人工翻译，请放心采纳整体来说，药理学涵盖历史、来源、物理和化学性质、混配，生化和生理效果、作用机理、吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄，以及药物治疗及其他用途的知识。因为一种药物大体上被定义为影响生命过程的任何化学制剂，药理学的学科主体显然相当广泛。可是，对于医生和医学学生，药理学的范围并不如上面定义指出的那么宽泛。临床医生主要对预防、诊断和治疗人类疾病有用的药物感兴趣，或对于预防怀孕有用的药物感兴趣。他对这些药物的药理学的研究可以合理地限制在为其合理的临床用途提供基础的那些方面。
The afferent disease in brain in heart has become the high outbreak, the blood fills the 通 injects the liquid is an afferent paroxysm in brain in heart in clinical treatment in hospital to use the one of the medicines blood fills main composition in通 as 3 7 total soap 苷 , have the live blood spread the 癖 , the vein of 通 limbers up the medicine reason research confirms this article has the to build up hat vein blood measureses and extend blood vessel, lower the artery blood pressure and lower the myocardial consume oxygen measure, repress blood platelets come together, lower the blood glues a for the fat ⅰ in笠 in� in鲅 in艹 in� in full circle in⒛ in ? in疾 in管 in血 in脑 in性 in血 in缺 in性 in急 in括 in包 in afferent disease in brain the ⑻ drive 炯笆 oil �ぞ猜鲎枞�燃膊〉闹瘟啤 Pass the blood that study the 通 fill the medicine injects liquid reason medicine, clinical application, bad reaction and prevention and cure measure etc. aspect, fill for the blood the reasonable that 通 inject liquid use the medicine the offering according to, for clinical use the medicine safety offering guarantee.或Abstract: cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have become a high incidence, Xuesaitong injection in a hospital clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases one of the main drugs. Xuesaitong major components for the PNS, with Huoxue casual addiction, Tongmai active effectiveness. Pharmacological studies confirm that the goods have increased coronary blood flow, the expansion of blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, inhibiting platelet aggregation, lower blood viscosity role. For cerebral vascular diseases, including acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease, cerebral vascular hemorrhage after-effects, paralysis and diseases such as retinal vein occlusion treatment. Through research Xuesaitong injection of pharmacological properties, clinical applications, adverse reactions and control measures, in order Xuesaitong injection provide a basis for rational drug use for clinical drug safety guarantee. Key words: Xuesaitong injection, clinical application, adverse reactions, control measures或Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have become a high incidence, Xuesaitong injection in a hospital clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases one of the main drugs. Xuesaitong major components for the PNS, with Huoxue casual addiction, Tongmai active effectiveness. Pharmacological studies confirm that the goods have increased coronary blood flow, the expansion of blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, inhibiting platelet aggregation, lower blood viscosity role. For cerebral vascular diseases, including acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease, cerebral vascular hemorrhage after-effects, paralysis and diseases such as retinal vein occlusion treatment. Through research Xuesaitong injection of pharmacological properties, clinical applications, adverse reactions and control measures, in order Xuesaitong injection provide a basis for rational drug use for clinical drug safety guarantee.
