首页 > 医学论文 > 英文医学论文写作教程教材pdf

英文医学论文写作教程教材pdf

发布时间:

英文医学论文写作教程教材pdf

英语医学科研论文的格式和要求

I.格式

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)

(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997,URMSBJ)(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版)*, 一篇生物医学科研论文(以下简称"论文")应包括以下12个部分:

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

9. Legends

and Methods 10. Figures

11. Tables

12. Plates and Explanations

II.要求

1.标题

A. 标题的要求

Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告诉你的同行确切研究了什么)

(America)Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.

The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters

China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words

要求:

(1) Short and concise(简明扼要):Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, . DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”,“浅谈”,“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准(GB-7713-87)要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例:Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系

(2)Informative(信息丰富):State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;

(3)Indexing(便于索引):Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 标题是读者检索文献的重要标识,是著录题录和索引等第二次文献的重要内容。标题中所选每一个实词必须是正确通用的术语,能提供文献检索,尽量包含关键词。要求尽量把关键词(索引词)安排在标题最前面或最后面的位置上

(4)Highlighting the head word. (突出中心词): 每条标题都有中心词,它们是能高度概括论文中心内容和主题的单词,要将其放在最显著突出的位置。中心词的内容一般是研究方法,研究对象,研究目的或效果,一般为名词,名词短语,分词短语或动名词短语。

例:Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 论卫生事业中的知识技术

Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鉴别力受损与颅内钙化——甲状旁腺功能逐渐减退

美国医学写作协会(American Medical Writers Association)医学论文写作要领中对于标题的说明是:

1、Introduce the article into the scientific literature

2、Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read

3、Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)

4、Must stand alone: no abbreviations

5、Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:

So start with : Effect of[explanatory variable(s) ]on [ response variable] under[conditions]”

6. 不同的医学期刊对标题的书写规则要求不同, 一般有两种形式:

1). Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases

2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver

标题中冠词的用法:

1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock

2). Carcinoma of the anal canal

Running title

B. 标题的结构

标题的结构一般都用名词作主干的名词短语型,这类标题结构中作为主干词的名词一般带有动词意义,有时也用完整句,以陈述句较多,偶尔也用疑问句。例:

Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治疗成年人突发性肝衰竭康复后呼吸窘迫综合症

Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表诊断晕厥

表示诊断,治疗方式或药物治疗的标题结构

这类标题中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名词都带有动词意义,后跟for, in, to, with 等引导的介词短语引出病名或接受诊治的部位及所使用的药物。例:

Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林辅助治疗春季结膜炎

Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼内异物的基本处理方法

(药物)治疗:A治疗B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)

A in the treatment/management of B;

treatment of B with A;

use of A in the treatment of B;

A therapy/treatment of B;

这种东西是没有教程的,要是有教程,你语文老师也一定全都教给你了 应该广泛阅读,才能厚积薄发

刚开始写文章的时候,总会是有种恐惧感。脑袋里思绪万千,可是真要表达出来,却总觉得一片空白。虽然看了一肚子的学术文章,但是写下来的文字就跟小说或者散文一样,零零碎碎地弄不成一片。那么多的术语也不知道怎么摆放才好。这种焦虑一开始多多少少都会有一些,都需要用时间和练习去弥补。写学术文章其实有点像编程。刚开始学习编程语言的时候,不明白语法规则,就不敢乱写。即使写了,编译器老是报错,找原因的时候又觉得语法规则怎么设计得那么复杂,找了半天都不知道是什么原因。但是当最终掌握了这门编程语言之后,写起代码来就是信手拈来了,该定义的自然而然就定义了,该用函数地方的就用函数了。不复杂的流程都可以边想边写了。复杂的流程,只要把逻辑想清楚了,一切似乎就是顺其自然地完成了。这个时候再回头看语法规则,又会觉得有规则限定就是好,要是代码写成了散文,调试起来会疯掉的。科研写作也是一个技术活,也要经历一个熟能生巧的过程,首先你要熟悉学术写作的基本方式。在能够基本上准确的传达信息的基础上,自然而然地就会开始发展自己的写作风格。不要一开始就去复制导师的写作风格,因为对问题的了解程度肯定是达不到的,强行去模仿别人的风格就会太牵强。同时在写文章的时候,就把文章当做一段代码来思考就行了,不用想的太复杂。不要把堆砌学术术语当作是写作的目标,成功的作家并不是要把事物用很复杂的方式呈现出来,而是准确的传递自己的信息。就跟写出来的代码主要是能正确的运行,写得好看不好看,那是下一步的要求了。比如读者看科技新闻或者文章的时候,也不会是抱着欣赏艺术的方式,而是能够很快的从中提取到自己有用的信息。在写作初期,多收集同事或者同行的反馈意见是最有用的,可以帮助自己发现各种各样的问题,然后才能在后续的写作中知道要提高什么。写作後期, 如过是英文论文,可以请专业的论文润色公司如英论阁 提供语言协助 收起

