mobility论文范文

5G通信是未来移动通信系统一个新的发展方向，当前这种技术还不是很成熟，处于探索和研发阶段。下面是我带来的关于5g通信技术论文的内容，欢迎阅读参考!5g通信技术论文篇一：《5G无线通信通信系统的关键技术分析》 摘要：5G无线通信是未来移动通信系统一个新的发展方向，当前这种技术还不是很成熟，处于探索和研发阶段。笔者在对5G无线通信技术系统进行简要介绍的基础之上，重点针对了5G无线通信系统的大规模MIMO 技术、超密集异构 网络技术 和全双工技术进行论述。 关键词：5G无线通信大规模MIMO 技术全双工技术超密集异构网络 引言： 经过了几十年的发展，移动通信使得人们生活和工作得到了翻天覆地的变化。当今已进入了信息化发展的新时代，由于移动终端越来越普及，使得多媒体数据业务的需求量极具增长。可以预测到，移动通信网络将在2020年增长1000倍的容量和100倍的连接数，众多的用户接入以及很低的营运成本的需求也会随之出现。因此，对5G 无线网络 技术的研究就显得格外重要。鉴于此，笔者希望本文的论述能够对5G无线通信网络技术的研究起到抛砖引玉的作用。 一、5G无线通信系统概述 5G无线通信和4G相比具有更高的传输速率，其覆盖性能、传输时延以及用户体验方面比4G更加良好，5G通信和4G通信之间有效的结合将贵构成一个全新的无线移动通信网络促进其进一步扩展。当前国内外对5G无线通信技术的研究已经进入到了深入时期，如2013年欧盟建立的5G研研发项目METIS(mobile and wireless communications enablers for the 2020 information society)项目，中国和韩国共同建立的5G技术论坛以及我国的813计划研发工程的启动。 由此可以看出5G无线通信是移动互联网在外来发展的最为重要的驱动力，将对移动互联网作为未来新兴业务的基础平台起到了重要的推动作用。而当前在互联网进行的各种业务大多都是通过无线传播的方式进行，而5G技术对这种传输的效率和传输质量提出了更高的要求。而将5G通信系统和 其它 通信系统进行有效的结合以及无缝的对接是5G无线通信技术研究的主要方向和目标。因此，在5G无线蓬勃发展的今天，其技术的发展主要呈现出以下特点： 首先，5G通信技术系统更加注重用户体验，而良好的用户体验主要是以传输时延、3D交互游戏为主要支撑来实现。 其次，5G无线通信系统以多点和多用户协作的网络组织是其与与其它通信系统相比最为明显的特点和优势，这种网络组织系统使得系统整体的性能得到了极大的提升。 再次，5G无线通信系统和其它通信系统相比应用到了较多的高端频谱，但是高端频谱无线电波穿透能力有限，因此，有线和无线相结合是系统采取的最为普遍的组成形式。 二、5G无线通信通信系统的关键技术 (一)大规模MIMO 技术 1技术分析 在多种无线通信系统中已经普遍采用了多天线技术，这种技术能够有效的提升通信系统的频谱效率，例如，3G系统、LTE、LTE-A、WLAN 等.频谱效率是随着天线数量的增多而效率随之提高。MIMO信道容量的增加和收发天线的数量呈现出近似线性的关系，因此在5G无线系统内采取较多数量的天线是为了有效的提高系统容量。但是当前系统收发终端配备的收发天线数量不多，这是由于天线数量的增多使得系统的空间容量会被压缩，并且多数量天线技术复杂所造成的。 但是，大规模MIMO 技术的优势还是非常明显的，主要体现在以下几个方面：首先，大规模MIMO分辨率更强，能够更加深入挖掘到空间维度资源，从而使得多个用户能够在大规模MIMO的基站平台上实现同一频率资源的同时通信，因此，使得能够实现小规模数量基站的前提下高频谱的信息传输。其次，大规模 MIMO抗干扰性能强，这是由于其能够将波束进行集中。再次，能够极大程度的降低发射功率，提高发射效率。 2我国的研究和应用现状 我国对大规模MIMO 技术的研究主要是集中在信道模、信道容量以及传输技术等方面，在理论模型和实测模型方面的研究比较少，公认的信道模型当前还没有建立起来，而且传输方案都是采用TTD系统，用户数量少于基站数量使得导频数和用户数呈现出线性增长的关系。除此之外采用矩阵运算等非常复杂的运算技术来进行信号检测和信息编码。因此，我国要充分挖掘MIMO 技术的内在优势，结合实际来对通信信道模型进行深入的研究，并且在频谱效率、无线传输 方法 、合资源调配方法等方面应当进行更多的有效分析和研究。 (二)全双工技术 所谓全双工技术就是指信息的同时传输和同频率传输的一种通信技术。由于无线网络通信系统在信息传输过程中传输终端和接受终端存在一种固有的信号自干扰。全双工计划苏能够充分的提高频率利用率，以实现多频率的信息的信息传输，从而改变了一般通信系统不能够实现同频率和双向传输的技术现状，因此这种技术已经成为无线通信技术当前研究的一个重要的关键点。这种技术应用在5G无线通信系统中能够实现无线频谱资源得到充分的挖掘和利用。当前5G无线通信系统由于接受信号的终端和发射信号的终端频率之间存在着较大的差异，使得其产生自干扰的现象比较突出，是5G无线通信技术发展的一个主要瓶颈，因此，全双工技术在5G无线通信系统内有效的应用使得信号自干扰的问题能够通过相互抵消的方式得到有效的解决。通过模拟端干扰抵消、对已知的干扰信号的数字端干扰抵消等各种新的干扰技术的发展以及这些技术的有效结合使得极大多数信号之间的自干扰现象都基本上得到了有效的抵消。 (三)超密集异构网络技术 5G无线通信通信系统不仅包括无线传输技术，而且也包括后续演化的无线接入技术，因此，5G网络系统就是各种无线接入技术，例如，5G，4G，LTE， UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system)以及wireless fidelity等技术共同组成的通信系统，在系统内部，宏站和小站共同存在，例如，Micro，Pico，Relay以及Femot等多层覆盖的异构网络。在异构网络内部，运营商和用户共同部署基站，而用户部署的主要是一些功率较低的小站，并且节点的类型也比较多使得网络拓扑变得相当复杂。并且由于异构网络网络基站的密集程度较高，因此其网络节点和用户终端之间的距离就更为接近，使得功率的效率和频谱的效率以及网络系统容量等方面比一般通信网络系统更为优良。 虽然这种技术应用于5G无线网络通信系统中有着非常良好的发展前景，但是也存在着一些缺陷，这种缺陷主要表现在以下几个方面：首先，由于节点之间比较密集使得节点之间的距离相应就比较短，这样就会造成系统内会存在同种无线接入技术之间的同频干扰的现象以及不同无线接入技术在共享频谱之间分层干扰的现象，这种问题的解决有赖于对5G无线通信网络系统进一步的深入研究。其次，由于系统内存在着大量的用户部署的节点，使得拓扑以及干扰图样呈现出范围较大的动态变化。因此，要加强应对这种动态变化的相关技术的研究。 结束语 5G无线网络系统的建立是建立在现有无线网络技术的进步以及新的无线接入技术的研发的基础之上，通过5G无线网络技术的进一步发展，将会在未来极大的拓展移动通信业务的应用领域和应用范围。 参考文献 [1]石炯.5G移动通信及其关键技术发展研究[J].石家庄学院学报，2015(06) [2]尤肖虎.5G移动通信发展趋势与若干关键技术[J]中国科学，2014(05). [3]杨绿溪.面向5G无线通信系统的关键技术综述[J]。东南大学学报，2015(09). 5g通信技术论文篇二：《试谈5G移动通信发展现状及其关键技术》 【摘要】 第5代移动通信(5G)是面向2020年以后的新一代移动通信系统，其愿景和需求已逐步得以确立，但相关技术发展目前仍处于探索阶段。本文简单介绍了5G移动通信的发展前景;概述了国内外5G移动通信的发展现状及相关研发单位和组织的学术活动;重点针对5G移动通信中富有发展前景的若干项关键技术做了详细的阐述，包括Massive MIMO、超密集异构网络、毫米波技术、D2D通信、全双工无线传输、软件定义网络、网络功能虚拟化和自组织网络等。 【关键词】 5G 发展现状 关键技术 前言 社会的进步，使人与人、人与万物的交集越来越大，人们对通信技术的需求和更优性能的追求在当今变得更加迫切。无论是在移动通信起步的伊始，还是迅速发展的当下，人们对移动通信的追求都是更快捷，更低耗，更安全。第五代移动通信为满足2020年以后的通信需求被提出，现今受到无数学人的关注。 第5代移动通信(fifth generation mobile communication network，5G)作为新一代的移动通信肩负着演进并创新现有移动通信的使命。它主要通过在当今无线通信技术的基础上演进并开发新技术加以融合从而构建长期的网络社会，是新、旧无线接入技术集成后方案总称，是一种真正意义上的融合网络。 一、5G发展现状 移动通信界，每一代的移动无线通信技术，从最开始的愿景规划，到技术的研发，标准的制定，商业应用直至其升级换代大致周期都是十年。