Abstract: Heart blood vessel of brain disease has become the high morbidity, the thrombosis passes the inoculation fluid is one of hospital clinical treatment heart blood vessel of brain disease main thrombosis passes the principal constituent is 37 total soap glucoside, has invigorates the blood to disperse the hobby, promotes blood circulation the detachable pharmacology research confirmed this has the enhancement crown arteries blood stream quantity, the expansion blood vessel, reduces the arterial blood pressure, reduces the cardiac muscle oxygen consumption capacity, the suppression blood platelet accumulation, reduces the blood viscosity in the blood vessel of brain disease including the acute anemic blood vessel of brain disease, the blood vessel of brain hemorrhage sequela, the paralysis and disease and so on retina vein blocking treatments. Passes the inoculation fluid through the research thrombosis the pharmacology property of a medicine, the clinical practice, responded not good and aspects and so on preventing and controlling measure, pass the inoculation fluid for the thrombosis the reasonable medication to provide the basis, provides the guarantee safely for the clinical medication. Key word: The thrombosis passes the inoculation fluid, the clinical practice, responded not good, preventing and controlling measure
药物药理学文献：Abstract: detoxification Vitamin Tablets (approval of the text: State Yao Zhunzi Z20026566) is a composition of compound ingredients Shisan Wei, head of its function as "Qingrejiedu, replenishing liver and kidney. Heat for leukemia drug Yung-sheng, liver and kidney Card and a lack of radiotherapy and chemotherapy-induced blood cells to reduce Dengzheng "In order to better guide clinical treatment, according to the symptoms of such disease and the characteristics of the drug, focusing on 27 and retrieval of leukemia related to pharmacology literature, and all experiments And the use of oral compound related to administration, including oral mice, gavage and in vitro experiments, the compound used in medicines and Shi Sanwei the experimental leukemia treatment. The results showed that: Liuwei with killing leukemia cells, with 10 flavor increase immune function, improve the shamisen with hematopoietic system, Bawei can inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and the taste of the two anti-fatigue effect. This is the "antidote Viacom film" The clinical application provided further evidence. Key words: "detoxification Vitamin Tablets", pharmacology, leukemia, immune function, blood system, pathogenic microorganisms, anti-fatigue, Summary Leukemia is a malignant hematopoietic system diseases. Characterized by bone marrow or other blood organizations, the WBC and a series of naive cells unrestricted dysplasia (known as leukemia cells). Invasion of the body organs and blood into the liquid, caused clinical manifestations and the surrounding blood leukocyte change. In order for patients suffering from the early, according to "Quxie, centralizer, to improve efficiency, and detoxification" Pharmacodynamic study of requirements, we antidote to Viacom-prescription medicines Shi Sanwei in the composition of the 627 study of literature, summed up the specific Are as follows: • anti-tumor effect (A), the Northeast "Guanzhong": the extract on a variety of transplanted animals inhibited the tumor, research shows that the Guanzhong B is part of an effective anti-tumor. Films detect oxygen electrode, Guanzhong B P 388 significantly reduced oxygen consumption rate of leukemia cells, mitochondria may be its anti-tumor effect of a target cell [1]. Northeast Guanzhong extract of the Northeast Guanzhong suppression of DNA synthesis, Lewis lung cancer in mice and P 388 leukemia effective. The