s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.

If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.

First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.

Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.

Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy

Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。

有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。

人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。

其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.

令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.

在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文

Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?

Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.

As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.

范文二:

My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。

英文医学论文写作教程教材

医学英语论文的基本格式内容:Title-论文题目Author(s)-作者姓名Affiliation(s)and address(es)-联系方式Abstract-摘要Keywords-关键词Body-正文Acknowledgement-致谢References-参考文献Appendix-附录,可空缺Resume-作者简介,视刊物而定Covering letter投稿信其中正文为论文的主体部分,包括以下五部分:Introduction-引言/概述Materials and Methods-材料和方法Results-结果Discussion-讨论Conclusion-结论/总结2

『附上几本,新华书店都有,不是网购的话,就要看经营点大不大,书目齐不齐了』书名:英语论文写作教程:基于国际标准的学术写作与发表出版社:清华大学出版社作者:戴福林Devlin著出版日期:2003-01-01简介:本书是一本高级英语学术写作教程。作者在较短的篇幅里融会了国际通用的写作标准与分析,简明扼要地介绍了如何在国际标准的框架下写作论文并发表。本书作者BrianDevlin是澳大利亚NorthernTerritoryUniversity大学的副教授,在美国哥伦比亚大学获得博士学位,具有较好的国际学术背景。本书的基础是Devlin博士在作为英语专家在清华大学外语系讲授“英语论文写作”课程期间的讲义。本书适合做英语专业研究生或本科生论文写作的教材,也可以作为其他专业硕士或博士研究生的英文写作参考书。书名:E英语论文写作作者:石坚//帅培天出版社:四川人民出版社出版日期:2005-5-1简介:从事高校英语写作教学及研究多年,一直心仪能有一整套供师生从低年级到高年级使用的写作教材。这套教材应包括基础英语写作、英语应用文写作和高级阶段的英语论文写作。作为基础阶段的教材,应从句子到段落,再到篇章,帮助学生打下坚实的英文写作基础;应用文写作则为增强学生应用英语进行交际的能力添砖加瓦;论文写作应从普通论文讲起,再到学术论文,初步培养学生从事学术研究,撰写学术文章的能力。《英语论文写作》正是这种创作冲动的产物。本书的主要对象是大学本科高年级学生,对其他英文学习和工作者而言,不乏为一部指导性的专著。这部专著/教材除努力体现上述愿望外,有以下几个特点:1、全书用第一人称写成,充分体现了人文精神,让使用者以平等的身份参与问题的讨论,增强写作道地英语论文的自信心。2、一些写作理论和技巧,从课文阐述转到了练习之中,从而减轻了说教式的讲解带给读者的枯燥感;同时,读者通过练习去探索,提取某种理论或技巧,会兴致勃勃,因为接下来的是一种成就感。3、在学会使用图书馆的章节里,直接用计算机时代美国先进的图书馆为例,给读者树立了一个很高的目标,这一点,相信每位科研工作者或准备从事科研者都不会有异议。书名:英语专业毕业论文写作指南出版社:武汉大学作者:陈春莲出版日期:2007-01-01简介:随着我国与国外的交往越来越频繁,越来越多的学者和科技工作者希望百己的学术文章和科研成果能够在国际刊物上发表或是在国际会议上宣读,而在校的大学生中,英语专业的学生必须用英语撰写毕业论文。怎样才能使用英语撰写的论文符合国际标准?本书作者根据多年指导英语专业本科生和研究生的毕业论文的经验,参照MLA(美国现代语言协会)所颁布的英语论文写作规范,编写了这本《英语专业毕业论文写作指南》,相信对广大用英语撰写论文的人会有所帮助。本书分为三大部分:论文写作计划、论文撰写格式、论文范文。本书适用于英语专业的大专生、继续教育生、本科生和研究生以及用英语撰写学术论文的科研人员。