每一次的周期伊始，谁能抢占技术高地，更早的谋划布局，谁就能在新一轮‘通信大洗牌’中获得领先优势。我国在5G之前的全球通信竞备中一直是落后或慢于发达国家的发展速度，因而在新一轮5G通信的竞备中国家是非常重视并给予了大力支持。2013年初，我国便成立了专项面对5G移动通信研究与发展的IMT-2020推进组，迅速明确了5G移动通信的愿景，技术需求，应用规划。2013年6月，国家863计划启动了5G移动通信系统先期研究一期重大项目。令人振奋的是2016年伊始，我国正式启动5G技术试验，这是我国通信业同国际同步的一个重要信号。 同样2013年以来，欧盟、韩国等国家与地区也成立相关组织并启动了针对5G的相关重大的科研计划[1]：1)METIS是欧盟第七框架计划中的一部分，项目研究组由爱立信、法国电信及欧洲部分学术机构共29个成员组成，旨在5G的愿景规划，技术研究等。2)5G PPP是由政府(欧盟)出资管理项目吸引民间企业与组织参加，其机制类似于我国的重大科技专项，计划发展800个成员，包括ICT的各个领域。3)5G Forum是由韩国发起的5G组织，成员涵盖政府，产业，运营商和高校，主要愿景是引领和推进全球5G技术。 二、5G关键技术 结合当前移动通信的发展势头来看，5G移动通信关键技术的确立仍需要进一步的考量和市场实际需求的检验。未来的技术竞争中哪种技术能更好的适应并满足消费者的需求，谁能够在各项技术中脱颖而出，现阶段仍然不能明确的确立。但结合当前移动通信网络的应用需求和对未来5G移动通信的一些展望，不难从诸多技术中 总结 出几项富有发展和应用前景的关键性技术[1]。 Massive MIMO MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)技术其实在5G之前的通信系统中已经得到了一些应用，可以说它是一种作为提高系统频谱效率和传输可靠性的有效手段。但因天线占据空间问题、实现复杂度大等一系列条件的制约，导致现有MIMO技术应用中的收发装置所配置的天线数量偏少。但在Massive MIMO中，将会对基站配置数目相当大的天线，将把现阶段的天线数量提升一到两个数量级。它所带来的巨大的容量和可靠性吸引了大量通信研究人员的眼球，彰显了该技术的优越性。 它的应用能够给我们带来的好处是：1)较于以往的多入多出系统，Massive MIMO可以加大对空间维度资源的利用，为系统提供更多的空间自由度。2)因其系统架构的优越性，可以做到降干扰、提升功率效率等。 同时它也存在着一系列问题：1)因缺乏大量理论建模、实测建模方面工作的支撑，当前没有认可度较高的信道模型。2)在获取信道信息时的开销要依靠信道互易性来降低，但是当前的假定方案中使用比较多的是TDD系统，且用户均为单天线，与基站天线数量相比明显不足，当用户数量增加时则会致使导频数量线性增加，冗余数据剧增。3)当前Massive MIMO面对的瓶颈问题主要是导频污染。 Massive MIMO在5G移动通信中的应用可以说是被寄予厚望，它将是5G区别以往移动通信的主要核心技术之一。 超密集异构网络 应5G网络发展朝着多元、综合、智能等方向发展的要求，同时随着智能终端的普及，数据流的爆炸式增长将逐步彰显出来，减小小区半径、增加低功率节点数等举措将成为满足5G发展需求并支持愿景中提到的网络流量增长的核心技术之一。超密集组网的组建将承担5G网络数据流量提高的重任。未来无线网络中，在宏站覆盖范围内，无线传输技术中的各种低功率的节点密度将会是现有密度5-15倍，站点间的距离将缩小到10米以内，站点与激活用户甚至能够做到一对一的服务，从而形成超密集异构网络[2]。超密集异构组网中，网络的密集化的构造拉近了节点与终端的距离，从而使功率效率和频谱效率加以提升，并且可以让系统容量得到巨幅提升。 毫米波技术 在5G网络中，与即将面对的巨大的业务需求相冲突的是传统移动通信频谱资源已趋于饱和。如何将移动通信系统部署在6GHz以上的毫米波频段正成为业界广泛研究的课题。相比于传统移动通信频谱的昂贵授权费，MMW频段中包含若干免费频段，这使得其使用成本可能会降低。MMW频谱资源极为丰富可以寻找到带宽为数百兆甚至数千兆的连续频谱，连续频谱部署在降低部署成本的同时也提高了频谱的使用率[3]。 D2D通信 在未来5G网络中，无论是网络的容量还是对频谱资源的利用率上都将会得到很大空间的提升，丰富的信道模式以及出色的用户体验也将成为5G重要的研发着力点。