钢结构设计英文论文文献

Traditional Construction ProceduresAs mentioned before, construction under the traditional construction procedure is performed by contractors. While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a profit. Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of construction costs. This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time schedule. After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for construction. The owner compensates the contractors for construction costs and general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a building. The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for construction. For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plumbing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs elevators. Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general , in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a building. Such contractors are called prime contractors. Their work is scheduled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the also, the owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a building. Such organizations are called design-build contractors. One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartment buildings. The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the of the construction procedure often is difficult. Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a fee. The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the building. Managers usually also supervise selection of subcontractors. During construction, they help control costs, expedite equipment and material deliveries, and keep the work on schedule. In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and contractors employ labor that may or may not be unionized. Unionized craftspeople are members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their construction, all work should be inspected. For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consultants, engages inspectors. The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owner’s representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architect’s superintendent, engineer’s superintendent, or resident engineer. The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe conditions. Such inspections may be made at frequent addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental agencies. They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal requirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract documents. Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of construction. One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has jurisdiction. The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building is a description of the basic traditional construction procedure for a multistory the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to proceed. The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local building, water, sewer, and highway general contractor plans and schedules construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the project. Subcontractors are notified of the contract award and issued letters of intent or awarded subcontracts, then are given, at appropriate times, notices to construction starts, the general contractor orders a survey to be made of adjacent structures and terrain, both for the record and to become knowledgeable of local conditions. A survey is then made to lay out offices for the contractor are erected on or near the site. If desirable for safety reasons to protect passersby, the required to be removed from the site are demolished and the debris is carted , the site is prepared to receive the building. This work may involve grading the top surface to bring it to the proper elevations, excavating