s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
包括有：英语医学科技论文中分词、合成词作定语以及名词连缀的使用英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误英文医学科技论文中数词的用法及数字的写法外文斜体的使用方法 希望能帮助到你，望采纳！
据学术堂了解，在医学英语论文写作的过程中，主要应该注意论文的题目、摘要及引言三个部分。题目：概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项：英文题目以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成，例如The fabrication of…短语型题目要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准摘要：与结论不重复，体现整个文章的结论和思想，包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等摘要写作注意事项： 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论引言： 主要研究进展，有代表性的同行研究工作，自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足，前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献
（1）英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。2)说明方法和结果，一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。3）结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达，也可用主动语态表达。
医学论文是医学科学研究工作的文字记录和书面总结，是医学科学研究工作的重要组成部分。医学论文报道医学领域领先的科研成果;是医学科学研究工作者辛勤劳动的结晶，是人类医学科学发展和进步的动力。尤其是SCI论文，能使成果向国际上展示，并有可能被人采用和传播，为人类造福，因此，更具有意义与价值，那么一篇好的英文SCI医学论文改怎么写呢?今天小编就为大家一步步分析。英文SCI医学论文应注意的几大环节：写前准备Preparation， 论文结构 Structure， 论文文题Title， 摘要Abstracts， 引言Introduction， 文章主体Body of Paper， 结论 Conclusion， 和致谢Acknowledgement。1、Preparation就是收集资料，找出灵感和方向，主要依靠的是期刊和文献journal in library。2、Structure是重点，文章的结构应该：选题要宽，研究方向要窄，然后最后的结论又发散开来。在文章主体前后都必须有声明(declarativestatement)，用最少的字句表达出自己的观点，吸引读者。3、Title必须清晰简短(clear，short)，以提升读者的阅读兴趣，然而文题中切记不能出现缩略语和自己的结论。4、Abstracts 是文章的一个缩影，一定要简明扼要(可为一段文字，篇幅<200字)，按照文章顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计 (design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results)，这种介绍必须让非专业的人员能够看懂。5、引言同样要保证简短，顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介，其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面，而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节，因为这个要放到文章正文中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个声明。6、Body部分可以分为方法methods、讨论discussion和结果result三个部分：(1) Methods，详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程，对于通用的实验方案可以简略，重点要放到自己的独创方案上面，按照实验的先后顺序介绍，为了文章的阅读方便，不要使用过多层次的副标题subheadings。(2)Discussion，这个部分是为了以后的study ，在其中提出自己的 problem 或者是hypothesis，和别人的成果进行比较，暗示自己的主要收获，为后面的conclusion做准备。(3)Result，使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来，其中table不要使用过多，而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确，必要的时候还要对于自己的结论进行解释说明。7、Conclusion中不要包含文章未涉及的信息，保持简洁;如果此文章只是项目的一部分，稍做说明。在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误，是否考虑到了读者兴趣等。8、Acknowledgement，不要忘记，这个不仅反应了一个人的个人品质，还一定程度体现了研究水平。
有没有大纲啊，有的话就好说！
如何写好科研论文网课答案如下：
论点的基本要求是：作者的主张看法和观点；论据基本要求是：事实论据（名人事例）和道理论据（有权威性的名言，格言，诗句和俗句）；论证的基本要求是：对比说理、比喻说理和引证法。写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明它，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。
它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论；也可以先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论。这种写法叫总分式，是中学生经常采用的一种作文方式。
也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的疑问，然后一一作答，逐层深入，这是答难式的写法。还要以是作者有意把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论，这是对比式写法，通过对比更突显作者的观点。
议论文写作细节认真思考：
1、高瞻远瞩：站得高，看得远，不要就事论事。有时看上去好像没有什么，但认真分析一下还是能够发现问题。在看似没有问题的问题中发现了问题，这就是高瞻远瞩。
2、见微知著：也就是说，要从报微小的事物中看到一种发展的趋势，看到一种大的事情。
3、由表及里：要从表面深入到事物的本质进行分析。
4、由此及彼：有时两个事物看上去没有什么联系，其实他们有一定的内在联系，你要能把他们挂起钩来。
医学论文的写法如下：1、创新性医学论文的创新性是指文章要有新意，要发展医学成就，破解医学问题。医学论文有无创新，选题是关键。选题创新是医学论文写作的灵魂，是衡量医学论文价值的重要标准，新颖的题材会很加分。2、可行性所谓选题的可行性，是指能够充分发挥作者的综合条件和可以胜任及如期完成医学论文写作的把握程度。选题切忌好高鹭远，脱离实际，但也不应过低，影响主客观的正常发挥，降低了医学论文的水平。3、实用性撰写医学论文的目的是为了交流及应用。要从实际出发，选择能够指导科研、指导临床、造福人类的主题，因此，选题的实用性尤为重要。一是与临床联系的课题，二是可重复性。4、科学性医学论文是临床和医学科学研究工作的客观反映，其写作的具体内容应该是取材客观真实、主题揭示本质、科研设计合理、论证科学严谨、表达逻辑性强、过实践检验。所以，严格遵守选题的科学性原则，是医学论文写作的根本。
医学毕业论文写作技巧
导语：医学毕业论文写作的技巧有哪些呢?医学论文的标题要简明扼要，突出重点。下面是我分享的医学毕业论文写作的技巧，欢迎阅读!