D2D通信具有潜在的提升系统性能，增强用户体验，减轻基站压力，提高频谱利用率等前景，因而它也是未来5G网络的关键技术之一。 D2D通信是一种在蜂窝系统架构下的近距离数据直接传输技术。用户之间使用的智能终端可以在不经基站转发的情况下直接传输会话数据，且相关的控制信号仍由蜂窝网络负责。这种新型传输技术让终端可以借助D2D在网络覆盖盲区实现端到端甚至接入蜂窝网络，从而实现通信功能。 全双工无线传输 全双工无线传输是区别于以往同一时段或同一频率下只能单向传输的一种通信技术。能够实现双向同时段、同频传输的全双工无线传输技术在提升频谱利用率上彰显出其优越性，它能够使频谱资源的利用趋于灵活化。全双工无线传输技术为5G系统挖掘无线频谱资源提供了一种很好的手段，使其成为5G移动通信研究的又一个 热点 技术。 同样，在全双工无线传输技术的应用上也有很多阻力因素：同频、同时段的传输，在接收端和发射端的直接功率差异是非常大的，会产生严重自干扰。而且全双工技术在同其他5G技术融合利用时，特别是在Massive MIMO条件下的性能差异现在还缺乏深入的理论分析[4]。 软件定义网络(SDN)与网络功能虚拟化(NFV) SDN技术是源于Internet的一种新技术。该技术的思路是将网络控制功能从设备上剥离，统一交由中心控制器加以控制，从而实现控、转分离，使控制趋于灵活化，设备简单化。 同时在考虑网络运营商的运维实际也提出了一种新型的网络架构体系NFV，该体系利用IT技术及其平台将网元功能虚拟化，根据用户的不同业务需求在VNF(Virtual Network Feature)的基础上进行相应的功能块连接与编排。NFV的核心所在即降低网络逻辑功能块和物理硬件模块的相互依赖，提高重用，利用软件编程实现虚拟化的网络功能，并将多种网元硬件归于标准化，从而实现软件的灵活加载，大幅度降低基础设备硬件成本。 自组织网络 运营商在传统的移动通信网络中，网络的部署和基站的维护等都需要大量人工去一线维护，这种依赖人力的方式提供的服务低效、高昂等弊端一直深受用户诟病。因此，为了解决网络部署、优化的复杂性问题，降低运维成本相对总收入的比例，便有了自组织网络的概念。 SON的应用将会为无线接入技术带来巨大的便利，如实现多种无线接入技术的自我融合配置，网络故障自我愈合，多种网络协同优化等等。但当前在技术的完备上也存在一系列挑战：不支持多网络之间的协调，邻区关系因低功率节点的随机部署和复杂化需发展新的自动邻区关系技术等。 三、小结 5G移动通信作为下一代移动通信的承载者，肩负着特殊的使命，在完成人们对未来移动通信的诸多憧憬上被寄予厚望。本文概述了当前5G几项富有发展前景的关键性技术，结合5G一系列的发展背景和人们多方面的通信需求，对几项关键技术的利弊加以剖析。可以预计的是未来几年5G的支撑性技术将被确立，其关键技术的实验、标准的制定以及商业化的应用也将逐步展开。 参 考 文 献 [1]赵国峰，陈婧等.5G移动通信网络关键技术综述[J].重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版)， DOI： [2] Kela，P. Turkka，J. Costa，M. Borderless Mobility in 5G Outdoor Ultra-Dense Networks[J]，Access， IEEE(Volume：3)，，pages1462-1476. [3] JungSook Bae， Yong Seouk Choi，Architecture and Performance Evaluation of MmWave Based 5G Mobile Communication System[C]，Information and Communication Technology Convergence(ICTC)，2014 International Conference ，，pages847-851. [4] Wang，，，T. On the Capacity Gain from Full Duplex Communications in A Large Scale Wireless Network[J]， IEEE EARLY ACCESS ARTICLES， . 