aperture杂志

延伸到祖国各地的输电网2015年底，中国创下了一个电力奇迹——2015年12月23日，青海果洛藏族自治州班玛县果芒村和玉树藏族自治州曲麻莱县长江村合闸通电，全国最后9614户万无电人口用电问题得到解决。全国14亿人民完全通电，华灯从那一刻起点亮了每一个国人的夜空。中国电网（国家电网+南方电网）的毛细血管，义无反顾地延伸到了祖国大地的各个角落。放眼全球233个国家和地区，中国是第一个、也是唯一拥有近14亿超庞大人口依然能做到全民通电的国家。输电网背后的铁路网支撑我国煤炭资源主要分布在西部和北部地区，水能资源主要集中在西南地区，东部地区的一次能源资源匮乏、用电负荷相对集中。国家一是采取把西部的部分煤炭通过铁路运到港口（大同—秦皇岛）再装船运到江苏、上海、广东等地，简称输煤；二是用西部的煤炭、水力资源就地发电，再通过输电线路和电网把电送到中东部地区，简称输电。中国第一条重载铁路——大秦铁路，单列列车全长近4000米，相当于10-20列高铁列车相连。煤炭运至秦皇岛港后，便可通过成本更低的海运运至东部和东南沿海地区。随着又一条重载铁路——蒙华铁路建成，内蒙古、山西、陕西等地的煤炭将由此直抵华中地区。这条铁路全程跨越7个省份，一次建成里程超过1800余千米，堪称世界之最。铁路和输电两张网络纵横交错，让无论是位于负荷中心，还是地处矿口、港口的火电厂都能共同发力，成为我国电力工业的中流砥柱。“西电东送”工程的实施，有利于西部能源资源优势转化为经济优势，减轻了环境和运输压力，对于合理配置资源、优化能源结构、促进我国社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。特高压远距离输电技术的大规模商用在如此遥远的输电距离下，线路的阻抗已然无法忽略，人们只能尽量降低传输电流才能最大程度地减少线路损耗。这就意味着，传输功率一定的情况下，在保证经济性的同时，必须尽可能提升输电电压。从高压到超高压，从超高压到特高压，远距离输电技术突飞猛进。建设特高压电网，能把中国电网坚强地连接起来，使建在不同地点的不同发电厂（比如火电厂和水电厂之间）能互相支援和补充，南北互济，水火交融，实现了电网资源的优化配置。1954年时，我国自行设计施工了第一条220千伏的高压输电线路，传输距离369千米，但已落后世界大概30年。作为世界首个1000千伏特高压交流工程，晋东南—南阳—荆门交流特高压试验示范工程已经投运近10年。2013年9月25日，世界首条1000千伏同塔双回特高压交流工程——皖电东送正式投运，至此，国家电网已建成2项1000千伏交流和2项±800千伏直流工程，标志着我国特高压建设取得了新成果。