to required depths for basement and foundations, and shifting of utility piping. For deep excavations, earth sides are braced and the bottom is construction starts with the placement of foundations, on which the building rests. This is followed by the erection of load-bearing walls and structural framing. Depending on the height of the building, ladders, stairs, or elevators may be installed to enable construction personnel to travel from floor to floor eventually to the roof. Also, hoists may be installed to lift materials to upper levels. If needed, temporary flooring may be placed for use of the building rises, pipes, ducts, and electric conduit and wiring are installed. Then, permanent floors, exterior walls, and windows are constructed. At the appropriate time, permanent elevators are installed. If required, fireproofing is placed for steel framing. Next, fixed partitions are built and the roof and its covering are put is place,Finishing operations follow. There include installation of the following: ceilings; tile; wallboard; wall paneling; plumbing fixtures; heating furnaces; air-conditioning equipment; heating and cooling devices for rooms; escalators; floor coverings; window glass; movable partitions; doors; finishing hardware; electrical equipment and apparatus, including lighting fixtures, switches, transformers, and controls; and other items called for in the drawings and specifications. Field offices, fences, bridges, and other temporary construction must be removed from the site. Utilities, such as gas, electricity, and water, are hooked up to the building. The sit is landscaped and paved. Finally, the building interior is painted and owner’s representatives then give the building a final inspection. If they find that the structure conforms with the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and gives the general contractor final payment on issuance by the building department of a certificate of occupancy, which indicates that the completed building meets building-code requirements.传统的施工程序众所周知，在传统的施工程序中进行施工的承包商。尽管他们想满足业主和建筑设计师的要求，但是最终还是以赚取利润为主要目标的。因此，他们最初的任务是对编写投标价格的建筑成本进行准确的估计。这就需要进行前期调查的工作并且做出施工时间表。等合约批出后，施工方必须提供所有材料并支付其费用，设备，电力，劳动力。业主此时需要进行必要的监督。一个总承包商承担一个建筑整体的责任。从事分包的承建商则需承担建造工程所需的各个工作。例如，管道承包商安装水管，电业承办商安装电气系统，电梯则由电梯承包商安装。他们与总承包商签订合同，费用由总承包商支付。有时候，除了一个总承包商，还有各种专业承包商，如电气和机械承包商，执行工作时需要与业主签订合同。这种承包商被称为间接承包商。他们的工作，由总承包商协调，但它们都是由业主直接联系。还有些时候，业主可以使用设计建造方法同时兼有设计和建筑施工单位的职能。这些单位被称为设计建造承包商。这方面的一个类型的合同聘用的变化是由一户住宅或低层住宅建筑群的开发。在房屋建筑设计和建造的住房，但设计之前需要由购买房屋的业主完成。施工过程管理往往是困难的。因此，一些业主会去寻求专家的协助，这些专家被称为专业施工经理，他们具有丰富的施工经验。施工经理与总承包商进行谈判，并选择其中一个项目。施工经理通常还监督分包商。在施工期间，它们有助于控制成本，加快运送设备和材料，并保持工作的进度。在依法行政，协助设计和建设的情况下，业主可以选择从事建筑项目经理。建筑承包商雇用的劳动力，一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中从事技术活，如木工，管道工，工会成员和电工工会，小工则执行了分配给他们的工作。在施工期间，一切工作都要验收。因此，业主通过建筑师和监理经常进行督查。可能是名为工程员，建筑师或驻地工程师。作为业主的代表实地视察。核查人员必须确保工程符合合同文件的要求，并在安全的条件下进行的责任。这种检查可作出重复。此外，验收还是需要一个或多个政府机构的代表。他们必须确保工程符合法律要求，并负责检查与合同文件是否一致。这种视察一般定期或在某些阶段施工结束以后进行。地方或国家建设部门具有管辖权。这些检查的目的是确保符合当地或国家的建筑规范。以下是传统多层建筑施工的基本程序。建造开始后合同授予开发商，业主可要求开发商开始施工之前签约给或之后签约发出书面通知的同时另一部分工作继续进行。紧接着施工方根据需要获取建筑许可证，例如当地的建设，供水，污水处理，政府机构和公路部门。总承包商的计划和进度详细施工作业以及动员项目设备和人员。分包商得到通知后，做出签订合同的意向或授予分包合同书，然后给出在适当的时候进行通知。在施工前启动，总承包商要进行的一项调查就是邻近结构和地形，这些都要记录在案，并要熟悉当地情况。这项调查结束以后，随即进行布局建设。承建商的现场办事处都建在施工现场或附近。为了安全起见，必须从脚手架上移除的东西，产生的碎片都要运走。下一步，该网架是为建设工程准备的。这项工作为地下室开挖和基础开挖的深度，以及公用事业管道转移找到正确的标高。深挖掘，土方支撑，底部排出。建筑开始于基础上，然后是承重墙和结构框架的施工。梯子，楼梯，或电梯的安装，可让施工人员往返于各个楼层。此外，可安装卷扬机来运送材料。由于建筑高度的上升，管道，电力管道和线路安装以及永久地板，外墙，窗户和构造的影响。在适当的时候，永久的电梯安装。再需要的情况下可以安装防火卷帘。其次，屋顶等地方也需要安装。精加工工序安装有包括以下内容：天花板，瓷砖，墙板，墙壁镶板，水管装置，加热炉，空气调节设备，加热和冷却室装置;自动扶梯;地板，窗户玻璃;活动板，门;电气设备和仪器，包括照明灯具，开关，变压器，控制器，遵照项目的图纸和规格。外地办事处，围栏，桥梁和其他临时建筑，公共设备，如天然气，电力管道，水管，都连接到建筑上。最后，是建筑物内部的打扫和清洗。业主的代表，会给建设工程作最后检查。如果他们满意并认为符合合同文件，那么业主接受该项目，并交给总承包商的一个占用证书，这表明，总承包商已完成建设，建设部门再根据建筑规范的要求发放最后付款。