5g通信技术论文篇三：《试论5G无线通信技术概念》 引言 近年来,移动通信技术已经历数次变革,从20世纪80年代速度慢、质量差、安全性小、业务量低的1G通信技术,到20世纪90年代提出的低智能的2G无线通信技术,再到近年来的频谱利用率较低的3G网络,和现在的前三代无可比拟的4G无线通信技术,可谓是长江后浪推前浪,一浪更比一浪高啊!5G无线通信工程技术作为当代最具前景的技术,将可以满足人们近期的对移动无线技术的需求。 15G无线网络通信技术的相关概念 5G无线网络通信技术实际上就是在前面无线网络技术的基础上不断改进充分利用无线互联网网络。这项技术是最近才在国际通信工程大会上被优点提出的,他将会是一项较为完美的、完善的无线通信技术,他将可能会将纳米技术运用到这种将会在未来占据一席之地的无线互联网网络工程中,运用纳米技术更好的做好防护工作,保护使用者的一切信息。在未来5G无线网络通信技术将会融合之前所有通信工程的优点,他将会是更为灵活与方便的核心网站,在运营过程中将会减少在传输过程中的能量损耗,速度更快。若是在传输信息的过程中受到阻碍,将会被立刻发现且能很好的保护个人信息起到保护作用。 5G无线网络通信技术将会有很多优点,不仅融会贯通了在它之前所有通信技术的长处而且集百家之长于一身,是个更加灵活的网络核心平台,也会就有更加激烈的竞争力。在这项网络技术中将会为人类提供更加优秀、比其他平台更优惠的价位,更接近人类生活的服务。它的覆盖面要比现如今的3G、4G的更为广阔,有利于用户更快更好的体验,智能化的服务与网络快速推进进程的核心化的全球无缝隙的连接。为了使人类体验到更优惠的、更先进化的、具有多样性的、保障人类通信质量的服务,我们必须利用有限的无限博频率接受更大的挑战,充分利用现在国家领导人为我们提供的宽松的网络平台,让5G无线网络通信技术在不久的将来更好的服务于我们。 25G无线网络通信技术的相关技术优点与特点 5G无线网络通信技术也就是指第五代移动网络通用技术,它与前几代通信技术有些许不同之处,他并不是独立存在的而是融合了别的技术的许多优点更为特别的是将现有的无限技术接入其中,它将实现真正意义上的改革,实现“天人合一”达到真正的融合。它的体型会更加的小巧,便于我们随时随地安装。现如今5G无线网络通信技术已经被提上日程,成为了全球相关移动通信讨论热议的话题,互联网公司在争先恐后的提高与改善自身的通信设备,加快创新的步伐,想要在未来的通信技术领域占据一席之地。现在让我么一起来探讨一下他可能具有哪些其他通信技术无可比拟的优点与特点: (1)全新的设计理念:在未来5G无线网络通信技术将会是所有通信工程中的龙头老大,它设计的着重点是室内无限的覆盖面与覆盖能力,这与之前的通信工程的最根本的设计理念都不同。 (2)较高的频率利用率:5G无线网络通信技术将会使用较高频率的赫兹,而且会被广泛的使用在生活中但是我们国家现阶段的技术水平还较为低下,达不到这样的层次,所以我们必须先提高我们的科学技术,才能跟上通信技术更新的步伐。 (3)耗能、成本投入量较低:之前我们所使用的通信工程技术都是较为简单的将物理层面的知识营运的网络中,没有创新意识,不能够将环保的理念运用到通信工程中,都是一些较为传统的方法与手段,只是一味的追求经济利益。现如今随着科技的进步我们需要做到全方面的考虑,不能只注重眼前利益,所以低耗能、高质量的通信技术将是未来5G无线网络通信技术要面临的主要问题,也是难点问题,我们必须学会适时的对相应状况作出调整。 (4)优点:5G无线网络通信技术作为未来世界通信技术的主力,在不久将会得到实质性的开展,他将大大的提高我们的上网速度,将资源合理有效的利用起来,较其他之前的通信技术上升到一个新的层面,安全性也会得到保障不会出现个人信息外漏的现象,总而言之它的各个方面将都会得到改善,成为人们心中理想的模样,它具有较大的灵活程度可以适时更具客户的需求做出合理的调整,它的优点相信不久我们就会有切身的感受. 3小结 随着现代的快速进步,移动无线通讯技术也紧随时代的进步,呈现着日新月异的变革,现如今我国综合国力已经得到了很大程度的提高,当然在通信技术领域这一块我们也不愿屈居人后,必须加快通信技术改革与创新的脚步,满足人们对互联网的需求,尽快的、更好的发展5G无线网络通信技术才能在未来的通信技术中立于不败之地。 猜你喜欢： 1. 移动无线网络技术的论文三篇1000字 2. 大学通信技术论文范文 3. 通信技术论文范文 4. 浅谈无线网络通讯技术的论文1000字 5. 通信工程的毕业论文优秀范文 6. 通信学术论文范文