新华书店网站搜索英语论文,最新出版的相关书:英语专业本科毕业论文写作实用手册作者:杜平,陈正伦 主编出版:哈尔滨工程大学出版 出版日期:2010年02月本书是针对英语专业本科毕业论文写作而编写的,本书的主要内容包括:毕业论文写作概要、本科毕业论文常用格式、毕业论文的选题、资料的收集和整理、毕业论文各部分的写作、毕业论文APA和MLA格式模板示例、毕业论文示例等。 本书可作为英语专业本科毕业论文写作的指导用书,也可作为英语学术论文写作的参考用书。英语专业毕业论文写作教程作者:张秀国出版:清华大学 出版日期:2010年02月英语论文写作是高校英语专业的一门必修课程,目的是使学生了解英语论文写作的一般过程和英语研究论文的写作格式,并掌握其写作规范。本书从切实培养和提高英语专业学生运用英语进行论文写作能力的目的出发而编写。本书分为9章:第1章为序言,简要介绍研究与研究论文的定义;第2章介绍论文写作的一般过程与步骤;第3章介绍论文包含的各个主要部分及其结构;第4章介绍论文的语言特点和文体风格;第5章介绍英语写作的技巧,涉及英语论文写作者常常忽略和经常感到困惑、容易出错的地方;第6章专论标点符号,讨论常用标点符号在各种情况英语专业毕业论文写作教程作者:张纪英等出版:华中科技 出版日期:2010年02月本书是在我们多年指导论文写作的经验基础上,研习英语学术论文写作理论,反复征求教师和学生的意见,通过开座谈会,作问卷调查,并归纳总结而写成的,力求全面、详细地介绍和阐述毕业论文撰写的全过程。内容包括撰写毕业论文的意义,毕业论文的类型及写作的基本要求和原则,论文的选题,资料的查阅和利用,论文的格式和写作的程序,论文的答辩及成绩评定。在第七章“专题毕业论文的写作与评析”里,我们分别介绍了“英美文学”、“翻译理论与实践”、“英语语言”、“英语教学法”和“语言与文化”五个专题的一些基本的专业知识及相关论文如何撰写英语文学研究论文(英文写作教材)作者:凡博出版:四川大学 出版日期:2010年02月毕业论文是高等教育的重要环节,是对大学生(研究生)在校期间学习成绩的综合检验。毕业论文也是学术论文的类型之一,与科学研究工作密切相关:它记录并再现科学研究的过程和方法,描述研究成果;在学理上对研究对象做“尽可能的探讨和研究”,在背景上做“详尽无遗的调查”,从而达到内容创新,“全面订正和给确定结论的目的”。阅读本书,有助于全面了解撰写毕业论文的知识和方法,尽快进入写作状态,写出优秀的毕业论文。本书也可供撰写学位论文和其他学术论文者参考。

英文医学论文写作教程pdf

s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.

If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.

First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.

Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.

Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy

Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。

有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。

人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。

其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.

令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.

在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文

Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?

Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.

As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.

