的药学知识时，如果能花一定时间学习英语，会大大提高你的人文素养，学会理解不同的文化，以包容的态度与人交流。同时，让大脑的另一部分活跃起来，也是种积极的休息。
不用非得机械的翻译 你可以多查查文献 把文献中的语句套过来 整合成你自己的摘要 不一定非要自己来翻译
Purpose: to laevigata for root and stem the anti-inflammatory effects of comparative study, to study the root and stem rose laevigata the pharmacological effects of contrast, ensure the safe and effective medication and laevigata scientific research work, as its quality standards, regulating market. Method: acute and chronic inflammatory experiment inflamed by the : Gold cherry stem in mice have acute and chronic Pro-and anti-inflammatory effect,
Oral Administration 口服给药 For oral administration, the most common route, absorption refers to the transport of drugs across membranes of the epithelial cells in the GI tract. Absorption after oral administration is confounded by differences in luminal pH along the GI tract, surface area per luminal volume, blood perfusion, the presence of bile and mucus, and the nature of epithelial membranes. Acids are absorbed faster in the intestine than in the stomach, apparently contradicting the hypothesis that un-ionized drug more readily crosses membranes. However, the apparent contradiction is explained by the larger surface area and greater permeability of the membranes in the small intestine. 口服是最常用的给药途径，其吸收涉及药物通过胃肠道上皮细胞膜的转运。由于给药时相关环境条件的不同，如胃肠道管腔内pH及单位腔道容积的表面积，组织血流灌注情况，胆汁和粘液的存在以及上皮细胞膜的性质等，口服给药的吸收也有差异。酸性药物在肠中的吸收较胃中快，这显然与非解离药物更易透过细胞膜这一假设相矛盾。然而，这种明显的矛盾却可以从小肠具有很大的表面积和小肠细胞膜具有较大的通透性中得到答案。 The oral mucosa has a thin epithelium and a rich vascularity that favors absorption, but contact is usually too brief, even for drugs in solution, for appreciable absorption to occur. A drug placed between the gums and cheek （buccal administration） or under the tongue （sublingual administration） is retained longer so that absorption is more complete. 口腔粘膜上皮很薄，血管丰富，有利于药物吸收。但是，接触的时间太短暂，即使是溶液剂也来不及等到明显的吸收发生。把一种药物置于齿龈和面颊之间（颊部给药）或置于舌下（舌下给药）则可保留较长时间，使吸收更加完全。 The stomach has a relatively large epithelial surface, but because it has a thick mucous layer and the time that the drug remains there is usually relatively short, absorption is limited. Absorption of virtually all drugs is faster from the small intestine than from the stomach. Therefore, gastric emptying is the rate-limiting step. Food, especially fatty foods, slows gastric emptying （and the rate of drug absorption）, explaining why some drugs should be taken on an empty stomach when a rapid onset of action is desired. Food may enhance the extent of absorption for poorly soluble drugs （eg, griseofulvin）, reduce it for drugs degraded in the stomach （eg, penicillin G）, or have little or no effect. Drugs that affect gastric emptying （eg, parasympatholytic drugs） affect the absorption rate of other drugs. 胃具有相对大的上皮表面，但由于它有较厚的粘液层，而且药物在胃内停留的时间相对较短，吸收也较少。事实上，所有药物在小肠中的吸收速度都要比胃中快。因此，胃排空即是一限速性步骤。食物，特别是脂类食物，延缓胃排空速度（从而也延缓药物吸收速度），这也就是为何某些希望迅速奏效的药物宜空腹服用的原因。食物可增强某些溶解性差的药物（如灰黄霉素）的吸收，减少胃内降解药物（如青霉素G）的吸收，食物以裁缝折吸收或无影响，或影响甚少。影响胃排空的药物（如副交感神经阻断剂）可影响其他药物的吸收速度。 The small intestine has the largest surface area for drug absorption in the GI tract. The intraluminal pH is 4 to 5 in the duodenum but becomes progressively more alkaline, approaching 8 in the lower ileum. GI microflora may inactivate certain drugs, reducing their absorption. Decreased blood flow （eg, in shock） may lower the concentration gradient across the intestinal mucosa and decrease absorption by passive diffusion. （Decreased peripheral blood flow also alters drug distribution and metabolism.） 小肠在胃肠道中具有最大的药物吸收表面积。十二脂肠腔内pH值为4~5，管腔内pH值趋碱性逐渐增强，至回肠下部时pH接近8。胃肠道内的菌丛可使某些药物失活，降低药物的吸收。血流量的减少（如休克病人）可以降低跨肠粘膜的浓度梯度，从而减少被动扩散吸收。（外周血流减少也会改变药物的分布和代谢。 Intestinal transit time can influence drug absorption, particularly for drugs that are absorbed by active transport （eg, B vitamins）, that dissolve slowly （eg, griseofulvin）, or that are too polar （ie, poorly lipid-soluble） to cross membranes readily （eg, many antibiotics）. For such drugs, transit may be too rapid for absorption to be complete. 