钢结构课程设计论文

在平时的学习、工作中，大家都跟论文打过交道吧，论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。相信许多人会觉得论文很难写吧，下面是我为大家收集的钢结构课程设计论文，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

一、钢结构课程设计中存在的问题

（一）钢结构课程设计选题单一

高校钢结构课程设计选题较为单一，一般为钢屋架设计或钢梁设计。钢结构课程设计在钢结构课程教学完成几周后才进行，有的甚至到学期末，内容讲授与设计实践严重脱节。学生在一周或两周课程设计中，往往只能完成一种普通钢屋架的设计，内容较为单一，还会出现较多弊端。如钢屋架设计，因为钢屋架可以看成厂房设计当中的一个构件，学生在设计过程中缺少整体结构设计的概念，钢屋架的设计的实际应用范围有限。钢屋架的连接计算程式化的东西过多，连接计算过于单调、重复量过大。

（二）学生识图和制图能力较差

在近些年的钢结构课程设计教学和指导中，笔者发现由于部分学生的空间想象能力较差，往往对屋盖支撑系统的布置及关系不清楚，有些学生在进行屋盖结构布置图中常常出错。对于一榀钢屋架详图的绘制，由于图面表达内容较多，涉及的构造做法较多，学生在连接节点处内容表述不够完整，屋架的剖视图不相对应。学生在绘制钢屋架的施工图时常常不能正确地表达设计意图。在平时的学习过程中学生接触的混凝土结构设计施工图较多，而对钢结构设计的施工图较少。在有限的课堂时间内，学生要真正看懂钢结构施工图，正确表达自己的设计意图并非易事，所以学生在做钢结构课程设计时，常常照搬照抄课本或课程设计指导书中钢屋架的施工图纸，甚至出现设计图纸上的尺寸结果和设计计算书中的计算结果不一致的情况。

（三）学生的创新意识不够

钢结构课程设计中的屋架设计由于教师已给定了屋架的跨度及桁架的`尺寸，所以学生在做设计时不去查阅相关设计规范和设计资料，更不会考虑比选设计方案，学生的主观能动性受到了限制。因此，教师在布置课程设计任务时，要精心选题，给学生充足的空间，鼓励学生自己查阅资料，确定设计方案和尺寸，以确保学生主观能动性的发挥。此外，教师要给学生提供一个交流学习的平台，组织学生开展讨论、交流，让学生在此过程中发现问题、分析问题，从而不断培养创新思维和创新意识。针对上述钢结构课程设计存在的问题，笔者对目前钢结构课程设计的命题、教学和考核方法进行改进，提出了切实可行的建议和措施。

二、钢结构课程设计教学改革的构想与实践

（一）精选设计题目，分组设计，一人一题

教师在选择课程设计题目时，应该根据学生学习能力的差异，精心选择并布置多种形式的课程设计题目。除了钢屋架设计外，还可以选轻型门式刚架、平台结构设计、钢框架设计等题目。为了培养学生的独立思考能力，避免学生在设计过程中出现抄袭现象，在课程设计中可采用分组设计和一人一题的方法。4～5人一组，设计同一种结构型式的题目。如设计钢屋架的小组，可通过改变设计条件及参数等方式，实现一人一题。又如屋架的选择形式多样，学生可选择梯形屋架、三角形屋架或人字形屋架进行设计。荷载的取值可提供多种组合。通过这种分组设计的方式，巩固学生的理论知识，锻炼学生的设计能力，加强和培养学生的沟通协作能力和团队协助精神。

（二）改革钢结构课程设计的教学方法

以课堂教学为平台，将课程设计融入到课堂教学中，再将课程设计中涉及到的主要内容分解成若干专题做重点介绍，并要求学生根据分组布置的安排在每个专题讲完后开展讨论，将遇到的问题及时反馈，教师在后续阶段集中重点解答。通过这种方式，教师就能及时解决学生遇到的问题，有的放矢，在课堂教学中根据不同的内容选择不同的教学方法。如：对构件的力学分析时采用板书讲解，可以让学生逐步了解和掌握构件从外力到内力再到结构稳定的整个过程。除采用传统的教学方法外，还应采用多媒体辅助教学。对于桁架的设计，此部分教学内容比较抽象，应利用多媒体进行授课。对节点部分的构造做法和施工焊接流程可采用大量的工程图片、动画演示以及录像资料作演示，让学生身临其境。现代教学手段所提供的感性材料使教学活动更加生动有趣。视觉和听觉的刺激可以加深感知度，提高教学效率和学习质量。

