网上购物英语论文参考文献

AdvantagesConvenientConvenience includes the overall ease of finding a product, time spent on shopping, minimization of overall shoppoing effort (Schaupp & Belanger, 2005). Online shopping allows consumers to shop at the convenience of their own home, and to save traveling time to retail stores and spend their time on other important tasks and hobbies. Researchers idenfity convenience as a 'fundamental objective' related to online shopping (Schaupp & Belanger, 2005). This is relevant to 72% of online shoppers' claim that they would rather surf online than go to retail store to attain information about a product (Lokken et al., 2003). According to a study, 72% of online shoppers chose convenience over privacy (Bhatnagar, Misra, & Rao, 2000). In addition to ease of finding products online and shopping time reduction, consumers can shop without time limitation with 24-hr access at their convenience because the World Wide Web never closees. Lokken mentions 24-hr access as a beneficial characteristic of online shopping (Lokken et al., 2003). Also, consumers can exchange information online through chatting and discussion forums to help them make wise consumer decisions. No need for vendors and no pressure to buyOnline shopping benefits both the society as a whole and individuals. The society can save human resources when consumers help themselves by browsing freely online instead of asking for assistance from vendors. In addition, consumers are freed from the pressure to buy from the vendors and can spend more time to make wise purchase decisions. But it is imorpant that Web sites have good product descriptions because it is one of the significant condition that satisfy consumers (Limayem, M., Khalifa, M., & Frini, A., 2000). "Infinite shelfspace" availableConsumers desire a variety of products because they look for the right product that will fully satisfy them. There is infinite variety of products available online because online shopping allows consumers to browse through products that are made all around the world without geographical boundaries. Able to compare product price and featuresWith the online tools that enable product comparison, consumers can compare product prices and features to make a better decision with less effort. More details are included in solutions section. Disadvantages/ConcernsEnjoyment of retail shopping lostMany enjoy shopping with others and it is often a good way to make social connections. When shopping independently online, the enjoyment is lost. Privacy and security issuesPrivacy is the number one reason that non-online shoppers do not shop online. Almost 95% of Web users have declined to provide personal information to Web sites at one time or another when asked (Hoffman, Novak, & Peralta, 1999). Another recent study has found that privacy was the top concern of customers while security ranked bottom (Schaupp & Belanger, 2005). This proves that many do not trust the privay of the Internet and are concerned with their credit card fauds, unwanted solicitation, and use of their information for other purposes. Security of Web sites is not the top concern because many shop on Web sites that they trust so that other factors appear to be more important than security. Access to the Internet and computer necessary Because one needs money to buy a computer and to have internet connection, online shopping seems to be limited people of reasonable amount of income. Also, since it is harder to learn computer at an older age, the elderly people tend shop at traditional retail stores. Product category risk Product category risk is related to functional products such as apparel, perfume, and electronics, that have functions that cannot fully be expeirenced online. Online shopper are worried that the products will not be what they have expected by viewing online. This is a clear disadvantage of onlins shopping because it shows that "[t]he likelihood of purchasing on the Internet decreases with increases in product risk" (Bhatnagar, Misra, & Rao, 20000, p. 100). Apparels in particular had negative rating in online shopping because of it is difficult to feel and see the texture of color online that is incomparable to going to a retail store, even with magnifying tools online. Also, one cannot try on a clothing before buying it online, so it would be very inconvenient if the size did not fit the person and he/she had to return it. Too many choicesAlthough having access to a very large number of products is highly desirable, consumers have limited cognitive resources and may simply be unable to process the potentially vast amounts of information about these alternatives (Haubl & Trifts, 2000). Online stores need to provide the variety in an organized way that will facilitate shopping online.