肠道通过时间肠道通过时间能影响药物吸收，特别是经主动转运吸收的药物（如维生素B）、溶解缓慢的药物（如灰黄霉素），或极性太高（即脂溶性差）难以透过细胞膜的药物（如许多抗生素）。这类药物通过太快，致使吸收不全。 For controlled-release dosage forms, absorption may occur primarily in the large intestine, particularly when drug release continues for > 6 h, the time for transit to the large intestine. 对控释剂型来说，吸收主要在大肠内进行，特别是药物释放时间超过6小时，也就是药物运达大肠的时间。 Absorption from solution: A drug given orally in solution is subjected to numerous GI secretions and, to be absorbed, must survive encounters with low pH and potentially degrading enzymes. Usually, even if a drug is stable in the enteral environment, little of it remains to pass into the large intestine. Drugs with low lipophilicity （ie, low membrane permeability）, such as aminoglycosides, are absorbed slowly from solution in the stomach and small intestine; for such drugs, absorption in the large intestine is expected to be even slower because the surface area is smaller. Consequently, these drugs are not candidates for controlled release. 溶液剂型的吸收药物吸收受到大量胃肠道内分泌液的影响。药物要想被吸收，就必须要在与低pH环境及潜在的降解酶的接触中生存下来。通常，即使某种药物在肠环境中很稳定，但进入大肠的仍然是极少数。低亲脂性（即膜通透性低）药物，如氨基糖苷类，经胃和小肠溶液被缓慢吸收。而在大肠中，因表面积更小，预期吸收更慢。因此，这些药物不宜制成控释剂型。 Absorption from solid forms: Most drugs are given orally as tablets or capsules primarily for convenience, economy, stability, and patient acceptance. These products must disintegrate and dissolve before absorption can occur. Disintegration greatly increases the drug's surface area in contact with GI fluids, thereby promoting drug dissolution and absorption. Disintegrants and other excipients （eg, diluents, lubricants, surfactants, binders, dispersants） are often added during manufacture to facilitate these processes. Surfactants increase the dissolution rate by increasing the wetability, solubility, and dispersibility of the drug. Disintegration of solid forms may be retarded by excessive pressure applied during the tableting procedure or by special coatings applied to protect the tablet from the digestive processes of the gut. Hydrophobic lubricants （eg, magnesium stearate） may bind to the active drug and reduce its bioavailability. 固体剂型的吸收主要是出于方便、经济、药物稳定性、及病人接受性的考虑，大多数药物都以片剂或胶囊剂口服给药。这些制剂必须经过崩解和溶解才能被吸收。崩解大大增加了药物与胃肠液的接触表面积，从而促进药物的溶解和吸收。在制药过程中,为了促进崩解和溶解作用，往往添加一些崩解剂和其他赋形剂（如稀释剂、润滑剂、表面活性剂、粘合剂、分散剂）。表面活性剂通过增加药物的吸湿性、溶解度和分散性来增加其溶解速率。在制片过程中压片压力过大，或为了使药片免受肠道消化作用的影响而使用特殊的包衣，可延缓固体剂型的崩解。忌水性润滑剂（如硬脂酸镁）可与活性药物结合而降低其生物利用度。 Dissolution rate determines the availability of the drug for absorption. When slower than absorption, dissolution becomes the rate-limiting step. Overall absorption can be controlled by manipulating the formulation. For example, reducing the particle size increases the drug's surface area, thus increasing the rate and extent of GI absorption of a drug whose absorption is normally limited by slow dissolution. Dissolution rate is affected by whether the drug is in salt, crystal, or hydrate form. The Na salts of weak acids （eg, barbiturates, salicylates） dissolve faster than their corresponding free acids regardless of the pH of the medium. Certain drugs are polymorphic, existing in amorphous or various crystalline forms. Chloramphenicol palmitate has two forms, but only one sufficiently dissolves and is absorbed to be clinically useful. A hydrate is formed when one or more water molecules combine with a drug molecule in crystal form. The solubility of such a solvate may markedly differ from the nonsolvated form; eg, anhydrous ampicillin has a greater rate of dissolution and absorption than its corresponding trihydrate. 溶解速率溶解速率决定药物吸收时的可用度。当溶解速率低于吸收速率时，溶解就会制约吸收。药物的总体吸收可通过改变配方来加以调控，例如，减小颗粒体积可增加药物的表面积，从而增加那些溶解缓慢吸收受限的药物的胃肠道吸收速率和分量。药物的不同形式，如盐、晶体或水合物等，都可影响溶解速率。不管介质的pH是多少，弱酸的钠盐（如巴比妥酸盐，水杨酸盐）比其相应的游离酸溶解得快。某些药物有多种形态，可以非晶体形或不同晶体形存在。棕榈酸氯霉素有两种存在形态，但只有一种形态能充分溶解吸收，也因而被临床使用。当一个或多个水分子和一个晶体形药物分子相结合时，就构成一种水合物。这种的溶解度可能与非水合物的溶解度有明显的不同。例如，无水氨苄西林的溶解速率和吸收比其它相应水合物的溶解吸收速率都要快得多。