百万英镑不同译本研究论文

学术论文是衡量一个人学术水平和科研能力的重要标志,学习如何进行科学研究的一个极好的机会，下面是由我整理的研究性学术论文的定义，谢谢你的阅读。 研究性学术论文的定义 针对某一个(些)问题、现象进行深入分析、讨论并得到有意义结论的文章. 研究性论文的基本原则 ★架构要清晰,表述要清楚,逻辑要合理,证据要客观,态度要严谨,尊重他人的贡献. ★设置研究标准,学术八股文,很明确的表达问题,研究方法要设置良好并很好的实施,数据假设要合理、有用, 促进知识. ★建议要精确、易懂、有说服力、语气恰当. 关于人情的学术论文 一张纸背后的人情冷暖 摘 要：马克·吐温是美国杰出的现实主义作家，美国批判现实主义文学的奠基人。他的短篇小说《百万英镑》描写了资本主义社会金钱崇拜现象，以其独具匠心的艺术手法、幽默讽刺的语言成为评论家关注的焦点。然而，众多的评论都将注意力放在讽刺幽默的手法上。本文试图在马克思主义批评的理论框架下，以乔治·卢卡契的文学观点为指导，对《百万英镑》中的现实主义主题和塑造典型人物进行分析研究。 关键词：马克·吐温;百万英镑;马克思主义批评;卢卡契 中图分类号： 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-0118(2012)06-0252-02 《百万英镑》是美国著名作家马克·吐温的短篇小说。众多的评论家多从小说的主题、讽刺幽默手法及写作技巧上加以评论。本文试图从马克思主义批评理论的角度，以乔治·卢卡契的文学观点为指导思想，对《百万英镑》在主题意蕴的发掘、幽默讽刺的语言运用、典型人物的塑造上进行一些探究,着重分析剧作所体现的现实主义主题及其所塑造的典型人物。 一、马克·吐温及《百万英镑》 马克·吐温原名为塞缪尔·郎赫恩·克莱门斯，是美国杰出的现实主义作家，幽默大师，也是美国批判现实主义文学的奠基人，世界著名的短篇小说大师。诺贝尔文学奖得主海明威对他推崇备至。他曾说过“全部现代美国文学都来自马克·吐温写的一部名叫《哈克贝里费恩历险记》的书，它是我们所有书中最好的一本书，以前没有过，迄今也没有的”。由此足见马克·吐温在美国文学发展中所做出的贡献之大，对后世作家的影响之深，在文坛上所享的地位之尊。因此品读马克·吐温的作品，细心琢磨作品的韵味，挖掘作品的艺术价值的确具有较深的积极意义。 《百万英镑》是一篇颇具喜剧色彩的小说。故事讲两个英国绅士为了打赌，把英格兰银行仅有的一张一百万镑的巨钞买来，借给一个流落到英国的美国人亨利。身无分文衣衫褴褛的亨利，凭着这张巨钞竟然成了伦敦的新闻人物，在一个月的借期内，不仅获得了漂亮女郎的爱情，而且在帮助朋友拍卖股权中净赚了20万镑的酬金。在这充满着幽默情节的描写中，使人透视到在资本主义世界金钱万能的实质。 二、马克思主义批评理论的主要内容 西方马克思主义，又称“新马克思主义”或“西欧马克思主义”，20世纪20年代发轫于德、奥、意等国，60年代遍及欧美的一股既不同于第二国际模式的马克思主义、又有别于第三国际模式的马克思主义的西方文化思潮。“新马克思主义”有广义和狭义之分。从广义看，20世纪东欧、西欧、美国和整个西方世界的马克思主义者都是新马克思主义者;从狭义看，一般把葛兰西、卢卡契、布莱希特等能够坚持现实主义创作原则的文论家称为新马克思主义文论家。 “新马克思主义文论比较关心的问题，主要有三个方面：(一)极为注意文艺与意识形态关系。马克思主义创始人始终把文艺作为意识形态的一个部类看待，认为文艺既受社会和经济基础支配，又与意识形态的其他部门密切相联。新马克思主义者马舍雷在《文学生产理论》中，把意识形态称作“幻觉”，把文艺称之为“虚构”，指作家依据现实与意识形态经验提供的材料并改变这些材料，赋予新的形态与结构;(二)高度重视现实主义问题。卢卡契在现实主义文学评论方面取得了能够代表20世纪批评水平的成就。卢卡契等采用不同的理论构架，对待意识形态和现实主义问题，并从整体观讨论意识形态和现实主义问题;(三)高度重视艺术特性和创作规律。” 三、卢卡契的文艺思想 “乔治·卢卡契是著名的匈牙利现代哲学家、美学家和文艺理论家。