一、内容要求 毕业设计报告正文要求： （一）理、工科类专业毕业设计报告正文内容应包括：问题的提出；设计的指导思想；方案的选择和比较论证；根据任务书指出的内容和指标要求写出设计过程、课题所涉及元件结构和相关参数的设计计算，有关基本原理的说明与理论分析；给出所设计课题实际运行的数据或参数，并与理论设计参数进行比较和分析，说明产生误差的原因。最后要对所设计课题实用价值做出评估说明；设计过程中存在的问题，改进意见或其它更好的方案设想及未能采纳的原因等。 （二）经济、管理类专业毕业设计报告或论文正文应包括：问题的提出、设计的指导思想；设计方案提出的依据，设计方案的选择和比较；设计过程；所运用的技术经济分析指标和方法；数学模型及其依据，数据计算方法；对设计方案的实用性和经济效益等方面做出评估；对设计实施过程中存在的问题 （ 或可能发生的问题 ） 提出合理化建议。毕业论文的基本论点、主要论据；根据国家有关方针、政策及规定联系实际展开理论分析。 （三）文科类专业毕业设计报告或论文正文应包括：问题的提出、解决问题的指导思想；解决方案提出的依据，解决方案的选择和比较，结论。 二、论文印装 毕业论文用毕业设计专用纸打印。正文用宋体小四号字，行间距为24磅；版面页边距上3cm，下、左，右2cm。 三、论文结构、装订顺序及要求 毕业论文由以下部分组成： （一）封面。论文题目不得超过20个字，要简练、准确，可分为两行。 （二）内容。 1、毕业设计（论文）任务书。任务书由指导教师填写，经系主任、教务部审查签字后生效。 2、毕业设计（论文）开题报告； 3、毕业设计（论文）学生申请答辩表与指导教师毕业设计（论文）评审表； 4、毕业设计（论文）评阅人评审表； 5、毕业设计（论文）答辩表； 6、毕业设计（论文）成绩评定总表； 7、中英文内容摘要和关键词。 （1）摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，应尽量反映论文的主要信息，内容包括研究目的、方法、成果和结论，不含图表，不加注释，具有独立性和完整性。中文摘要一般为200-400字左右，英文摘要应与中文摘要内容完全相同。“摘要”字样位置居中。 （2）关键词是反映毕业设计（论文）主题内容的名词，是供检索使用的。主题词条应为通用技术词汇，不得自造关键词。关键词一般为3-5个，按词条外延层次（学科目录分类），由高至低顺序排列。关键词排在摘要正文部分下方。 （3）中文摘要与关键词在前，英文的在后。 8、目录。 目录按三级标题编写，要求层次清晰，且要与正文标题一致。主要包括绪论、正文主体、结论、致谢、主要参考文献及附录等。 9、正文。论文正文部分包括：绪论（或前言、序言）、论文主体及结论。 （1）绪论。综合评述前人工作，说明论文工作的选题目的和意义，国内外文献综述，以及论文所要研究的内容。 （2）论文主体。论文的主要组成部分，主要包括选题背景、方案论证、过程论述、结果分析、结论或总结等内容。要求层次清楚，文字简练、通顺，重点突出，毕业设计（论文）文字数，一般应不少于8000字（或20个页码）。外文翻译不少于3000字符，外文参考资料阅读量不少于3万字符。 中文论文撰写通行的题序层次采用以下格式： 1 格式是保证文章结构清晰、纲目分明的编辑手段，毕业论文所采用的格式必须符合上表规定，并前后统一，不得混杂使用。格式除题序层次外，还应包括分段、行距、字体和字号等。 第一层次（章）题序和标题居中放置，其余各层次（节、条、款）题序和标题一律沿版面左侧边线顶格安排。第一层次（章）题序和标题距下文双倍行距。段落开始后缩两个字。行与行之间，段落和层次标题以及各段落之间均为24磅行间距。 第一层次（章）题序和标题用小二号黑体字。题序和标题之间空两个字，不加标点，下同。 第二层次（节）题序和标题用小三号黑体字。 第三层次（条）题序和标题用四号黑体字。 第四层次及以下各层次题序及标题一律用小四号黑体字。 （3）结论（或结束语）。作为单独一章排列，但标题前不加“第XXX章”字样。结论是整个论文的总结，应以简练的文字说明论文所做的工作，一般不超过两页。 10、致谢。对导师和给予指导或协助完成毕业设计（论文）工作的组织和个人表示感谢。文字要简洁、实事求是，切忌浮夸和庸俗之词。 11、参考文献及引用资料目录（规范格式见附文）。 12、附录。 13、实验数据表、有关图纸(大于3#图幅时单独装订)。 (三)封底。 附：规范的参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识：M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： 1、专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. 2、论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 3、报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） 4、期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. 