compound used in the "Mian Ma Guanzhong" to the same family belong to the substitutes, and has since been contained in the 2000 Pharmacopoeia. (2), Qingdai: its active ingredient indirubin has anti-tumor activity, is on the clinical treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) of effective drugs. Use of radionuclide tag (3 H-TdR, 3 H-uR, 3 H-leucine), respectively incorporation of the tumor DNA, RNA and protein research shows that the method, indirubin can inhibit the slow tablets and tablets of urgency Patients with leukemia cells, W 256 solid tumors in rats, mice liver and ascites EAC cancer cell synthesis of DNA metabolism, a slight suppression of RNA synthesis, protein synthesis no significant impact [3-5]. (3), Hedyotis diffusa: its crude preparation, in vitro only in high concentration under the EAC cancer, leukemia Yoshida sarcoma and a variety of cancer cells inhibited [6-8]. (4), Scutellaria barbata: Blue Screening test-tube experiments show that the tablets cell acute leukemia (AML) have mild blood cells inhibited use of respirators screening experiments show that the blood cells of AML inhibitory rate of more than 75 % [9]. (5), Wumei: The main ingredients of this compound for chronic, such as cervical cancer tumors have a certain effect, to further confirm the anti-tumor activity on its composition and role of an effective mechanism, it was the people of the original giant leukocyte (HIM eg ) And human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL 60) for the study, conducted in vitro. Counting from living cells and cloning experiments can be seen its rate of water and alcohol extracts of the HIMeg and HL 60 cells have a direct role in inhibiting the growth [10]. (6), artesunate: The row with law and in vitro cloning research artemisinic acid and derivatives of the four artesunate B - compounds A, B, C, D on a variety of cell lines cytotoxicity. When the four kinds of compounds concentration of 5 μ g / ml, its P 388 mouse leukemia cells inhibited the rate of more than 85% [11]. Artemisinic acid (Ⅰ) of hydroxyl in the derivatives after a ene-a-lactone of a pair of six Central to the poor vary purchase of (Ⅱ, Ⅲ), Ⅱ after a reduction in a heterogeneous in Ester (Ⅳ, Ⅴ), Ⅱ further oxidation in a post-hydroxy-lactone (Ⅵ). Compounds Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅵ in vitro small P 388 leukemia cells have anti-tumor activity, and Ⅰ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ no. The concentration of 10 μ g / ml and 1 μ g / ml when, Ⅱ P 388 to inhibit cell growth rate of 100% and 42%; Ⅵ inhibition rate was 100 per cent and 47 per cent [14]. • immune function of (A), Qingdai: its active ingredient indirubin 200 mg / kg sc, for 6 d, to enhance tumor-bearing rats were swallowed up by macrophages in the role of chicken red blood cells [12]. (2), Hedyotis diffusa: mice fed with aqueous extract of its crude 0, 6g (Pharmacognosy) / only to enhance the peritoneal fluid swallowed up by white Staphylococcus leukemia in the ability of [13]. Rabbit in the ability of interleukin engulfed in bacteria, fed with water decoction group than the control group increased more than three times [14, 15]. In vitro tests can enhance people in the blood of the WBC, Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosis [16]. (C), Scutellaria barbata: The goods were obtained from the polysaccharides in vitro can promote the concanavalin A (ConA) spleen cells in mice induced lymphocyte transformation, the optimal concentration of 400 r / ml [17]. (4), Astragalus: decoction of 50%, / only ig, can accelerate the mice injected into the blood plasma protein marker 131 I dissection of the role that their organizations giant嗜the liver and spleen cells could enhance the role of