作为西方马克思主义创始人，他一生都在积极发展马克思主义，提出了以辩证法的整体观和人道主义伦理观为精髓的“总体性”哲学。”他呼唤文学家们维护和坚持现实主义传统，使现代文学作品具有对现代社会现实及其历史发展趋势的洞察力和穿透力，真正发挥文学的认识价值和艺术审美价值。 “卢卡契首先承认，文学是对现实的一种反映，同时，他也强调，这种反映不是一种简单的表面的镜映，而是对客观现实更深刻、更全面的反映。”他强调：“伟大现实主义艺术家的主要特征就是他们千方百计、废寝忘食地按照客观本质去掌握并再现现实。”资本主义社会人与人之间的关系被由资本主义生产所建构的第二自然即物与物的关系所掩盖了。“卢卡契认为，作为整体性对日常生活和日常思维的拜物化的克服，真正伟大的艺术作品就是一个独特的世界，这个世界比人们在日常生活中所看到的世界更真实、更完整、更富有生气。” 卢卡契认为，对社会生活的整体反映必须通过典型形象才能达到。因为典型是资本主义异化现实造成的本质与现象、个性与共性、客体与主体等对立、冲突在艺术作品中的辩证解决。 四、以卢卡契文学观点为基准解读《百万英镑》 卢卡契认为文学作品不仅要反映社会经济状况，同时还要批判社会现实。他认为通过现实主义对社会真实描述的模式，人们可以理解社会。19世纪90年代，由于迅猛发展的经济，美国一跃成为世界大国。经济的迅猛发展带来了财富的迅速积累，资本主义社会人与人之间的关系也变得拜物化。《百万英镑》中亨利是一位来到伦敦的美国人，通过他的经历，展现了资本主义社会普遍的物化现象，对金钱的超级崇拜使得资本主义社会人与人之间的关系变得畸形。 在《百万英镑》中，马克·吐温通过对不同人面对百万英镑的钞票时的细致生动的描写，对人们的拜金态度刻画得入木三分，幽默手法的运用也达到了极致，在讽刺人们对金钱的崇拜也是层层递进。正是通过对人们拜金态度的刻画，小说再现了当时社会上普遍存在的客观现实，金钱决定了人的身份和地位。 亨利在伦敦的经历生动地展现了社会面貌。首先是饭馆，老板认定衣衫褴褛的亨利没钱付账，在他要了两份相同的昂贵大餐后，忍无可忍地走到他面前要他付帐。当亨利把支票拿给他看，他当即惊愕得说不出话，而对他的表情描写也是十分生动的。“他的眼睛盯着钞票，惊呆了。他全身心地虔敬着,看上去好像手脚都不能移动。”发现他的顾客是位大富翁时，他的态度发生了天翻地覆的变化。不仅不要亨利付帐，还对他的大驾光临深表荣幸，老板说他不担心像亨利这样的绅士会他，穿破旧的衣衫只是因为性格诙谐，故意用这种打扮和大家开玩笑。包括老板娘及其他客人，都对亨利行鞠躬大礼。而老板对金钱的崇敬态度更是让人愕然。“这时，他才恢复了常态。由于不能找开这张钞票，他反复道歉。我不让他碰到这张钞票;他想看这张钞票，反复地看。没有什么东西来抑制住他那渴望的目光。他想伸手去触摸它，但又缩了回来，仿佛里面有什么东西太神圣了以至于卑微的肉体不能碰它。”只是一张薄薄的纸片，却被当作神圣的东西来崇拜。然后是裁缝店，老板要店员拿最破的衣服给他而后快快轰走他，而当亨利拿出那张巨额钞票时，他的表现更是让人最后却小心翼翼地为他量身打造各种场合须穿的衣服，还免费赠送好多套高级衣服给他。“他面带笑容把那张钞票接了过去，他的笑容扩散到整个脸上，是种夸张的大笑，他笑出了褶子，笑出了皱纹，整个脸变成了螺旋状，看票一眼，然后这张笑脸突然凝固起来，脸色发黄，那模样就好像是你在维苏威火山侧面一小块平地上所看到覆盖在上面的那些波浪起伏状的或蠕虫状的变硬的火山熔岩。我以前从未见过挂在脸上笑容突然僵住，而且长时间不动。那个人手里拿着那张钞票站在那儿，表情就像刚才所描述的那样。” 而当人们都用“敬仰”的目光注视着亨利时，确切的说是敬仰那张支票时，那张百万英镑的支票却找不到了,人们开始怀疑猜测，近乎疯狂的用愤怒的言语吼叫着，他们指责、咒骂亨利。可是当亨利重获那张支票的时候，势利的人们却又俯首称臣。亨利穿着破旧的衣衫，带着百万英镑的钞票在英国充分体验了人情冷暖。在拜金主义的充斥下，人们都显得麻木不仁。也许亨利自己都没有想到怎么去利用那张支票，但是是人们的嘴脸让那张支票的价值发挥到了及至。那是对资本主义社会最大的讽刺。