Oriental Art Magazine东方艺术杂志Art & design magazineArt & design magazineArtnowmagazineMagazineArtSculpture MagazinePermaculture MagazineAesthetica cover, February/March 2010Aesthetica, est. 2002, United KingdomAfterall, est. 1998/9, London, United KingdomThe Aldine, 1869–1879, American art monthlyAmerican Art Review, est. 1972, American colonial era until the early 1970sAperture, est. 1952, quarterly photography magazine; based in New York, USAApollo, est. 1925, monthly, based in London, United KingdomARC Magazine, est. 2011, contemporary Caribbean art and cultureArt and Antiques, est. 1984, published out of North Carolina, USAArt and Architecture Journal, est. 1980, re-launched 2005; UK basedArt+Auction, owned by Louise Blouin MediaArt & Project, Dutch art magazine, 1968–1989Art in America, est. 1913; covers US and international art but concentrated on New YorkArt in Print, est. 2011, bimonthly art magazine and website on the history and culture of artists’ printsArt International, 1956–1984, published quarterly in Paris, FranceArt Monthly, est. 1976, UK-based coverage of contemporary artThe Art Newspaper, est. 1983, international coverage of news from the world of visual artsArt on Paper, 1996–2009, based in New YorkART PAPERS, based in Atlanta, Georgia, bimonthly contemporary art magazineArt Press, est. 1972 based in Paris, monthly bi-lingual (French/English) contemporary art magazineArt Press 2, est. 2006 based in Paris, quarterly contemporary art magazineArtAsiaPacific, covers contemporary art in Asia, the Pacific, and the Middle EastArtforum, est. 1962 in San Francisco, now based in New York, USArtibus Asiae, est. 1925 in Dresden, biannual academic journal specialising in the arts and archaeology of AsiaArtibus et Historiae, semi-annual journal of art historical research, published by the Institute for Art Historical ResearchArtillery, based in Los Angeles, covers US and international art but concentrated on CaliforniaARTINFO, owned by Louise Blouin MediaArtist Profile, est. 2007, Sydney, Australia, contemporary art quarterly covering Asia-PacificArtlink, founded in 1981, based in Australia, covers contemporary art of Australia and Asia-PacificArtlog, based in Brooklyn, NY, online onlyArtnet, based in New York, Berlin and ParisARTnews, founded in 1902, covering ancient to contemporary artArtNexus, leading Latin American contemporary art magazine, est. 1976, based in Bogota and North MiamiArtReview, est. 1949, international contemporary art magazine, based in LondonArts Magazine, monthly art journal published in New York by Art Digest, Co., 1926–1992Atlantica Revista de Arte y Pensamiento, Centro Atlántico de Arte de Moderno (CAAM), based in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, since 1990Australian Art Collector, est. 1997, quarterly magazine covering Australian contemporary art, including aboriginal artAustralian Art Review, Australian quarterly fine arts magazineBAK magazine, bilingual Turkish and English visual arts magazineThe Bear Deluxe, Portland, Oregon-based magazine dedicated to environmental writing, literature, and visual artBeautiful/Decay, began as a 'zine, currently a blogBedeutung, a quarterly British publication of philosophy, current affairs, art and literatureThe Blue Review, a London-based arts magazine, 1911–1913Blueprint, London-based magazine of architecture and designBOMB Magazine, a quarterly magazine edited by artists and writers, based in New York, est. 1981The Brooklyn Rail, a journal of arts, culture, and politics published monthly in Brooklyn, est. 2000The Burlington Magazine, est. 1903, based in London, England, longest running English-language art journalCommunication Arts, est. 1959 in Menlo Park, CaliforniaConstance, est. 2006, based in New Orleans, LouisianaContemporary, 1993–2008, monthly visual arts magazine based in LondonContemporary Art Philippines, bi-monthly magazine covering Philippine visual artsCulture Lounge, bi-monthly magazine, based in Columbus, Nebraska, founded in 2006Darling, independent, ad-free, women's magazine with a "no-retouching" policy, based in Los Angeles, founded in 2009Daruma Magazine, Japanese art magazine, 1994–2011Derrière le miroir (DLM), French art magazine published from 1946 to 1982, ParisDialogue, 1978–2002, based in OhioThe Drama, 2000–2007Esopus, semi-annual magazine, based in New York, founded in 2003esse arts + opinions, Montreal-based contemporary art magazine, published three times a yearFillip, contemporary art magazine, based in Vancouver, Canada, founded in 2004First American Art Magazine, quarterly magazine about indigenous art of the Americas, founded in 2013Flash Art, bimonthly contemporary art magazine, based in Milan, Italy,frieze, London-based contemporary art magazine, founded 1991, published eight times a yearHi-Fructose Magazine, a contemporary art magazineHigh Performance Magazine, a quarterly performance art and experimental art magazine 1978-1997Hunter and Cook, a contemporary Canadian arts and culture magazine, 2008–2011Hyperallergic, online magazine of contemporary art criticism, based in Brooklyn, founded 2009ImagineFX , magazine of digital art, est. 2006, based in Bath, UKDie Insel, 1899-1901, Munich, GermanyThe Jackdaw, British arts magazine, founded 2000Juxtapoz, monthly lowbrow art magazine, founded 1994KIOSK, art, design and architecture magazine, est. 2007, based in London, UKLens Culture, international art of photography, est. 2004Lodown magazine, bimonthly art, culture and lifestyle magazine featuring sculpture, photography, and graffitiMcJAWN, an art and culture magazine, based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, defunctMetronome, founded in the 1996 by the Metronome Press in Paris, FranceMinotaure (1933-1939), surrealist-oriented; founded by Albert Skira in Paris, FranceMir iskusstva, est. 1899 in St. Petersburg, RussiaModern Painters, founded 1987, owned by Louise Blouin , est. 2005 in Berlin, GermanyMoving Art Magazine, international art magazine, est. 2007, based in The NetherlandsNew Art Examiner, 1973–2002, based in Chicago, USThe New&Bad, based in Tel Aviv, Israel, founded as a part of Maayan poetry magazineNictoglobe, founded in 1982, online : international feminist art journal, established in 1996, covering feminist art criticism and the work of contemporary women artistsNYArts, also known as NY Arts Magazine, 1995–2014[1]Parkett, from Zurich, SwitzerlandThe Pastel JournalPelican Bomb, online art review on contemporary visual arts in New OrleansPhotosho, showcasing Canadian photographers, defunctPLAZM, founded 1991Portfolio Magazine, 1979–1984Print Connoisseur, 1920–1932; Vol 1#1 to 12#2 (46 issues - all published)Professional Artist, the American art industry's foremost business magazine for visual artists, est. 1986Raw Vision, UK-based, devoted to outsider artRevolutionart, bi-monthly contemporary art online magazineRevue Noire, Paris, 1991–2001Sculpture, published by the International Sculpture CenterSensitive Skin Magazine, an online magazine of the artsStudio International, art and design magazine founded in 1893 under the name The Studio: An Illustrated Magazine of Fine and Applied Art, in print 1963–1994, presently online onlyTate Etc., art magazine published by the Tate, London, previously published under various namesThird Text, founded by Rasheed Araeen, LondonToby Room, founded by Jared Pappas-Kelley and Michael Lent in 2001, United StatesTradeArt, defunctTriple CanopyWallpaper*Watercolor ArtistWhite FungusX[edit]X, London, 1959-62X-TRA Contemporary Art Quarterly, Los AngelesZingmagazineReferences[edit]Jump up ^ Davis, Ben. "Pay-for-Coverage Magazine NY Arts Shuts Down". artnet news. artnet. Retrieved 4 February 2015.这里是一些能找到的杂志，关于艺术类的，有杂志名称，创办人和简单的历史介绍。