范文二:

My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。

医学英语论文的基本格式内容:Title-论文题目Author(s)-作者姓名Affiliation(s)and address(es)-联系方式Abstract-摘要Keywords-关键词Body-正文Acknowledgement-致谢References-参考文献Appendix-附录,可空缺Resume-作者简介,视刊物而定Covering letter投稿信其中正文为论文的主体部分,包括以下五部分:Introduction-引言/概述Materials and Methods-材料和方法Results-结果Discussion-讨论Conclusion-结论/总结2

学术论文写作步骤

一、材料准备

利用图书馆网站资源查阅有关的报刊目录索引、专题目录索引与年鉴等工具书以及制作文献目录卡片。卡片内容包含:

对于单行本,要包含出版单位,报纸包含发行的年月日。

二、确定文章结构

编写提纲的主要作用:

三、写作初稿

初稿的写作是论文形成过程中最艰苦阶段。初稿的目的是要把所有想写的内容全部表达出来,对全部数据和资料进行详细的分析、归类。从初稿的写作过程中还可及时发现前期文献研究工作有无不足或错误。

四、修改

修改是对论文初稿所写的内容不断加深认识,对论文表达形式不断优化,选择直至定稿的过程。 论文的修改不只是在语言修辞等枝节上自找毛病,对全文论点及论据进行再次锤炼和推敲也很重要。最后一步才是定稿。经过不断修改,确保论文达到一个基本满意的状态。

医学论文是医学科学研究工作的文字记录和书面总结,是医学科学研究工作的重要组成部分。医学论文报道医学领域领先的科研成果;是医学科学研究工作者辛勤劳动的结晶,是人类医学科学发展和进步的动力。尤其是SCI论文,能使成果向国际上展示,并有可能被人采用和传播,为人类造福,因此,更具有意义与价值,那么一篇好的英文SCI医学论文改怎么写呢?今天小编就为大家一步步分析。英文SCI医学论文应注意的几大环节:写前准备Preparation, 论文结构 Structure, 论文文题Title, 摘要Abstracts, 引言Introduction, 文章主体Body of Paper, 结论 Conclusion, 和致谢Acknowledgement。1、Preparation就是收集资料,找出灵感和方向,主要依靠的是期刊和文献journal in library。2、Structure是重点,文章的结构应该:选题要宽,研究方向要窄,然后最后的结论又发散开来。在文章主体前后都必须有声明(declarativestatement),用最少的字句表达出自己的观点,吸引读者。3、Title必须清晰简短(clear,short),以提升读者的阅读兴趣,然而文题中切记不能出现缩略语和自己的结论。4、Abstracts 是文章的一个缩影,一定要简明扼要(可为一段文字,篇幅<200字),按照文章顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计 (design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results),这种介绍必须让非专业的人员能够看懂。5、引言同样要保证简短,顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介,其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面,而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节,因为这个要放到文章正文中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个声明。6、Body部分可以分为方法methods、讨论discussion和结果result三个部分:(1) Methods,详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程,对于通用的实验方案可以简略,重点要放到自己的独创方案上面,按照实验的先后顺序介绍,为了文章的阅读方便,不要使用过多层次的副标题subheadings。(2)Discussion,这个部分是为了以后的study ,在其中提出自己的 problem 或者是hypothesis,和别人的成果进行比较,暗示自己的主要收获,为后面的conclusion做准备。(3)Result,使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来,其中table不要使用过多,而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确,必要的时候还要对于自己的结论进行解释说明。7、Conclusion中不要包含文章未涉及的信息,保持简洁;如果此文章只是项目的一部分,稍做说明。在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误,是否考虑到了读者兴趣等。8、Acknowledgement,不要忘记,这个不仅反应了一个人的个人品质,还一定程度体现了研究水平。

医学论文英文写作教程pdf

医学英语论文的基本格式内容:Title-论文题目Author(s)-作者姓名Affiliation(s)and address(es)-联系方式Abstract-摘要Keywords-关键词Body-正文Acknowledgement-致谢References-参考文献Appendix-附录,可空缺Resume-作者简介,视刊物而定Covering letter投稿信其中正文为论文的主体部分,包括以下五部分:Introduction-引言/概述Materials and Methods-材料和方法Results-结果Discussion-讨论Conclusion-结论/总结2

《英文科技论文写作与学术报告 - 清华大学》百度网盘免费资源下载

链接:

英文科技论文写作与学术报告 - 清华大学| Lecture 3 - Part | Lecture 3 - Part | Lecture 3 - Part | Lecture 2 - Part | Lecture 2 - Part | Lecture 2 - Part | Lecture 1 - Part | Lecture 1 - Part | Lecture 4 - Part | Lecture 4 - Part | Lecture 4 - Part | Lecture 1 - Part | Summary by| Summary by

医学论文是医学科学研究工作的文字记录和书面总结,是医学科学研究工作的重要组成部分。医学论文报道医学领域领先的科研成果;是医学科学研究工作者辛勤劳动的结晶,是人类医学科学发展和进步的动力。尤其是SCI论文,能使成果向国际上展示,并有可能被人采用和传播,为人类造福,因此,更具有意义与价值,那么一篇好的英文SCI医学论文改怎么写呢?今天小编就为大家一步步分析。英文SCI医学论文应注意的几大环节:写前准备Preparation, 论文结构 Structure, 论文文题Title, 摘要Abstracts, 引言Introduction, 文章主体Body of Paper, 结论 Conclusion, 和致谢Acknowledgement。1、Preparation就是收集资料,找出灵感和方向,主要依靠的是期刊和文献journal in library。2、Structure是重点,文章的结构应该:选题要宽,研究方向要窄,然后最后的结论又发散开来。在文章主体前后都必须有声明(declarativestatement),用最少的字句表达出自己的观点,吸引读者。3、Title必须清晰简短(clear,short),以提升读者的阅读兴趣,然而文题中切记不能出现缩略语和自己的结论。4、Abstracts 是文章的一个缩影,一定要简明扼要(可为一段文字,篇幅<200字),按照文章顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计 (design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results),这种介绍必须让非专业的人员能够看懂。5、引言同样要保证简短,顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介,其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面,而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节,因为这个要放到文章正文中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个声明。6、Body部分可以分为方法methods、讨论discussion和结果result三个部分:(1) Methods,详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程,对于通用的实验方案可以简略,重点要放到自己的独创方案上面,按照实验的先后顺序介绍,为了文章的阅读方便,不要使用过多层次的副标题subheadings。(2)Discussion,这个部分是为了以后的study ,在其中提出自己的 problem 或者是hypothesis,和别人的成果进行比较,暗示自己的主要收获,为后面的conclusion做准备。(3)Result,使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来,其中table不要使用过多,而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确,必要的时候还要对于自己的结论进行解释说明。7、Conclusion中不要包含文章未涉及的信息,保持简洁;如果此文章只是项目的一部分,稍做说明。在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误,是否考虑到了读者兴趣等。8、Acknowledgement,不要忘记,这个不仅反应了一个人的个人品质,还一定程度体现了研究水平。

英语医学论文写作教程pdf

根据学术堂的了解,在动手书写学位SCI医学论文之前,首先要在头脑里详细构思SCI医学论文的整体结构,多参考其他的SCI医学论文的写法,列出详细的提纲,并尽可能的详细,这样在动笔开始写作以后就不会脱题。建议作者在序言部分参考外文期刊所发表的 SCI医学论文的序言部分,要充分认识到序言部分的难度和重要性。因为每个研究者对于自己的研究技术方案、技术路线、实验过程、技术成果等很熟悉,心中一般都有数,容易表现出来。而序言部分要概括、总结和分析他人的工作,还要论述自己的观点,难度相当大。国内刊物发表的SCI医学论文,一般不太注重序言部分,学位SCI医学论文的序言也是相互搬迁的较多。因此,要提高SCI医学论文质量和水平,一定要在认真参考外文期刊文章的基础上,充分思考,可以先尽量写详细,然后根据需要再精简。不要开始简单,后来再修修补补,就难以形成系统性。还需要注意的是SCI医学论文摘要是SCI医学论文的意义、内容、特点的高度概括,500字左右的摘要应该简明扼要。还有,SCI医学论文要尽可能多的利用图形、表格、公式、数据表达意思,说明原理、方案等,有助于读者理解内容。SCI医学论文在评论他人的研究工作时,一定要客观,避免引起纠纷。特别是谈论其不足和缺点时,一定要慎重,没有把握时,且不可凭感觉或印象随意发表评论。参考文献中列出的文献,应尽可能的标注在SCI医学论文中。另外,一般对SCI医学论文的创新性没有特别的要求,但特点总应该有的,即使利用现成的方法、原理、工艺解决了生产或研究中的某个问题,也算有实用的特点。作者应尽力将研究工作的特点或创新点暴露给读者,有的研究生为了显示SCI医学论文的重要性,也不管是不是特点和创新点,列出一大串的特点和创新点,而有的根本不是特点和创新点。实际上,作为SCI医学论文,只要选题有一定的意义和工作量,作者能够独立完成,没有错误,有特点就符合基本要求,创新点或特点有2-3个就相当不错了。