（三）建立钢结构课程设计的网络教学平台

为便于学生课后学习，教师可利用学校提供的网络教学平台建立钢结构课程设计课程网站，内容可包括课程负责人介绍、教学队伍、教学计划及大纲、课件、工程图片、教学动画演示、教学录像、学习参考资料目录、作业习题、友情链接等，还可提供钢结构设计的规范和图集等设计资料。学生可以随时访问此网站，获取所需相关知识，实现教师与学生之间的互动，开阔学生视野，扩宽知识面，网站还专门设置了重要学术杂志如《土木工程学报》、《建筑结构学报》、《建筑结构》、《工业建筑》、《钢结构》及《现代钢结构进展》等链接，以方便学生与钢结构专家直接交流。

（四）增设教学实习环节，提高教学效果

为提高钢结构课程设计的教学效果，增加学生对钢结构设计的感性认识，教师要积极联系适合现场教学的钢结构工地，带学生实地观察钢结构的空间构造与一些局部的连接构造。学生在教师或工程师的带领下按照结构布置、构件做法及节点连接方式的顺序依次参观。这种教学实习，便于学生学习钢结构施工图，逐步建立所设计结构的整体空间概念。

（五）改革课程设计的考核方式

教师在评阅课程设计时主要依据学生完成的设计说明书、设计图纸进行，然后由指导教师定性给出考核等级。这样的考核方式存在考核不客观、考核成绩不能有效反映学生的真实学习水平，没有给学生一个更为公平、公正、合理的评价。所以要真实客观地反映学生的学习成果，就要综合考虑各个影响课程设计效果的环节，比如可以借鉴毕业设计考核方式，增设学生的课堂答辩。课堂答辩一方面可以充分调动学生的学习积极性；另一方面通过答辩环节，教师可以比较全面地了解学生设计的真实水平，从而客观地给出考核成绩。同时，课堂答辩过程也是学生设计过程中的经验和心得交流的一次机会，通过这个平台，学生可以进一步学习其他同学设计中的一些长处，发现自己设计的不足并加以改进。要建立完善的课程设计考核体系，将体现设计成绩的各个过程细化。比如综合多方面因素给出考核成绩：考核总成绩=平时考勤×0．1+设计说明书成绩×0．2+设计图成绩×0．3+答辩成绩0．3+创新成绩×0．1。针对以往课程设计中存在的学生创新意识不够的问题，教师要鼓励并肯定学生设计中创新性行为。课程设计不仅是一个熟悉设计方法的过程，更应该成为培养学生创新能力的机会，所以要鼓励学生大胆创新，在成绩评定方面也要有所体现。

三、结语

钢结构课程设计是一门实践性很强的专业课程，对培养学生分析和解决工程设计问题的能力起到十分重要的作用。重视钢结构课程设计，使在校学生在钢结构设计方面得到锻炼，为毕业从事钢结构方面的工作打基础，已成为钢结构教学改革的当务之急。针对目前钢结构课程设计教学中存在的问题，提出钢结构课程设计需要改进的措施，以期对钢结构课程设计改革有所裨益。