人们读书看报，首先要看的是标题，题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好，简练又吸引人，才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首，句文之要”，被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展，医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁，在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”，国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此，学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能，指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略，以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能，促进学术交流。
1、突出主题原则及修辞策略
题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点，是读者最先得到的直接信息，即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此，标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求：简练和反映论文主题，英文标题应切题准确，反映文章的中心内容，便于索引，利于论文广泛流通。
好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用，还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题，在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此，在标题英译时，应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略：
在信息传递上，要充分反映论文的创新内容，重要内容前置，突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题，在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上，多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当，重要的词放在文题的起始，如association,application,determination，effect，detection，establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。
2、准确规范原则及修辞策略
准确是修辞的基本原则，也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则，因为学术研究特别强调准确，不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外，它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此，在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行，必须忠实地传达原文的内容，保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法：
首先，格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写，其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写，专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写，其余实词首字母大写，虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。
其次，选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比，医学英语术语特征相对明显，专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此，熟知医学英语术语，选择专业词汇，避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如，“先天性皮肤并指畸形”应译为“syndactylyoffingers”而不是“congenitalskinwebbedfingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和“Salviamiltiorrhiza”，而不是“DaHunag”和“DanShen”。另一方面，科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确，忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点，在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词，如用totransmit,toconvert,toobtain,toinsert,toconsume,toabsorb,application,sufficient,superior来替代常用的tosend,tochange,toget,toputin,touseup,totakein,use,enough,better。
此外，用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语，应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中，对缩写词的使用非常谨慎，对非公认的缩略词语，第一次出现必须先写全名，缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人：hepatitisCvirus(HCV)，维甲酸：all-transretinoicacid(ATRA)。