phagocytosis [18 ]; Decoction of the goods 100% ml / only ig, can promote mice嗜phagocytic giant chicken RBC role [19]; decoction of the goods 25 g / kg ig, giant嗜will enhance the role of phagocytosis [20] ; Decoction of the goods 10 μ g / ml concentration of cell culture cancer patients, rats injected into the skin, significantly enhancing its local graft-versus-host reaction, that the goods on the T-cell immune function is to promote the role [21]. (5), Chinese wolfberry son: an ultra-dose sheep red blood cells (SRBC) immunoassay (SOI) show that the appropriate dose of old mice LBP inhibit T cells (Ts) significantly regulation, enhance the activity of Ts cells [22 ]. Through the Yc Rose and EA rosette forming the rate of confirmed LBP10mg/kg gavage to mice, for 7 d, can significantly increase the macrophage C 3b and the Fc receptor number and vitality, and can weaken into acetic acid Hydrocortisone on macrophage C 3b Fc receptor and the inhibition [23]. (6), artemisinin: its suspension 450 mg / kg ip, for 6 d, the sheep red blood cells in mice sensitized enhance the role of delayed-type hypersensitivity; 300 ~ 600mg/kg ip, Rose specific immune suppression in mice Flower forming, inhibit hemolytic plaque formation for the suspension of the , , in vitro and promote transformation of lymphocytes, immune cells that promote the humoral immunity and are inhibited [24]. (7), the LDC Fuling; the humoral immune response without inhibition, but the option of inhibiting cell immune response. Its water extract of the antigen sensitization after the attack and after treatment were significantly curbed Picryl chloride (pc) mice contact dermatitis and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by the reaction of the foot, when the role of administration after the attacks more Strong. In addition, the goods on the formation of antibodies in mice SRBC cells had no significant impact, but its hemolytic plaque clearly than the control group, at the same time, the level of serum hemolysin not decreased, and was an upward trend in [25]. Fuling compound soil water, alcohol extract of gavage can inhibit the rat egg white and Carrageenan foot swelling [26]. (8), Cistanche: decoction of oral prednisolone to enhance the low Yang mice humoral and cellular immune function [27]; enhanced single-core - macrophage phagocytosis [28]; their water extract of 50 mg / kg, 100mg/kg gavage to mice, can significantly increase the weight of the spleen and thymus, enhanced macrophage phagocytosis, increase hemolysin and hemolytic plaque value, increase lymphocyte transformation rate, 3 H-TdR incorporation The increase in lymphocytes, enhanced mice delayed hypersensitivity, but also increased peritoneal macrophages in the CAMP level, lower level of CGMP, CAMP / CGMP ratio increased, this may be its enhanced peritoneal macrophages Phagocytosis one of the reasons [29]. (9), Dodder: its extract / kg ig, for 6 d, burn mice can be enhanced macrophage phagocytosis, an increase of serum antibody hemolysin spleen cells and enhance the proliferation of ConA [30]. (10), Bajitian: Wen Jinji 64 g / kg / day orally, can minors thymus atrophy, 10g/kg / day intraperitoneal injection, the thymus atrophy is also very significant, Bajitian 50 percent ethanol extract Of 60 g / kg / day of oral also make a minor thymus atrophy [31]. Its decoction, for delivery 10 days, but can inhibit the thymus atrophy and increase the number of leukocytes in the blood of the function [32]. . Microbial resistance of the role of (1), Mian Ma Guanzhong: decoction with test-tube dilution, 1: 800 to 1: 160 pairs of various types of influenza viruses have different degrees of inhibition [33]; decoction of its chicken test in 1: 104-105 Concentration of PR8 strain of influenza A virus, A