卢卡契强调，文学对现实的反映不是一种简单的表面的镜映，而是对客观现实更深刻、更全面的反映。马克·吐温笔下的这个世界比人们在日常生活中所看到的世界更真实、更完整、更富有生气。 卢卡契认为，对社会生活的整体反映必须通过典型形象才能达到，或者说必须在典型形象中才能得到体现，因为典型是资本主义异化现实造成的本质与现象、个性与共性、客体与主体等对立、冲突在艺术作品中的辩证解决。《百万英镑》中马克·吐温同时也塑造了亨利这个典型人物。 亨利是个正直、善良、聪明的人。他是一位流落到英国的美国人，刚到英国时，他衣衫褴褛，饥肠辘辘，无处安身。当他打开信封发现是张百万英镑的大额钞票时，他以为是那两兄弟把百万英镑错当成一英镑给他了。亨利当时的念头却是马上找他们归还钞票。了解真相后，亨利并没有欣喜若狂，反而觉得这张巨钞是个硕大无比的包袱，而且他还要一边行乞度日，一边小心翼翼地保管钞票。巨额钞票给他带来了美好的生活。尽管如此，亨利并没有被美好的表象冲昏头脑。他明白，一旦真相暴露，他会陷入一种荒.唐可笑的处境。天黑后，残酷的现实不断警告他，他辗转反侧，难以入睡。然而虚幻的美好还是让他一度着迷，白天他又变得忘乎所以。很快，他成为全世界最大的都会里的名流之一，他沉浸在荣耀之中。然而亨利一直保留着从前那套破旧的衣衫，时不时拿出来空上，为的就是能享受一下过去那种开心的经历。他享受着看那些势利、以貌取人的商人变脸的场景。 尽管享受生活，亨利没有忘记自己是个穷光蛋，他谨记自己已负债累累，不敢让自己入不敷出——没有超过他的薪水限额。在宴会上，亨利与波霞·朗汉姆一见钟情。他向朗汉姆小姐表白，并且对她说了实情，包括他自己一文不名，身上的百万英镑也是不属于他的，跟她坦白了他的债务状况。朗汉姆听完亨利的讲述后，大笑开怀，同时提醒他尽量节省开支。在宴会上，亨利同时也邂逅了之前的同事赫斯丁。赫斯丁的话让亨利一下子完全清醒，他意识到自己一直生活在梦幻之中，而郎汉姆的幸福也掌握在他手中。之后，他利用自己凭借百万英镑赢得的名声，和赫斯丁合作通过出售矿山的开采权赚了一百万美元。亨利身处资本主义异化现实造成的社会中，自然本身也带有了物化性。没有收到百万英镑之前，他是物化效应的受害者，而当他拥有百万英镑的钞票后，他也没有使自己成为金钱的奴隶，他凭借自身的聪明、正直、善良，赢得了爱情，利用自己的知名度和聪明才智赚到了二十万镑。通过亨利凭借百万英镑带来的虚幻生活和身无分文的现实的对比，通过亨利反对以貌取人和金钱至上和大众以钱判定人的鲜明对比，小说不但展现了社会现实同时批判了拜物化的社会现实。 《百万英镑》不愧是马克·吐温的创作，真是夸张得让人忍俊不禁，他在幽默中辛辣地讽刺了资产阶级的唯利是图。这种讥讽娓娓道来，不紧不慢，却其实很到位的阐释了作者心中对此的鄙视和嘲讽。 五、结语 通过介绍马克思主义批评的相关内容，本文试图阐明马克·吐温的短篇小说《百万英镑》可以在该理论框架下进行分析。乔治·卢卡契欣赏现实主义作品，因为现实主义作品可以反映社会或历史。《百万英镑》就是这样一部作品，作品中许多的细节描写充分表现了当时的社会情况和特性。通过人们对面值百万英镑的钞票的态度及对钞票使用者亨利的前后形成强烈反差的态度的刻画，充分显现了当时社会中人们对金钱普遍崇拜的现象。小说同时也塑造了亨利这个典型形象，身处拜物化的社会中，他自然受到很大影响，虽然思想斗争激烈，最终他没有让自己成为金钱的奴隶。同时，凭借自身的善良、坦诚和聪明，他赢得了朗汉姆小姐小芳心也为自己赚了一百万美金。他的经历充分表现了社会现实，也深刻地批判了拜物化的社会现实，人与人之间的关系物化。这一点充分表现了卢卡契的观点：文学不是一种简单的表面的镜映，而是对客观现实更深刻、更全面的反映。 参考文献： [1]董学文.西方文学理论史[M].北京理工大学出版社,2005. [2]弗朗西斯·马尔赫恩.当代马克思主义文学批评[M].北京大学出版社,2003. 看了“什么是研究性学术论文”的人还看： 1. 理论研究型学术论文 2. 研究性论文写作基本方法 3. 对学术论文的认识 4. 学术论文的重要性的认识 5. 关于大学学术论文