商科论文写作通常可以遵循以下步骤：

1、定义主题

撰写商科论文的第一步是定义主题。了解论文的主要目的是什么(教育、宣传、推广)以及针对谁。这一步至关重要，因为它为整篇论文奠定了基础。

2、创建大纲

大纲在撰写商科论文时至关重要。要想论文讲得通，唯一的途径就是整合逻辑。首先创建一个简单的草图，描述论文整体的框架，包括各个部分应该写什么内容。这会防止同学在实际写作时偏离要点。

3、广泛研究

这是撰写论文时收集所有必要信息的部分。遵循之前创建的大纲，以避免浪费时间。充分利用所有可用的资源，例如：书籍、网络、采访等，只收集相关和必要的信息即可。这部分将构成论文的主体，所以同学需要获得充分的信息。

4、撰写初稿

有了详细的大纲和相关的材料支撑，这一步应该很容易。初稿很少是完美的，但通常需要耗费大量时间。有几个最重要的部分需要同学留意：

5、校对修改

千万不要直接提交初稿，因为很有可能里面全是错误。同学要消除所有的语法和结构错误。尽可能地浓缩观点，并通过修改论点来突出要点。

Some people are committed to their dreams and work hard to achieve their goals. What is guiding them is akind of people think that illusion is good for success while others argue that it is not sogood because it may get people far as I am concerned， illusion is necessary in our life only if it is encouraging and realistic.

There are several of all，there is power in illusion. The illusion can lead people to thepath they want to go on and it gives us passion. We need to live each moment wholeheartedly，with all our senses so that we can find pleasure in the fragrance of backyard garden， the crayoned picture of a six-year-old，and the enchanting beauty of a illusion can be enthusiastic love of life that puts sparkle in our eyes，a lilt in our steps and smoothes the wrinkles from our souls.

Secondly，we are born with wide-eyed，enthusiastic wonder as anyone knows who has ever seen an infant’s delight at the jingle of keys or the scurrying of a is this childlike wonder and illusion that gives enthusiastic people such a youthful air，no matter how old they are. For example，the famous cellist Pablo Casals would start his day by playing the music flowed through his fingers，his stooped shouldrs would straighten and joy would reappear in his ，for him，was an elixir that made life a never-ending author and poet Samuel Ullman once wrote，“Years wrinkle the skin，but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.”

Lastly， people with illusions also love what they do，regardless of money or power or we cannot do what we love as a full-time career，we can as do a part-time vocation，like the head of state who paints，the nun who runs marathons and the executive who handcrafts cannot afford to waste tears and energy and time on “might-have-beens”.We need to turn the tears into sweat as we go after “what-can-be”.