virus in Asia have a strong effect [34]. (2), Qingdai: ethanol extract g / ml concentration in vitro test for Bacillus anthracis, pneumonia bacteria, Shigella dysentery bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus aureus are white inhibition [35]; effective Effects of one element of wool-like Microsporum, breaking the Xuanjun, red Xuanjun, floc inhibit epidermal Xuanjun, the minimum inhibitory concentration for 5 μ g / ml [36]. (C), Hedyotis diffusa: In vitro antibacterial activity is not significant, only Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella are weak role [37]. High concentrations can inhibit the water decoction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Proteus the growth of many other common pathogenic role of the weak [38]. The rabbit test appendicitis a better effect [39]. (4), Scutellaria barbata: 50% decoction with flat-ditch, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella's blessing, typhoid bacteria, pus antibacterial Green, E. coli inhibit [40]. (5), Wumei: Screening of in vitro found that inhibit a variety of pathogens such as E. coli-dysentery, typhoid bacteria, Bacillus paratyphoid, whooping cough bacteria, such as meningococcus [41-45]. (6), Astragalus: decoction of 50% / only ig, for 2 d, with parainfluenza virus type Ⅰ (Sendai) BB 1株attacks continue to take 5 d, a protective role in mice, the mice can significantly reduce Mortality [46]. Decoction of percent of their concentration. The Sindbis virus, Newcastle disease virus, follicular stomatitis virus and influenza viruses have antiviral activity [47]. (7), artemisinin: water suspension , , / embryo, the embryo infected with influenza virus A 3-Beijing Section 79 - two inhibit [48]. Agar plate method to test for Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, streptococcus B, pneumococcal the LC 50 (mg / ml) of its decoction were , , ,> 200: ethanol extract of their respective To , , , ethanol extract of goods were , , , The drug acid on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus white, enterococci, Bacillus subtilis the minimum inhibitory concentration, respectively , ,> , [49]. The flooding of soft artesunate 1: 3 concentrations in vitro on XU Lan Huang's Xuanjun, Aodu Ang's small Bacillus Xuanjun, the star's card slaves Jundeng skin fungus, have different degrees of inhibition [50 ]. (8), Bajitian: ethanol extract, in vitro to inhibit Bacillus subtilis [51]. Bajitian ethanol extract of in vitro to inhibit the hepatitis B virus [52]. . The impact of the hematopoietic system (A), Astragalus: decoction of 20 g / kg, a total of 10 d, anemia and bleeding on acetylcholine PHENYLHYDRAZINE hemolytic anemia are caused by blood can increase the red blood cells and haemoglobin, cyclophosphamide caused by the WBC and platelet reduce Promote their recovery, would increase the number of reticulocyte and the number of bone marrow cells [53]. (2), Chinese wolfberry: normal mice monthly ig10% decoction of ml for 10 d, WBC will increase. Healthy people and cancer patients taking po wolfberry nuts 50 g / d, even serving 10 d, can significantly increase the WBC [54, 55]. LBP 10 mg / () ip, for 3 d, can promote mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, increased significantly tablets single progenitor cells, promote their differentiation to the tablets [56]. (C), Dodder: the suppression of cyclophosphamide tablets progenitor cells (CFU-D) to promote the growth of [57]. . Anti-Fatigue Effect (A), Wumei: dry goods can eliminate fatigue, citric acid in the body the energy conversion process is indispensable to the material, physical fatigue in the blood lactate divided into CO 2 and H 2 O and from in vitro, thereby preventing lactic acid and muscle Protein binding, to avoid cell and