语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中，有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配，在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意，以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式，常见的搭配如：patientswith,casesof,operationon,curefor,responseto,effecton,researchin/into/on,approachto,observation(s)of/on/in,treatmentof等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。
3、简明有效原则及修辞策略
好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上，用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度，不可夸大其词，以偏概全，也不可缩小研究范围，以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手：
在信息处理上，遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果，即“作者应该写的都能写出来，读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”。
在选词用语上，文题力求语言精炼，中心词突出，一般在10个单词以内，通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略，但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名，医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有：名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。
由于医学英语要求客观和精确，一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是，医学英语强调注重有效的.语法和词汇修辞，如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容，应注意到语法结构上的对称，即名词与名词并列，动名词与动名词并列，不要混杂使用。例如：TheRoleofArthroscopyinDiagnosingandtheTreatmentofJointDiseasesinChildren(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为：TheRoleofArthroscopyintheDiagnosisandTreatmentofJointDiseasesinChildren。修改后两个动名词并列，既简化了文字，符合修辞原则，而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果，不仅使主题更加突出，而且还富有美感，引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子：
例1：“Clinical,physiological,andradiologicalstudyofanewpurpose-designedartificialbowelsphincter”
例2：“Socioeconomicstatus，standardofliving，andneuroticdisorder”
例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感，也明确了与中心词的修饰关系，既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确，读者能很快抓住论文的中心。
4、得体原则及修辞策略
一个修辞行为的有效性，还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范，是否符合言语交际环境的规定，是否符合社会交往的礼仪，是否符合文化的习俗，是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点，保持文体的严肃性，是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致，包括风格的一致，语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此，在医学论文标题英译时，要考虑其语法、修辞特点，尽可能体现出英语的固有风格，避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。
英文标题的写作可以不拘一格，但应突出主题，服从英语的表达习惯，避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如，汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊，而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值，缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料，不必谦虚客套。
汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号，而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中，在英语中大多放在副标题中，如：Posttransfusionhepatitis:Areportof60cases(输血后肝炎60例报告)。
由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响，在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语，题名英译时应省略“Regarding…”、“Observation(s)of…”、“Investigationof…”、“Studieson…”、“Research(es)on…”、“Somethoughtson…”、“Introductionto…”等冗余套语，使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。