To sum up，God gives each bird its food，but he does not throw it into its you want to go，just cherish your precious illusion and let your dream be realized.

In this competitive society，people cannot avoid the stress from the bustle and hustle of modern pressure is the motivation for our progress，while too much stress will have harmful effects on our health and cannot avoid it，so we must learn deal to with it properly.

In the first place，it is important to have a correct understanding about are now in a world where the fittest will survive，and it’s better to ensure survival than being to individuals， the social environment will not have to realize both the positive and negative aspects of is like a double-edged sword，which may be used by us，or may hurt key point is whether you hold the blade or the handle. We can take it as a motive force for us to make progress，makefull use of it and avoid being hurt by it.

In the second place，people have to adjust their own mood and should say to ourselves thatI like challenges and I am strong，but never think I am a loser or I cannot stand that any positive hint will change your attitude，and then affect the result of your it is also of great importance to cherish what you have common weak point of the human being is that he longs forwhat he cannot get，but does not value and protect what he has at the people are thinking about how to own more，such as social status，power，honor and so on.

At last the more they want，the more pressure they they can give something up，they will feel ，some practical measures can help us to handle stress in our a plan on the career， increasing the competitiveness and learning to control your time will do much help to reduce the is advisable to separate work from hard when you are at work and have a good rest when you are other words，there must be a boundary.

To sum up，the stress in our life is inevitable，and we must learn to handle it effectively. We must have a right understanding about it，try our best to adjust our own mentality and use practical ways to reduce it.

Some people like to eat out at food stands and restaurants, while others like to prepare food at home. Often it depends on the kind of lifestyle people have. Those with very busy jobs outside the house don’t always have time to cook. They like the convenience of eating out. Overall, though, it is cheaper and healthier to eat at home.

While eating in restaurants is fast, the money you spend can add up. When I have dinner at restaurant with a friend, the bill is usually over twenty dollars. I can buy a lot of groceries with that much money. Even lunch at a fast-food stand usually costs five or six dollars for one person. That’s enough to feed the whole family at home.

Eating at home is better for you, too. Meals at restaurants are often high in fat and calories, and they serve big plates of food--much more food than you need to eat at one meal. If you cook food at home, you have more control over the ingredients. You can use margarine instead of butter on your potatoes, or not put so much cheese on top of your pizza. At home, you can control your portion size. You can serve yourself as little as you want. In a restaurant, you may eat a full plate of food "because you paid for it".

It’s true that eating out is convenient. You don’t have to shop, or cook, or clean up. But real home cooking doesn’t have to take a lot of time. There are lots of simple meals that don’t take long to make. In fact, they’re faster than eating out, especially if you think of the time you spend driving to a restaurant, parking, waiting for a table, waiting for service, and driving home.

Both eating at restaurants and cooking at home can be satisfying. Both can taste good and be enjoyed with family and friends. I prefer cooking at home because of the money and health issues, but people will make the choice that fits their lifestyle best.

Many people visit museums when they travel to new places. Why do you think people visit museums? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

As a student having received many years of education, I’m both nicely surprised and gratified by the term“class rights”. This educational concept challenges the traditional education rules, and can be considered as a revolution in classroom teaching. And my favor goes to the abandoning of previous rigid disciplines.

First of all, class rights actually cater to natural physiological needs and basic legal rights of learners. Students’ drinking water and going to bathroom during class used to be denied due to class disciplines previously adopted. And this practice is against human rights, according to western educators. It can be regarded as an improvement that we have taken care of these basic human needs. Schools and teachers used to stress students’ obligations to observe school regulations, but tend to ignore their class rights. Students, though young in age, are inalienable part of human, it was unreasonable for them to have obligations but no rights.

Secondly, the classroom is not only a place for knowledge transfer, but also a place of humanity education. As independent individuals, children should be respected in class. Only when their status as human individuals is valued, can they grow up healthily in a sound educational environment. The caring for class rights implies the principle of equality, democracy and mutual respect, thus encouraging the students’ thinking and stimulating their creativity. Therefore, old-fashioned school discipline can no longer keep up with current situation. Respecting students’ class rights means not only permitting them to drink water or go to bathroom during class, but also encourage them to think, to speak out, to practice what is learned, to communicate and to give them enough opportunities to express themselves. They can question what teachers teach, make their options in doing teachers’ assignment, or refuse to answer teachers’ questions in class. In this way, they can fully enjoy their school experience.