In the past decade, the concept of a second-order or an advanced analysis has been described in various national design codes of practice such as the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifi- cation for Structural Steel Buildings ( 1986 ) and the Australia standards ( AS4100 1990 ) . Unlike the 1inear analysis where checking of member strength against instability and second-order effect is carried out by the element design formulas in the codes, the second-order analysis automatically includes the effects of these nonlinear terms. As aresult of this, stress, allowing for the second- order P-δand P-△ effects,can be automatically computed and compared with the factored yield stress, or the design strength, in the analysis so that the empirical approach to amplify the moment due to a large change of geometry becomes unnecessary, resulting in much convenience and accuracy. In addition, the second-order and advanced analysis--including various linear and nonlinear terms for a more accurate computation of member forces and moments-provides a much more effective and accurate means of assessing the strength, stability, and serviceability of a structure and is expected to be widely accepted by the engineer, provided that an effective and robust analysis method is available This "integrated design and analysis approach "is aimed at using a sophisticated second-order analysis to design practical steel frames fulfilling the design code requirements. A literature survey shows that typical second-order analysis methods ignore many important characteristics and requirements for practical design, including the member initial imperfection and its direction, consistency between the linear and the nonlinear models due to the need to use several elements per member for a second-order analysis, and loads along members. The proposed method includes these terms so that it can be used to directly design real and practical steel frames fulfilling the advanced analysis requirement.中文翻译过去十年中，二阶或高等分析的概念在各种国内设计规范中被描述，例如结构钢建筑负载和抗性因子设计规格( 1986 ) 和澳大利亚标准 ( AS4100 1990 ) 。不同于线性分析用规范中的元设计方程来执行构件强度反不稳定性和二阶效应的检查，二阶分析自动地包括这些非线性条件的效果。结果是应力允许二阶P-δ和P-△效应，可被自动地计算并与屈服应力或设计强度相比较，以便在分析中不再需要因几何形状的巨变而扩大力矩的经验方法，结果更方便、精确。此外，二阶与高等分析--包括更精确的构件力-力矩计算的各种线性和非线性条件，并提供更有效和更精确的结构强度、稳定性和适用性估计方法，可望被工程师广泛接受，提供一个有效的分析法是可行的。"综合设计和分析进展"针对使用复杂的二阶分析去实施规范需要的应用钢框架设计。一篇文献调查认为典型的二阶分析法忽视了许多重要的特性和实践设计需要，包括构件初始不完整性和它的方向，线性和非线性模型之间的一致性因为需要对每构件几个元件作二阶分析，和沿构件的负载。建议的方法包括这些条款以便它能直接用于实现高等分析要求的设计和应用钢框架。

In the past decade, the concept of a second-order or an advanced analysis has been described in various national design codes of practice such as the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifi- cation for Structural Steel Buildings ( 1986 ) and the Australia standards ( AS4100 1990 ) . 在过去的十年里,这一概念的二阶或一个先进的分析描述了各国家设计规范的实践,如负荷和阻力因子设计具体-阳离子对钢结构建筑结构(1986年),AS4100澳大利亚标准(1990)。 Unlike the 1inear analysis where checking of member strength against instability and second-order effect is carried out by the element design formulas in the codes, the second-order analysis automatically includes the effects of these nonlinear terms. 不像1inear会员力量在检查分析对不稳定和二次效应进行元素设计公式,在代码,二阶分析的影响自动包括这些非线性的条件。 As aresult of this, stress, allowing for the second- order P-δand P-△ effects,can be automatically computed and compared with the factored yield stress, or the design strength, in the analysis so that the empirical approach to amplify the moment due to a large change of geometry becomes unnecessary, resulting in much convenience and accuracy. 所以,压力,允许P-δand秒——秩序——△P效果,可自动计算和比较了屈服应力与因素,或设计力量,在分析,以便为实证研究,健全的时刻由于庞大的变化就变得不必要的几何,导致许多方便和准确性。 In addition, the second-order and advanced analysis--including various linear and nonlinear terms for a more accurate computation of member forces and moments-provides a much more effective and accurate means of assessing the strength, stability, and serviceability of a structure and is expected to be widely accepted by the engineer, provided that an effective and robust analysis method is available This "integrated design and analysis approach "is aimed at using a sophisticated second-order analysis to design practical steel frames fulfilling the design code requirements. 此外,二阶和先进的分析——包括各种线性和非线性条件更精确计算的力量和moments-provides成员还有一种更有效、准确的评估手段和使用性力量、稳定、结构中,他预计将被广泛接受,但由工程师的有效性和鲁棒性分析方法是可得到的,这个“集成设计分析方法”是针对使用一个复杂的二阶分析到设计实用的钢结构设计规范的要求完成。 A literature survey shows that typical second-order analysis methods ignore many important characteristics and requirements for practical design, including the member initial imperfection and its direction, consistency between the linear and the nonlinear models due to the need to use several elements per member for a second-order analysis, and loads along members. 文学的一个调查显示,典型的二阶分析方法忽略了许多重要的特点及要求,实际的设计工作,包括成员初始缺陷及其方向、一致性之间的线性和非线性模型由于需要使用若干元素/会员二阶分析、荷载沿成员。 The proposed method includes these terms so that it can be used to directly design real and practical steel frames fulfilling the advanced analysis requirement. 该方法包括这些条款,以便它可以用来直接设计真正的和实用的钢结构实现了先进的分析要求。