马克·吐温，一个我们耳闻的讽刺小说作家。他曾写过许多让人影响深刻的幽默讽刺小说，《百万英镑》就是其中之一。下面是为大家整理的：百万英镑读后感英文，欢迎阅读!更多相关内容请继续关注读后感栏目

See here, I am very envious of this so "lucky" the hero, but I want to: people reason to please him, because it was not that people are reading too much money to it? Worship of money is shameful, and something for nothing we should not! Money is not a panacea, in the world there are many more important things than money .

Mark Twain's short story with "one million pounds" is a very good work. Article on the "money is everything" "Money is omnipotent," the ideas of irony, exposed the ugly face of capitalist society.

"Millions of pounds" refers to a poor, honest man, that is, the hero of this story has received a pair of brothers, a letter which gave him one million pounds. It turns out that the brothers played a bet, gambling, if a poor, honest man knocking on the door of one million pounds received, he will be what results? His brother that he would starve to death because he could not prove that the money was his own, will be someone else's question, even the banks do not let him save. Little brother that he would be getting along very well, so they are brothers to one million pounds to lend a check of this poor people, and spent 30 days abroad.

Did not expect at this time, people have the rare sudden riches millionaire, went so far as hard to win over him, from free to eat, buy clothes, to free accommodation, one by one like a beggar, like to please him, and continue to improve his social status, it was only in addition to Wang's highest outdoor Duke on! Not only that, he also got a good wife and £ 30,000 in bank interest, and finally from two brothers, there has been a very good job. Lived a very, very happy life.

Mark Twain's short story of "one million pounds" is a very good work. The article on the "money is everything," "money is omnipotent," the idea of a satire, to expose the ugly face of capitalist society.

"One million pounds" is about a poor, honest man, that is, the heroine of this story has received a pair of brothers, the letter sent to him inside one million pounds. The brothers had made a bet, gambling, if a poor, honest people who come knocking on the door received the one million pounds, he will be what kind of results? Brother that he would starve to death because he could not prove that the money was his own, will be subject to other people's doubts, and even the banks do not let him save money. His younger brother that he would lead a very good, and therefore they have the brothers of one million pounds will be loaned to check the poorest people, and spent 30 days abroad. Did not expect that during this period of time, people have the rare fortune suddenly rich, has tried to cozy up to him, from the free food, buy clothes, free accommodation, like a beggar, like to please him, and continue to improve his social status until the exception of the highest outdoor Wang Duke on! Not only that, he also has been a good wife and 30,000 pounds of bank interest, and finally from two brothers got a very good job. Lived a very, very happy life.