科学论文是科研成果的主要产出形式。撰写科学论文是一个科学工作者必须具有的基本功。学习撰写科学论文是每一个研究生的必修课,但必须通过实践才能学好。下面上学吧论文查重分析一下sci论文写作技巧,欢迎查看。什么是sci论文?sci(scientific citation index)是美国科学信息研究所(isi)编辑出版的引文索引类刊物,创刊于1964年。分印刷版、光盘版和联机板等载体。印刷版、光盘版从全球数万种期刊中选出3300种科技期刊,涉及基础科学的100余个领域。每年报道60余万篇最新文献,涉及引文900万条。进入sci这一刊物的论文即为sci论文。sci选录刊物的依据是文献分析法,即美国情报学家加费尔德提出的科学引文分析法。该分析法以期刊论文被引用的频次作为评价指标,被引频次越高,则该期刊影响越大。在一定时期(通常是前两年)内,某一刊物发表的论文,被已经进入sci刊物的论文所引用的总次数,除以该刊物这一时期内的论文总数,即为该刊物的影响因子。isi对全球的自然科学刊物进行考察,凡影响因子大于某一临界值的刊物,则可以进入sci系统。进入sci系统的刊物分为两类,即内圈和外圈,前者的影响因子高于后者,前者称为sci刊物,后者称为scisearch刊物。sci刊物还分为影响因子高区(大于)、中区(在和之间)和低区(小于)3类。衡量期刊特性的,除了影响因子外,还有及时指数(immidiacy index)和被引用半衰期(cited half life)。及时指数是指一种期刊当年发表的文献在当年被引用的次数与当年的文献总数之比。此指标表示期刊论文所述的研究课题在当前的热门程度。被引用的半衰期是指一种期刊各年发表的文献,在当年被引用次数逐年累计达到被引用总数的50%所用的年数。被引用半衰期反映期刊论文研究题目的延续时间,即期刊论文时效性的长短,或知识更新的快慢。在选择投稿的刊物时,可以综合考虑以上各个指标。sci论文的重要性:随着全球化,科学研究也日益全球化,sci论文是进行国际科学交流的重要方式,也是使国际同行了解我们的主要渠道发表sci论文,可以向世界显示我国基础研究的实力,提高我国在世界科学界的地位。在世界著名刊物如nature和science上发表一篇重要文章,对于某一学科而言,其意义不亚于在国际比赛中取得一块金牌。发表sci论文的多少和论文被引用率的高低,是国际上通用的评价基础研究成果水平的标准,是招聘、提升、考核、评奖的重要指标。就基础研究而言,在什么样档次的刊物上发表的论文,便具有什么样档次的水平,一目了然,一般不再需要鉴定。如果成果不是在国际知名的sci刊物上发表,便很难被认为是国际水平的。发表sci或ssci论文是与资源所基础研究领域博士生取得博士学位的必要条件。也是联系出国深造时使国外导师了解自己的最好方式。好文章的起码要求:clear: 思路清晰、概念清楚、层次清楚、表达清楚complete:内容完整、结构完整匀称,切忌虎头蛇尾,有始无终correct:科学内容正确(不出错)、资料数据正确(数据可靠、可信)、语言正确(无语法错)concise:论述深刻、充分揭示其科学内涵、使用定量方法怎样撰写向sci刊物投稿的科学论文?据估计,属于语言和写法方面的原因而退稿的,占30-40%;属于实质性内容的原因而退稿的,占60-70%。