Whether the class rights are scientific or not, the move itself is valuable and significant. If these class rights can be translated into legislation and become legal principle, then students’ rights would be well protected. The education circle should not only recognize these class rights, but also put them into actual practice.

Traffic congestions are a headache in many cities across the country as a result of rapid increase of private cars. Therefore, some people suggest that a limit be put on the number of private cars. Do you agree or disagree with such a proposal? Write a composition of about 400 words on the following topic：

In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.

You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

Should We Put a Limit on Private Cars?

Is it helpful to build an honest and clean government by a fund for incorruptible civil servants? Such an issue has aroused controversy among the public. Proponents believe the innovative move will help to fight against corruption and build a clean government. Opponents say that being clean is an official’s obligation and duty and there is therefore no need to reward them with additional funds. Personally, I’d like to express my disapproval on this question.

First of all, to establish an accumulation fund for clean officials is in fact a challenge to social justice. Public servants should work diligently in an honest and clean way and abide by laws and regulations when performing their duties. That is the basic requirement for them. Any official who fails in this sense does not deserve the position of a public servant. Extra pay for clean public servants will naturally damage the image of public servants in the eyes of ordinary people. In addition, it will play a negative role in their professional work ethics. When public servants are rewarded for what they should do, what about clean doctors, teachers, lawyers, policemen? Obviously such a policy is not well-grounded.

Secondly, the most unfair part about the reserve fund is that it infringes upon the interests of taxpayers who contribute to public servants’ salary in the first place. It’s God’s truth that officials should work for the taxpayers’ interests. But to sustain such a fund system, a large number of workers and farmers will have to pay more for what public servants are supposed to do. As for the reserve fund, only when the amount of the award comes to a tempting figure can it restrain corruption to a certain degree. However, it is impossible to raise such an enormous fund only from their welfare fund. So, the fund is actually a disguised form of reward to public servants through taking advantage of fiscal revenue.

Relatively speaking, public servants are well paid for their service, so it is not rational to raise such a fund of reward. What we can do is to strengthen supervision mechanisms, so as to effectively track down and punish corrupted officials and let them pay higher costs for their behavior. In addition, to fundamentally minimizing the corruption phenomenon in the government, we should take effective measures to put a limit on their power in an attempt to provide fewer opportunities to abuse power.

Owing to economic development and improvement in living standards of common people, more and more private cars are on road. Some believe private cars have brought convenience and mobility to the owners while others argue that private automobiles deserve a limit on the increasing number. As far as I see it, we should not put a limit on private cars.

First of all, the private car is a symbol of freedom and wealth. The private car has given us a freedom and convenience our ancestors could not dream of. We can travel to relatively remote places that it is hard to reach on foot or public transport rarely goes to. A car enables an individual or a family to travel at any time they wish. With a car there is no need to wait for the bus in the bitterly cold or under the scorching sun. Furthermore a car can serve as a symbol of one’s wealth, which makes him or her proud of his or her accomplishments and glorious past.

Secondly, a car can make our work more efficient and life more convenient. Nowadays many Chinese can enjoy the comfort and luxury of owning a private car. Having a car of one’s own means no more traveling to work on crowded buses or subway trains; no more waste of time for waiting at the bus stop or train station. With a car one does not have to worry about the possible danger their child suffers when they are elbowing their way through the crowd, instead they can drop off the children at school on the way to work. In the case of illness, the car takes its owner or other sick person to hospital without any delay.

Last but not least, lifting bans on private cars will stimulate the automobile industry, which provides jobs for a large team of workers. Known as a sunrise industry, Chinese automobile industry needs strong and continuous fueling from domestic demand. If more people buy cars, the industry will embrace continued growth, thus contributing more to the national economy. Moreover, its growth will trigger the boom of related industries like iron and steel production and energy.

In conclusion, the advantages of private cars convince us that we should not put a limit on the number of private cars. What we should do at the moment is to perfect the transport infrastructure to ensure private cars to go faster and more safely.