See here, I am so envious of the "lucky" the heroine, but at the same time I would like to: people reason to curry favor with him, not just because when people value money too it? Worship of money is shameful and should not be reaping more! Money is not omnipotent, the world than money, there are many more important things … …

My Impressions after Reading" The Million Pound Note”.

This time I want to talk about a very famous short story written by Mark Twain---------“The Million Pound Note”. Referring to Mark Twain, you must feel familiar, because we must have read his works before. I still remember the article “ The Bite Events on the Train” in our textbook when I’m in the middle school. What touched me most at that time were his ironic words. Yes, he is a great humorist, novelist, writer and orator in America in nineteenth century. During his 40 years’ writing career, he created dozens of short or long stories, among which “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” is of the most popularity, which was praised by Hemingway as “the first real American literature”. But today I am introducing his another work------ The Million Pound Note.

This story tells about a poor but honest American Adam Henry. When he was wandering in the street of London, he was given by two billionaires a letter, in which he surprisedly found a ￡1,000,000 pound bank-note. Later he got to know that the two billionaires who were brothers had made a bet about the results after he got a one million-pound note at once. One of them thought the note wound count for nothing to the poor man because he could not prove that the money was his own while the other considered just as the opposite. Dramatically, the plot went just out of my expectation. Herry went to a restaurant to have dinner first. The manager was mean to him at the beginning but his attitude changed quickly when Herry took out the note and asked for change. Faced with a millionaire, the manager apologized again and again and obsequiously told Herry that he didn’t need to pay for the bill right now. So Herry managed to have a free dinner.

Then similarly, Herry went to a clothing shop and got a suit of clothes costing him nothing. Like the plot above, people are curious of such a rich man and tried every means to cozy up to him, from free food， free clothes to free accommodation. At the same time, his social status was becoming higher and higher and finally higher than most dukes. Apart from that, he later got a beautiful wife and 200,000 pounds of bank interest. I can imagine a bright future was waiting for him. The writing style of this story is so humorous. Mark Twain used hyperbole describing how our hero defeated snobbishness repeatedly. What I appreciate most is the detailed description of different people’s ridiculous actions before one million pounds, vivid, funny, ironic and humorous, which forms a Caricature. In terms of the theme, it is apparent that the author wanted to denounce the overflowing mammonism in the society. Even now it gives us an impressive lesson. Yes, I cannot deny the importance of money to a person who wants to survive. We won’t live without money, with which we get food, clothes, house and many other

Necessities. But we must know that there are many things which can’t be bought with money such as love or friendship. So in my opinion, money may be important to us, but not the most important. We need to build up the correct sense of money. Another point I want to emphasize is honesty. From the plot, we can see that there were so many people the brothers could choose, so why just Herry? I think it was because he was honest. When he got the note, what he did wasn’t use it right now but return it to the brothers. Without a kind and honest heart, Herry couldn’t have been such a successful man. There are various of tempertation alluring us in our life, Only by keeping honesty and consciousness inside can we manage to resist them. To sum up, this story is a really good work of Mark Twain. The lesson I’ve learnt from it makes me want to be an honest man sincerely and lets me not to worship money too much. I begin to regret not reading it earlier.

Based on Mark Twain's novel, 'The Millionaire Pound Note' takes an interesting satirical look at the hypocrisy stemming from class distinction in the 50s England. England is a country where class and wealth are given extreme significance, especially among the rich. The film shows the hypocrisy that existed among these people, how the rich are quick to change face when in an instant they find out that you're a man of wealth and how within the next moment they revert back to their condescending selves when all wealth is lost. Interestingly, 'The Millionaire' also briefly looks at how the English perceived Americans in that era. Rich Americans were welcomed as outsiders and the poor were quickly shunned away. The fact that he's an outsider either makes him more appealing or the complete opposite. The story sticks to the main theme by emphasizing on the hypocrisy of the upper class society but at the same time it also creates a balance that prevents the movie from being a mockery of the British society. The movie drags at some point but the love story appears at the right time and there is plenty of comedy to keep one entertained. A charming Gregory Peck totally nails the part and the luminous Jane Griffiths is a treat. Reginald Beckwith, as Peck's sidekick Rock is amusing. The ending is a little predictable but the director does an overall good job by rounding it up and presenting his points.