为了有的放矢,应该首先分析向sci刊物投稿命中率低、退稿率高的原因:无新意,重复他人工作(国际刊物最欢迎的是具有原始创新性的工作);有新的发现,但未能很好地提炼、升华并上升到理论的高度;单纯的定性描述,缺乏定量的、理论的分析;仅仅是区域性(local)的工作,而不是具有普遍意义、可以推广到其他地方的的工作(general),即仅仅是国外方法在中国某一地区的应用,而不是提出新的方法;文章组织得不好,文字功夫欠佳,国外审稿人难以看懂。怎样使研究工作具有新意?采用新技术、新仪器对自然过程进行观测,取得新资料;对新资料进行分析,提出新概念;在新概念的基础上建立新理论。用新的思路、理论或方法对前人取得的观测资料进行分析,得到新的结论。立足于我国特有的自然条件(如黄土高原、黄河、青藏高原、喀斯特地貌等),发现新的自然现象和自然规律。对前人建立的模式或理论提出质疑,建立修正的模式。怎样对观测资料进行提炼、升华?以新的理论、概念为指导。如地貌学的临界理论、复杂响应理论。建立模型:经验统计模型;有物理基础的模型;模糊模型;系统动力学模型;灰色系统模型;分形模型;人工神经网络模型等。在资料分析的基础上,提出新概念、新方法、新理论。在gis平台上进行研究成果的集成与表达。怎样进行文章的组织?文章的结构语言图表提要:研究的主要科学问题和目的、方法,主要发现、结果、结论。应具有自明性。关键词:准确、规范、不要太偏(否则会影响文章的引用)前言:提出问题介绍论文的背景,本领域的前人研究与现状,尚有哪些问题有待解决,进而提出本文研究的问题和目标。方法(理论或观测技术)所取得的资料(资料是如何取得的,对资料精度的分析)分析与结果(逻辑推理、理论推导、建立模型、模型的验证);结论。语言:使用严格的科学术语,不使用未经定义的似是而非的说法,对于自己首次提出的概念要给出明确的定义;语言要准确,少用语言,切忌将科学术语生硬地译回到中去,使国外审稿人不知所云;要有较强的逻辑性,推理要由充足的理由(已知的原理或事实的依据),不要做大跨度的跳跃。可以看一点逻辑学的书,包括数理逻辑,以提高思维的严密性。写出地道英语论文的窍门:多读,多记,多背,不妨采用小学生学作文的方法,多背一些句子甚至段落。当语言掌握到一定程度时,可直接写出英文,而不要先写中文,再逐句甚至逐词。只有能用英语思维的人才能写出好的英文。多投稿,国外审稿人常会对语言进行修改,与你的写法对照,会有很大收获。图表:地图是地理学家的特殊语言,是地理研究成果的结晶。用相关图、变化曲线、分布图来表示所取得的成果,比语言叙述要直观得多,而且也更加具有定量意义。如果还是有不懂的可以去上学吧论文查重,里面有更多的相关知识

医学英语论文的基本格式内容:Title-论文题目Author(s)-作者姓名Affiliation(s)and address(es)-联系方式Abstract-摘要Keywords-关键词Body-正文Acknowledgement-致谢References-参考文献Appendix-附录,可空缺Resume-作者简介,视刊物而定Covering letter投稿信其中正文为论文的主体部分,包括以下五部分:Introduction-引言/概述Materials and Methods-材料和方法Results-结果Discussion-讨论Conclusion-结论/总结2

结论:网络整理所得,仅供学习交流

  • 索引序列
  • 英文医学论文写作教程教材pdf
  • 英文医学论文写作教程教材
  • 英文医学论文写作教程pdf
  • 医学论文英文写作教程pdf
  • 英语医学论文写作教程pdf
  • 返回顶部