vascular sclerosis [58]. (2), Cistanche: water decoction of the pharmacological experiments conducted in vitro studies showed that the inhibition of rat liver homogenate LPO and the formation of strong anti-fatigue and anti-anoxia role [59]. Decoction of gavage Cistanche mice, mice can extend the time for swimming, sports load serum creatine kinase reduce the rate of increase, indicating the increase in physical goods is on the basis of its role in the anti-fatigue [60]. Conclusion: After the "antidote Vitamin Tablets," Shi Sanwei prescription medicines in the analysis, summarized the following five aspects of the effect: 1. Shiwei drugs on immune function, namely: Qingdai, Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, astragalus, Chinese wolfberry son, artesunate, soil Fuling, Cistanche, Dodder, Bajitian. 2. Bawei Chinese medicine against pathogenic microbes inhibit, namely: Mian Ma Guanzhong, Qingdai, Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, Wumei, astragalus, artesunate, Bajitian. 3. Liuwei drugs to kill leukemia cells, namely: Mian Ma Guanzhong, Qingdai, Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, Wumei, artesunate. 4. Shamisen Chinese medicine on hematopoietic function, namely: Astragalus, Chinese wolfberry son, Cuscuta. 5. The fight against drug taste of the role of fatigue are: Wu Mei, Cistanche. According to this analysis, for detoxification vitamin tablets provide further clinical application of the reference. 我给你一个英文药理文献网，里面有你说需的！：
毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
毕业论文是Graduationthesis若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B. A./B. S. in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法，.代表文学学士，.代表理学学士，***处填上专业。
毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句: completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。 is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。 have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。 question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。 thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
这个其实没有什么最好的，最好是和你学习的专业相关的方向，这样才是比较容易的。
无论哪个翻译软件翻出来的都是比较生硬的，一眼就能看出来。如果非要用软件翻的话，谷歌在线翻译相对来说好一些，不过还是推荐人工来翻译，北京译顶科技那边都是人工给你翻译的
艾德思可以做这个。
医学论文翻译一般较多的是医学论文的摘要翻译，即把医学论文的摘要翻译成英文，在国外期刊上发表都会要求整篇论文翻译成英文。一、在相关专业医学论文翻译中，要达到表意准确，必须了解相关领域的知识，熟练掌握同一概念的中英文表达法。单纯靠对语言的把握也能传达双方的语言信息，但在运用语言的灵活性和准确性两方而部会受到很大限制。要解决这个问题，译者就要努力熟悉这个领域的相关知识，比如，因此了解相关领域知识，在翻译过程中对翻译人员的语言理解力和医学论文翻译质量都有很大帮助。二、医学论文翻译的翻译标准。医学论文翻译标准是翻译实践的准绳和衡量译文好坏的尺度。关于翻译的标准，历来提法很多。有的主张“信、达、雅”，有的主张“信、顺”等等。但有一点是共同的，即一切译文都应包括原文思想内容和译文语言形式这两方面。>为此，在进行医学论文翻译时应坚持两条标准：>（一）忠实。应忠实于原内容，准确地、完整地、科学地表达原文的内容不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏或任意增删的现象。内容通常指文中所叙述的事实，说明的事理，作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和所流露的感情等。>（二）通顺。医学论文翻译语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范，用词造句应符合本族语的习惯，要用民族的、科学的、大众的语言，以求通顺易懂。不应有文理不通、结构混乱、逐词死译和生硬晦涩等现象。三、过程中要体现语言结构特色（一）词汇上的特点1. 词义演变。医学论文翻译的专业词汇通常都出现在特定领域，它一般分为两类：一类是某一专业特有的词汇，这类词汇一般具有一词对应一义的特点；还有一类由普通词汇演变而来的专业词汇，这类词汇一词多义，必须应用语言学知识和专业知识综合分析，在翻译实践中不断丰富扩大。2. 词缀。比如：从词源学的角度来看，在医学英语词汇中，希腊语、拉丁语的词素占有极高比率。据Oscar 的统计，一万个医学词汇约有46%来自拉丁语；来自希腊语，希腊、拉丁词素是医学英语词汇的重要基础。希腊语、拉丁语拥有极丰富的词缀，且每个词缀都有其固定意义，可与不同的词干组成无数新词。3. 动词多使用规范的书面语。英语词汇从语体的特点来分，可分为普通词汇和正式词汇。普通词汇大部分是英语本族语，常用于英语口语和文学作品中，正式词汇大部分是外来词，常用于科技、经济、政治等较正式的文章中。（二）大量使用名词化结构1. 医学论文中大量使用名词化结构 (Nominalization)是医学论文翻译的特点之一，因为文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实，而非某一行为。2. 大量使用长句和定语从句医学论文翻译中大量使用长句和定语从句，在论证上起到连接信息和强调信息的作用。3. 名词作定语和缩写词使用频繁。医学论文翻译中要求行文简炼、结构紧凑，名词作定语和缩写词的频繁使用，简化了句型，增大了信息密度。4. 广泛使用被动语态。医学论文中侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确，第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。四、医学论义翻译的翻译方法。医学论义翻译要提高翻译量，使译文达到准确、通顺这两个标准，就必须运用医学论文翻译技巧。医学论文翻译技巧指翻译过程中用词造句的处理方法，如词义的引申、增减、词类转换和领域术语的翻译方法等。（一）引申法。医学论文翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，会使医学论文翻译生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至造成误解。这时则可以在不脱离该英语词义的前提下，灵活选择怡当的汉语词语或词组译出。（二）增词译。由于英汉两种语言在词语用法、句子结构和表达方式上有许多差异，医学论文翻译时往往需要增加一些原文中没有的词，使译文通顺而且更加忠实地表达原文的意思。增词译的情况有两种。一种是根据意义或修辞的需要，如增加表示时态意义的词，增加英语不及物动词隐含的宾语意义的词。另一种是根据句法上的需要，增加原文句子中所省略的词。（三）省略译。省略译是将原文中的宥些词省略不译，以使译文符合语言习惯。（四）词类转换英译汉时，常常需要将英语句子中属于某种词类的词，译成另一种词类的汉语词，以使译文通顺自然，符合汉语的表达习惯。这种翻译处理方法就是转换词性法，简称词类转换。（五）领域专业术语的译法。医学论文翻译中有大量的术语，而且科学性、专业性很强。领域专业术语的译法有意译、音译、象形译和原形译四种。总之，医学论文的翻译需要专业的医学学科知识和大量对学术名词的积累。希望能帮到你，也可以自己去找相关的机构帮你