名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态，这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中，定语置于中心词之前，而在英语中，“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如：葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效：EffectofGlucoseonNeuroblastomainVitroandinVivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定：DetectionofCreatineKinaseIsoenzymesInheartDisease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择：TimingofOsteosynthesisofMajorFractureinPatientswithSevereBrainInjury。
总之，标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容，提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题，作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度，还要掌握专业英语知识，熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点，熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法，在正确理解论文主旨的基础上，力求重点突出，行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。
1、科学性。所谓科学性就是要求论文资料详实、内容先进。科学性是医学论文的生命。如果论文失去了科学性，不管文笔多么流畅，辞藻多么华丽，都毫无意义，只能是人力和时间的浪费。
2、创新性。创新是医学论文的灵魂。能否为促进医学发展作贡献是衡量论文水平的根本标准。医学论文非常重要的一点就是要有新创见、新观点。医学论文不同于教科书及综述讲座之类的文章，而是在于学术交流，报到新发现，发表新方法、新理论。因此在内容中必须突出新字，对于已为人知的观点不必复述，而应突出阐明自己新的观点。
3、理论性。医学论文不仅是医学科学研究的总结，而且是一个在创造的过程。它不同于一般的科研记录或实验报告，而应提炼出指导医学科研活动及临床实践的经验教训，发现规律，并上升为理论，反过来指导实践。
4、简洁性。医学论文要求简洁，这不同于一般的文学作品，需要各种修辞手段和华丽的词藻，它要求行文严谨，重点突出，文字语言规范、简明，能用一个字表达清楚的就不用两个字，不滥用同义词和罕见词。文章尽可能简短，材料方法部分应简明扼要，结果部分可用较少的图表说明较多的问题，讨论部分不赘述已公认的东西，不重复已有的讨论。总之，用最短的文字说明要阐述的问题，以减少阅读时间，使读者用较短的时间获得更多的信息。
5、逻辑性。论文的逻辑性是指论题、论点、论据、论证之间的联系一环扣一环，循序撰写，首尾呼应，顺理成章，并做到资料完整，设计合理，避免牵强附会，虎头蛇尾，空洞无物。
6、可读性。写论文的目的就是进行学术交流，最终是给人看的，因此，论文必须具有可读性，即文字通顺，结构清晰，所用词汇具有专业性，而且是最易懂，最有表达了的字眼。使读者用较少的脑力和时间理解所表达的观点和结论，并留下深刻的影响。
学术论文写作步骤
一、材料准备
利用图书馆网站资源查阅有关的报刊目录索引、专题目录索引与年鉴等工具书以及制作文献目录卡片。卡片内容包含：
对于单行本，要包含出版单位，报纸包含发行的年月日。
二、确定文章结构
编写提纲的主要作用：
三、写作初稿
初稿的写作是论文形成过程中最艰苦阶段。初稿的目的是要把所有想写的内容全部表达出来，对全部数据和资料进行详细的分析、归类。从初稿的写作过程中还可及时发现前期文献研究工作有无不足或错误。
四、修改
修改是对论文初稿所写的内容不断加深认识，对论文表达形式不断优化，选择直至定稿的过程。 论文的修改不只是在语言修辞等枝节上自找毛病，对全文论点及论据进行再次锤炼和推敲也很重要。最后一步才是定稿。经过不断修改，确保论文达到一个基本满意的状态。
据学术堂了解，不少人对医学学术论文写作不是很了解，今天就给大家总结了医学学术论文写作的八个步骤，希望能帮助到大家。第一步,确定论文的选题从广义上说,选任何本专业范围内的题目都能够写出东西来,只要你有新观点、新发现、新角度、新研究方法、新材料等等.但是这后面的五新大大限制 了论文的选题.这是由于作者多数是第一次写这么长的学术论文,缺乏经验,也缺乏深厚的知识积累,难以把握;同时,二三万字这个条件也对选题有很大的制约,如果题目过大,无法在这个相对狭小的范围内展开.所以,选题是否得当,对于论文的成功,影响很大。第二步,文献检索其实就是围绕已经确定的论文选题,回顾相关的理论和研究.这一步的工作是较为艰苦的,需要有思想准备.这一步是必要的,如果没有这一步,你的论文内容很可能重复了别人已经做过的工作,等于白做;查找的过程,也是启发思路、产生观点火花的过程,不走这一步,等于掐掉了自己新观点、新视角、新材料的来源.这也是为下一步做观点、角度、材料上的准备.第三步,提出选题的理论假设,或要研究的具体问题选题是指准备写的论文的大体方向和范围,真要动手写作,就会遇到两类具体的问题.第一类属于观点方面的：我的具体观点是什么你可以设想出一个或几个观点,但它们仅仅是一种假设,通过许多证据、材料,通过严密的论证和适当的论证框架结构,证明你的假设是成立的,这才能形成论文的主体.第二类属于实用方面的：我要具体论证什么问题你可以提出许多原因、各种环境条件的影响,它们是不是与所论证的问题相关,相关到什么程度,这需要通过科学的调查和分析.不论哪一种情况,这涉及论文的中心思想或论证主题,一定要明确,并且贯穿论文的始终.第四步,研究方法决定人文社会科学的研究方法,大体可以归为两大范畴,思辨研究和实证研究,后者又可分为定性研究、定量研究两种具体的研究方法.人们为探究社会事实或社会现象,而采用不同的研究取向,不同的研究取向又有不同的研究方法,不同的研究假设、收集资料的方式和对结果的判断标准.但是各种研究方法在现在的论文写作中,已经越来越多地呈现相容和内在的连接.一般地说,根据自己的选题和讨论的具体问题,可以以一种研究方法为主,辅以其他的方法.第五步,设计论文框架结构一般文章的写作也需要有这一步,但对论文来说,更为必要,其要求也更细一些.一般情况下,一篇论文要有绪章、入题的第一章、主体章节,以及结束语.章节的设置在写前要有个大体的布局逻辑,使之结构合理;章和章之间有一种逻辑联系,防止盲目写下去,淹没主题,不知所云.这一步很少有一次完成的,往往会根据收集材料的情况、调查访问中遇到的新情况,经常变动.但是就像建筑师在盖房子前必须有图纸一样,到了写论文这个层次上,大体的文章框架不能仅仅存于脑子中,一般要形成文字,相对细致一些,具体到节更好(但节的层次开始时不要固定化),便于写作时心中有数.到了设计论文框架这一步,因为有了文字化的章节设计,除了请导师指导外,这是在正式动笔写前较广泛地征求其他专家意见的一个好机会.框架还不是厚厚的论文,看时花费的时间不多,又可以大体看出文章的价值或存在的问题.这时修改论文结构比写完后修改要轻松、容易得多,时间也较为宽余,不要错过这个机会.