I knew Mark Twain when i was a middle school student. In my memory, there is an article in my English textbook that written by him. At that time, I pay no attention to Mark Twain. However, i knew more about him after I learned the History and Anthology of American Literature, he appeals to me dearly and deeply. As a result, I read a part of his novels in part time. Here I will introduce Million Pounds to you. Before that, I will give some information about Mark Twain to you. And last, it comes my though.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910) was an American humorist, satirist, lecturer and writer, better known by the pen name Mark Twain. He was born in Florida, Missouri and brought up in Hannibal, Missouri. After his father's death in 1847, he was apprenticed to a printer and wrote for his brother's newspaper. He later worked as a licensed Mississippi river-boat pilot. The Civil War put an end to the steamboat traffic and Clemens moved to Virginia City, where he edited the Territorial Enterprise. On February 3, 1863, 'Mark Twain' was born when Clemens signed a humorous travel account with that pseudonym. He often uses exaggerated ways to show his irony.

Mark Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He is also known for his quotations. During his life, Clemens became a friend to presidents, artists, leading industrialists and European royalty. For I love the One Million Pounds Note best, I would introduce it to you.

Is there real free-lunch in the world? Maybe there is! And such kind of “free lunch” strikes the poor and honest young man Henry Adams who has surprisingly got a one-million bank note from the brothers (Roderick & Oliver)。 As a matter of fact, the brothers had made a bet, if a poor, honest and clever people who come knocking on the door received the one million pounds, what will be happening to his life? The elder brother think that he would starve to death because he could not prove that the money belongs to him, will be arousing others’ suspicion, and even the banks do not let him deposit the money. On the contrary, the younger brother believes that he would live in a very good life. So the brothers lend the one million pounds to Henry Adams, and spent 30 days abroad.

From then on, Henry Adams becomes a bright focus of the money-priority society. Later, the lucky young man experiences two sharply different treatments in the tailor shop. In the ball, people from every social class try every chance to show their friendship and flattery to the new millionaire. Adams never has the chance to spend a penny because no one can change the million and he is soon living in a luxurious hotel suite, wearing expensive suits. No one asks him to pay bill, these are forwarded for later payment. He even gets the chance to go to the Party that held by Duke. Fortunately, Henry meets Jane Griffiths and fall in love with this beautiful woman. He also comes across his good friend. The man gives him some advice to earn money. 30 days has passed, Henry Adams asks his girlfriend company him to meet the brothers. Out of his expectation, his girlfriend is the daughter of one of the brothers. And finally he got a very good job from the brother. And he lived a very happy life.

Mark Twain's short story of "one million pounds note" is a very good work. The article satires the thoughts of "money is everything," "money is omnipotent," and expose the ugly face of capitalist society. As we all know, the root of the story was the bet of the brothers. What is the bet actually? Where does the attraction of the bank note lie in?

As far as i am concerned, the One Million Pounds Note takes an interesting, satirical look at the hypocrisy stemming from class distinction in England. England is a country where class and wealth are given extreme significance, especially among the rich. The novel shows the hypocrisy that existed among these people, how the rich are quick to change face when they find out that you're a man of wealth and how within the next moment they revert back to their condescending selves when all wealth is lost. The story was based on the main theme by emphasizing on the hypocrisy of the upper class society but at the same time it also creates a balance that prevents the novel from being a mockery of the British society. The love story appears at the right time and there is plenty of comedy to keep one entertained. The ending is a little predictable but the director does an overall good job by rounding it up and presenting his points.

In my heart, Herry was so luckily, not everyone can get the chance to use the million. I am so envious of the "lucky" of the heroine, but at the same time I would like to think that the reason why people carry favor with him is just that they attract too much important to money, isn’t it? Money worship is shameful and should not be reaping more! Money is not omnipotent, and in the world, there are many things that more important than money .

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