中国的制造越来越强大了，全世界人民很多国家都在使用中国制造的东西。就拿日本来说，他们日常生活中很多东西都是由中国制造的。中国由于历史原因，造成了科技和经济出现一段空白的时间，因此很多发达国家都轻视中国，然而随着中国突飞猛进的发展，现在中国在国际上的地位也是越来越高了。而且近些年，都说中国的仿造能力是非常强大的，也被人戏称为山寨大国，其实这也更加的说明了中国的制造能力的强大。当然中国不仅仅突出的是仿造能力，中国的创造和创新能力也是非常强大的，要知道中国也制造出了原子弹，也成功的飞向了太空等等。那么目前有什么东西是中国才能制造出来的吗？那么今天我们就来简单的介绍两种东西。1、第一种东西 中国的超级计算机超级计算机不是任何国家都能制造出来的，除了需要庞大的资金，还要完善的科技能力，以及耗费大量的人力心血才能制造出来的。超级计算机对于国家的安全和发展都是有非常巨大的意义。而且放眼全世界，只有一些科技发达的国家才有能够做到的。而且这些国家，经济和发展都是远超中国的，中国是后起之秀，经历了艰难险阻制造出来的，可见中国制造能力的强大。2、第二种东西 量子卫星量子卫星制造出来的作用是什么呢？中国日益的强大，不免会有些不良分子或者国家对于中国的强大，虎视眈眈会利用各种手段破坏中国的发展，那么量子卫星的制造意义是重大的，因为量子卫星是杜绝间谍窃听及破解的保密通信技术，抗衡外国的网络攻击与防御能力。现在是一个互联网的信息时代，那么很多宝贵和机密的文件的保护是极为重要的。很多黑客都会试图攻击一些国家的网络系统，企图窃取一些宝贵和机密的资料，利用这些资料谋取私利，这不仅仅会严重的影响国家的经济发展，还会影响到国家的安全问题。所以量子卫星的制造更是彰显中国制造的强大。

中国短短几十年的时间，将国家发展的越来越强大，这是非常不容易的，不仅仅是国家方针的帮助，也是举国上下全国人民勤奋努力的结果。当然这并不是终点，只是一个起点，我们还有很多不足的地方，需要改进和提升，相信未来的中国会越来越强大，人民的生活也会越来越好。

1）FAST500米口径球面射电望远镜（Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope），简称FAST，位于贵州省黔南布依族苗族自治州平塘县克度镇大窝凼的喀斯特洼坑中，工程为国家重大科技基础设施.被誉为“中国天眼”，由我国天文学家南仁东于1994年提出构想，历时22年建成，于2016年9月25日落成启用。是由中国科学院国家天文台主导建设，具有我国自主知识产权、世界最大单口径、最灵敏的射电望远镜。2016年9月25日落成启用以来，500米口径球面射电望远镜——“中国天眼”共发现51颗脉冲星候选体，其中有11颗已被确认为新脉冲星。这个东西属于基础科学领域，平时看着好像没有什么用，都是一些虚无缥缈的工作，但是，基础科学正是积累的过程，一旦有了这个东西，就有可能在这个领域实现突破，进而带动其他行业加速进步。2 量子号卫星2017年1月18日，中国发射的世界首颗量子科学实验卫星“墨子号”圆满完成了4个月的在轨测试任务，正式交付用户单位使用。量子保密通信，能够从三个方面保障信息安全。第一，发送者和接收者之间的信息交互是安全的，不会被窃听或盗取。第二，“主仆”身份能够自动确认，只有主人才能够使唤“仆人”，而其他人无法指挥“仆人”。第三，一旦发送者和接收者之间的传递口令被恶意篡改，使用者会立刻知晓，从而重新发送和接收指令。量子通信还属于开发与实验阶段，但是目前中国在该领域已经开始走在前面了；3 大功率紫外激光需要的晶体在该领域，中国领先世界20年左右。2013年9月9日，中科院网站公布，我国深紫外固态激光源系列前沿装备日前通过验收，我国成为世界上唯一能够制造实用化深紫外全固态激光器的国家。2016年2月美国宣布突破中国长达15年的封锁制造出了KBBF晶体，该晶体用于光发射电子显微镜、超大功率激光器、同时也是制造光刻机的核心部件，而光刻机则是用来生产CPU芯片的核心设备。中国封锁该技术的主要原因是其军事用途，大功率晶体是激光定向能武器的核心技术，中国在此领域大幅领先“外国”，功率输出超过“外国”一个数量级以上。因为中国对此类技术的严格封锁，禁止出口，造成国际凝聚态物理研究受到影响，例如：某国外著名实验室求国内一小块晶体而不得，2009年Nature杂志专门撰文谴责了这种不利于人类技术发展的自私行为