第六步,分析、归类,将分别充实到论文各部分中,再进行解释、论证这实际就是论文写作本身,所以这样描述,意在让作者理解论文写作的过程.各种材料和论据,不是天生就可以证明论点或说明具体问题的,需要通过作者对材料的组织和论证,才能使其变得富有生命力,极其自然、有力地为自己所论的题目服务.在这一步,需要温习一下学过的逻辑学或社会调查统计的知识,用正确的逻辑思维和严谨的数据组织方式,紧紧围绕已经确定的理论假设或具体问题,调动自己所学的各种知识,通过正论(这是主要的)、反论、设论、驳论、喻论等等手法,论证观点或问题,得出结论,完成论文.论证中肯定会出现种种材料使用或缺乏的问题、逻辑推理的问题、论据与论题不相配的问题等等,需要停下来再找材料和访问专家,充实或削减原来论文框架中的内容,必要时对框架结构进行局部调整.这种情形是正常的、经常发生的.在时间的安排上,对此要做出计划.如果时间安排不当,有时论文功亏一篑的原因就在于写作时间安排过紧,来不及调整论文结构,这很不值得.第七步,必要时重新估量选题,修正论证对象范围这是与第六步同时出现的另一种情形,即通过较为广泛地征求意见和本人的思考,感到原来的选题对自己不适当,或难以完成,那么就要及时调整整个论文写作的计划,改变选题.这种情形也是正常的,关键在于不要长时期犹豫不决,必须较快地做出决定,以便有时间重起炉灶.由于前面已经对本专业的学术研究有过较多的思考和文献检索,即使改变选题,重新做起,花费的时间不会很多,对此过多的担心是不必要的.选题不当、难以完成的另一种情况不在于选题本身,而在于选题论证的范围过大.解决这个问题并不难,把论证对象的范围缩小就是了.这里最大的障碍在于作者舍不得割爱,花费了许多功夫准备论文,一旦许多材料用不上,难以割舍.这种情况当然会涉及到重新设计论文框架结构的问题.不过,将较大的论证对象的范围缩小,总比相反的情形要容易得多.第八步,规范化的检查和调整文中的引证标示、注释及编号、文后的参考文献编排,以及不属于论文本身的内容提要(包括英文提要)、关键词等等,都要按照规范化的要求进行检查和调 整.这些虽然属于技术性问题,但也反映出作者的治学态度.特别是引证,凡是使用了别人观点的地方,都必须注明材料来源,不能含糊不清,更不能将别人的研究成果变成自己的.标明的材料来源也要十分清楚,论着名称、作者或编者、出版社或发表的刊物名称、出版或发表时间等等,一应俱全.
主题是什么，有哪些要求呢？建议你去资讯一下那些专业的机构。
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
医学论文是医学科学研究工作的文字记录和书面总结，是医学科学研究工作的重要组成部分。医学论文报道医学领域领先的科研成果;是医学科学研究工作者辛勤劳动的结晶，是人类医学科学发展和进步的动力。尤其是SCI论文，能使成果向国际上展示，并有可能被人采用和传播，为人类造福，因此，更具有意义与价值，那么一篇好的英文SCI医学论文改怎么写呢?今天小编就为大家一步步分析。英文SCI医学论文应注意的几大环节：写前准备Preparation， 论文结构 Structure， 论文文题Title， 摘要Abstracts， 引言Introduction， 文章主体Body of Paper， 结论 Conclusion， 和致谢Acknowledgement。1、Preparation就是收集资料，找出灵感和方向，主要依靠的是期刊和文献journal in library。2、Structure是重点，文章的结构应该：选题要宽，研究方向要窄，然后最后的结论又发散开来。在文章主体前后都必须有声明(declarativestatement)，用最少的字句表达出自己的观点，吸引读者。3、Title必须清晰简短(clear，short)，以提升读者的阅读兴趣，然而文题中切记不能出现缩略语和自己的结论。4、Abstracts 是文章的一个缩影，一定要简明扼要(可为一段文字，篇幅<200字)，按照文章顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计 (design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results)，这种介绍必须让非专业的人员能够看懂。5、引言同样要保证简短，顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介，其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面，而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节，因为这个要放到文章正文中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个声明。6、Body部分可以分为方法methods、讨论discussion和结果result三个部分：(1) Methods，详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程，对于通用的实验方案可以简略，重点要放到自己的独创方案上面，按照实验的先后顺序介绍，为了文章的阅读方便，不要使用过多层次的副标题subheadings。(2)Discussion，这个部分是为了以后的study ，在其中提出自己的 problem 或者是hypothesis，和别人的成果进行比较，暗示自己的主要收获，为后面的conclusion做准备。(3)Result，使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来，其中table不要使用过多，而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确，必要的时候还要对于自己的结论进行解释说明。7、Conclusion中不要包含文章未涉及的信息，保持简洁;如果此文章只是项目的一部分，稍做说明。在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误，是否考虑到了读者兴趣等。8、Acknowledgement，不要忘记，这个不仅反应了一个人的个人品质，还一定程度体现了研究水平。
医学英语论文的基本格式内容：Title-论文题目Author(s)-作者姓名Affiliation(s)and address(es)-联系方式Abstract-摘要Keywords-关键词Body-正文Acknowledgement-致谢References-参考文献Appendix-附录，可空缺Resume-作者简介，视刊物而定Covering letter投稿信其中正文为论文的主体部分，包括以下五部分：Introduction-引言/概述Materials and Methods-材料和方法Results-结果Discussion-讨论Conclusion-结论/总结2
主题是什么，有哪些要求呢？建议你去资讯一下那些专业的机构。
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。