5、学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. 6、报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. 7、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 8、其他要求 （1）文字 论文中汉字应采用严格执行汉字的规范。所有文字字面清晰，不得涂改。 （2）表格 论文的表格可以统一编序，也可以逐章单独编序，采用哪种方式应和插图及公式的编序方式统一。表序必须连续，不得重复或跳跃。表格的结构应简洁。 表格中各栏都应标注量和相应的单位。表格内数字须上下对齐，相邻栏内的数值相同时，不能用‘同上’、‘同左’和其它类似用词，应一一重新标注。 表序和表题置于表格上方中间位置，无表题的表序置于表格的左上方或右上方（同一篇论文位置应一致）。 （3）插图 插图要精选。图序可以连续编序，也可以逐章单独编序，采用哪种方式应与表格、公式的编序方式统一，图序必须连续，不得重复或跳跃。仅有一图时，在图题前加‘附图’字样。毕业设计（论文）中的插图以及图中文字符号应打印，无法打印时一律用钢笔绘制和标出。 由若干个分图组成的插图，分图用a,b,c,……标出。 图序和图题置于图下方中间位置。 （4）公式 论文中重要的或者后文中须重新提及的公式应注序号并加圆括号，序号一律用阿拉伯数字连续编序，或逐章编序，序号排在版面右侧，且距右边距离相等。公式与序号之间不加虚线。 （5）数字用法 公历世纪、年代、年、月、日、时间和各种计数、计量，均用阿拉伯数字。年份不能简写。数值的有效数字应全部写出。 （6）软件 软件流程图和源程序清单要按软件文档格式附在论文后面，特殊情况可在答辩时展示，不附在论文内。 （7）工程图按国标规定装订 图幅小于或等于3#图幅时应装订在论文内，大于3#图幅时按国标规定单独装订作为附图。 （8）艺术设计作品 无法用纸质文档保存的艺术设计作品应用光盘或照片保存。 (9)计量单位的定义和使用方法按国家计量局规定执行。 回答完毕.

1、英文： Online shopping is common in our daily life now. There are two kinds of opinion about it. Some people think that online shopping has a lot of advantages. The most important one is its convenience. People don’t have to waste their time and energy to go from one shop to another to buy commodities they like. This is especially useful to the busy people, the aged and the disable people who can’t go to shops in person. Besides, on the Internet there is enough information of all kinds of commodities, and people are able to buy things from a distant place. But other people object to online shopping. They think that the real goods may be different from what the consumers have seen on the Net, thus the quality of commodities bought online may not be ensured. What’s worse, once cheated online, one may find it difficult to make a complaint. In my opinion, it is better for all to be careful when shopping online. 2、翻译： 现在网上购物在我们的日常生活中是很常见的。有两种意见。 有些人认为网上购物有很多优势。最重要的是它的便利。人们不必浪费他们的时间和精力去从一个店到另一个去买他们喜欢的商品。这是特别有用的忙碌的人,老年人和残疾的人无法亲自去商店。除此之外,在互联网上各种各样的商品有足够的信息,人们可以从很远的地方买东西。 但是其他的人反对网上购物。他们认为,真正的货物可能不同于消费者在网上看过,因此网上购买商品的质量不能保证。更糟糕的是,一旦网上欺,会发现很难使一个投诉。 在我看来,这是更好地为所有在网上购物时要小心。