翻译软件仅供参考，不能过分依赖，想要高质量的翻译还是需要专业的翻译人士和平台，个人还是比较信赖北京译顶科技
. 不能大改，只能小修。一是因为大改的话，实际上是在证明你没通过答辩，没有获得答辩专家的认可；二是因为答辩之前已经进行论文检测，那么，你最终提交的论文版本与检测版本要一致。这个“一致”的意思是，论文题目、结构、内容等不能有根本性变化。所以，改几个段落没问题，改几个小标题也没问题，但要是增加一个章节、目录大换血等操作就不行了。北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下 加速查下。
对于不少医学工作者来说，发表医学论文其中一个难题就是翻译。由于英文水平的不足，医学工作者在翻译过程中常常遇到困境。今天我们就来谈谈医学论文翻译技巧，希望对各位同学有所启发。 一、时态问题 1、表达目的所用的时态 在医学论文中，“目的”通常指进行某项研究的原因、意图，即表明研究的目标。由于研究目标的制定通常在着手开始研究之前，故可使用过去时态；但是，在论文写作中，也通常使用一般现在时来表达目的，以表达研究目的是合理的、可重复等意义。 2、表达方法和结果所用的时态 在研究性论文中，在描述所使用的实验方法、技术时通常使用过去时，以表达相关的实验方法步骤发生在过去；对结果的报道也使用过去时，以表示已经得出了结果。 3、表达结论所用的时态 医学论文的结论部分为作者表达观点、意见，以及对研究进行总结的地方，常用时态为一般现在时，以表示研究结果的客观性，如果用一般过去时，则表示这一结论仅仅适用于该研究过程中特定的情况，不具有普遍性。 二、词首字母大小写问题 关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题，所以中文母语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语母语的作者而言也不太容易理顺。 三、标点符号问题 由于语言习惯影响，不少医学工作者会错误的使用英文标点符号，导致医学论文出现语言问题。下面我们列举几个英文标点符号常见的错误。 1.顿号使用错误 由于英文中没有顿号，但有些作者由于习惯影响，会在句子中使用顿号，如错误例子：The five concentrations of nitrogen in our study were 1、5、10、50、100 mg/L,respectively. 该句作者使用顿号隔开数字，应改为逗号，在英文学术论文写作中，无论是多个并行的数字、单词和短语都是用逗号来分隔。 2.书名号使用错误 对于书名、刊物名、影片、文章名在中文表达中使用书名号无可厚非，但用英文标点符号时可就注意了，如错误例子： In the book 《Pipeline Risk Management Manual》, the authorMuhlbauer W Kenr (.) grouped pipeline risk into 4 classes. 该作者错误的将句子中的书名使用了中文的标点符号，由于英文标点符号没有书名号，所以通常使用斜体字来表示，有时也可用引号、全部大写或在书刊名下划线来表示。 3.方括号和圆括号使用错误 方括号与圆括号并用时，容易产生错误，首先举一个错误的例子：[That was the colour (blue) she preferred] ，事实上在方括号和圆括号并用时，英文句子的使用方式与中文恰恰相反，即圆括号在内外，方括号在内，因此上句应改为： ( That was the colour [blue] she preferred. )
1、采用增译法进行论文翻译增译法指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英的论文翻译里。通过增译，一能保证译文语法结构的完整，二可以保证译文意思的明确。2、采用省译法进行论文翻译省译法是与增译法相对应的一种论文翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。3、采用转换法进行论文翻译转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
对于不少医学工作者来说，发表医学论文其中一个难题就是翻译。由于英文水平的不足，医学工作者在翻译过程中常常遇到困境。今天我们就来谈谈医学论文翻译技巧，希望对各位同学有所启发。 一、时态问题 1、表达目的所用的时态 在医学论文中，“目的”通常指进行某项研究的原因、意图，即表明研究的目标。由于研究目标的制定通常在着手开始研究之前，故可使用过去时态；但是，在论文写作中，也通常使用一般现在时来表达目的，以表达研究目的是合理的、可重复等意义。 2、表达方法和结果所用的时态 在研究性论文中，在描述所使用的实验方法、技术时通常使用过去时，以表达相关的实验方法步骤发生在过去；对结果的报道也使用过去时，以表示已经得出了结果。 3、表达结论所用的时态 医学论文的结论部分为作者表达观点、意见，以及对研究进行总结的地方，常用时态为一般现在时，以表示研究结果的客观性，如果用一般过去时，则表示这一结论仅仅适用于该研究过程中特定的情况，不具有普遍性。 二、词首字母大小写问题 关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题，所以中文母语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语母语的作者而言也不太容易理顺。 三、标点符号问题 由于语言习惯影响，不少医学工作者会错误的使用英文标点符号，导致医学论文出现语言问题。下面我们列举几个英文标点符号常见的错误。 1.顿号使用错误 由于英文中没有顿号，但有些作者由于习惯影响，会在句子中使用顿号，如错误例子：The five concentrations of nitrogen in our study were 1、5、10、50、100 mg/L,respectively. 该句作者使用顿号隔开数字，应改为逗号，在英文学术论文写作中，无论是多个并行的数字、单词和短语都是用逗号来分隔。 2.书名号使用错误 对于书名、刊物名、影片、文章名在中文表达中使用书名号无可厚非，但用英文标点符号时可就注意了，如错误例子： In the book 《Pipeline Risk Management Manual》, the authorMuhlbauer W Kenr (.) grouped pipeline risk into 4 classes. 该作者错误的将句子中的书名使用了中文的标点符号，由于英文标点符号没有书名号，所以通常使用斜体字来表示，有时也可用引号、全部大写或在书刊名下划线来表示。 3.方括号和圆括号使用错误 方括号与圆括号并用时，容易产生错误，首先举一个错误的例子：[That was the colour (blue) she preferred] ，事实上在方括号和圆括号并用时，英文句子的使用方式与中文恰恰相反，即圆括号在内外，方括号在内，因此上句应改为： ( That was the colour [blue] she preferred. )
艾德思可以做这个。
医学论文翻译肯定得找清北医学翻译，他们是这块的领军翻译公司，行业里的翘楚，质量名不虚传，你试试就知道有多好了
同医学专业，室友分享给我的一个翻译网站，感觉还可，网站名字叫翻译狗，平时刷文献就靠他了，以前看一篇文献，光是翻译就要花上好久，等翻完了，完全没动力去看文献内容，现在，分分钟就能翻译好