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短跑中应注意的问题与对策论文
[摘要]短跑是体育教学的中的最基本的教学内容，但是由于它的特殊性，很少有体育教师在体育课上认真的教学，短跑看起来简单，但它的运动技术却非常难，掌握正确的短跑技术是不容易的。短跑中，学生经常犯一些错误，以生活的基础为根本，很难进一步改进，列举了易犯的错误及带来的负面影响，针对这些错误提出了改正的方法，不进行一步提高短跑成绩有所帮助。
[关键词]短跑；易犯错误；负面影响；对策
在短跑教学中，常常看到这样的现象：有的学生在起跑后30米内，遥遥领先。但是，当他们进入途中跑后，却落后，最后被别人赶上，甚至超过。究其原因是什么呢？经过多年的揣摩，我认为，关键是途中跑的技术问题。
短跑有50米、100米、200米、400米，它包含着起跑、起跑后加速、途中跑和终点冲刺等多种技术复杂的运动过程，其中最主是途中跑。所谓途中跑是指经过起跑后的加速跑发挥高速度之后的一段跑程。是全程跑中距离最长、速度最快的主要阶段，任务是继续发挥和保持高速度跑。它决定着短跑成绩的好坏，因此，途中跑技术是否正确，能否发挥到最快速度，便是获得短跑好成绩的关键。现在我谈谈在短跑教学中学生进入途中跑所出现的技术错误及纠正方法。
一、错误动作带来的负面影响
1、摆动腿前摆低，影响步幅。
在后蹬的动作结束后，大小腿没有充分折叠，使前摆半径加长，造成抬腿困难。小腿后摆幅度太大，髋关节的.屈大腿肌群力量不足和伸肌前摆太低，影响步幅。应让学生明白后蹬结束后大小腿折叠动作的重要性，再反复做腿折叠前摆的辅助练习和高抬腿跑练习。
2、“坐着跑”影响速度。
有的学生对后蹬动作要领不明确，在后蹬动作尚未结束时，急于完成摆腿动作。上体过于挺直后仰，使髋关节产生补偿性后移。腰腹肌松弛，髋关节柔韧性差。这些是造成“坐着跑”的主要原因。因此，在教学中应注意讲清在后蹬跑时，髋、腰、踝在关节的用力顺序和充分伸展动作，后蹬时，强调摆腿前摆同侧骨盆前送。加强腰、腹肌力量练习，跑时强调腰、腹保持适当的紧张，身体保持稍微前倾的姿势，使髋关节积极前送。多做高抬腿跑和后蹬跑的专门性练习。
3、身体左右摇摆，阻力大。
在途中跑时有的学生摆臂技术动作错误，造成身体左右摇摆，主要是前后摆臂不均匀并有耸肩等错误动作，其产生的主要原因是没有掌握好正确的摆臂技术，概念不清，败笔无力或肩部肌肉过于紧张，腰背肌力量差。在教学时应讲清正确摆臂的动作技术以肩为轴，肩带放松，两臂屈肘做前后摆动，与腿部动作协调。使学生明确摆臂有十分重要的作用。一方面，摆臂的动作可以维持身体平衡；另一方面，双臂的摆动还可以增加腰部动作的速度。 在教学时，注意多做原地摆臂的动作，保持身体正直速摆臂练习，以增强双臂和肩带及腰背肌的力量。
4、支撑腿和摆动腿配合不协调动作脱节无力。
有的学生支撑腿瞪伸膝踝关节使用力过早或太晚。摆动腿前摆就显得消极无力。蹬地腿用力伸展和摆动动作幅度太小，这都会造成上述技术错误，教学是讲清支撑腿和摆动腿配合的动作要领，在练习时用中等速度跑，体会蹬地腿与摆动腿协调用力。
5、踢小腿跑也影响步幅。
有的学生想借前踢小腿来加大步幅，但是效果恰好相反，摆动腿前抬太低，在伸展膝关节时，形成前踢小腿。后蹬动作不充分，而使大小腿没有折叠。也是影响步幅小的原因。在教学中要进一步讲清动作要领，强调后蹬要充分，大小腿应充分折叠，大腿抬高，然后下压，小腿自然伸展，步幅可加大。
二、对策
1、短跑的放松技术，是在短跑训练过程中渐进形成的。在日常训练中，在向运动员反复强调说明肌肉放松对短跑促进作用的情况下，采用减小外界阻力的顺风跑，下坡跑，加速器牵拉跑，以及在加速后的惯性跑，让运动员体会肌肉的放松用力，并从此逐渐形成短跑的放松技术。
2、发展短跑专项反映（灵敏）速度联系：追逐跑、快速跑、变速跑的练习，在学生做各种不同动作时，突然接收信号反应练习的教学方法。
3、改进以髋为轴的摆动技术和协调肌间的高速协调的工作过程，提高动力系统功率输出量，做单腿交换跳，做连续收腹举腿向左右绕过高物练习方法。在肋大架上垂直用双腿伸直向左右摆动练习或收腹举双腿向上练习，增加腰腹力量。
4、发展短跑的专项力量的练习：在保证学生达到较高动作速度和动作幅度的前提下，适当增加外界阻力，如拉重物跑，沙滩跑、上坡跑、套辕跑等。
5.要改善和提高上下肢、腰、腹关节肌群的力量练习：多练习全蹲走，足尖走，多种跳跃，倒立车轮跑和交叉步走的基本训练方法。
在短跑教学中，如果对途中跑技术掌握不好，就不能争取好的成绩。因此，在短跑教学中应重视途中跑的教学，针对学生出现的各种错误动作，必须及时纠正。并采取各种有效措施和教学方法。使学生逐步的领会掌握途中跑的基本技术和动作要领，才能提高短跑速度，提高运动技术水平。
[参考文献]
[1]刘端文，等.关于职高体育教学整体改革的思考与实验.中国学校体育，1997(3)
[2]毛振明.试论体育教学单元的划分.中国学校体育，1998(2)
[3]黄加欣.对高级中学体育教学改革的思考[J].扬州职业大学学报，2001(6):53-58.
[4]金朝跃.从主体需要改革高职体育课程教学[J].浙江体育科学，2003(6):39-41.
lichao7980
外语系毕业论文开题报告范文
1. Aim and Significance:
As is known to all, Pride and Prejudice which was written by a famous English female writer Jane Austen is still a classic in English literature nowadays. Jane Austen who was born and lived her whole life in England wrote six books in her life time. Her novels all described the lifestyle and social communications of families in the countries of England as what she is familiar with. The book Pride and Prejudice is the typical one that fully expressed Janes view on marriage and emphasized that the benefit on economic exerts a great influence on marriage.
The characters in the novel all had their own opinions on marriage. Mrs. Bennet, for instance, has only one aim-that of finding a good match for each of her five daughters. As for Elizabeth, who is the second daughter in the Bennet family said that only deep love would persuade her to marry which was why she would probably end up an old maid. Lydia and Charlotte, however, were two extremes. The former just married for sex, while the latter married for a comfortable home and protection.
There are just so many different characters that were all formed under the society of England in 18 century. Then, there was filled with unfairness between men and women. Just as what Jane Austen is a truth universally knowledge, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
2. Main Methods and Ways of Studies:
The combination based on love and similar interests results in a happy marriage of Bingley and Jane in Pride and Prejudice。Among all the marriages in this novel, the combination of pleasant Bingley and mild Jane is the most blessed and happy one. The couple has similar interests and they insisted on pursuing their true love, which lead them to a happy and perfect marriage.
Mr. Bingley was a good looking and gentlemanlike person whose revenues were about 5,000 pounds a year. As a young man who had good breeding, he was cordial and simple with easily-led disposition. With this character, he never appeared dissatisfied. He was easy to approach and constant in love although he was very rich. However, he lacked strength and independence in his marriage, which was a grievous defect of him. In the novel, Bingley was popular with almost everybody in everywhere. He had a pleasant countenance and easy unaffected manners. It is easy to find that he was agreeable both in appearance and character. The first appearance of Bingley was the time when he “returned Mr. Benner’s visit, and sat about ten minutes with him in his library.” As a pleasant and modest person, Mr. Bingley was far from the man who was strong and determined. This is his merit but also his demerit. His cordial and simple character leads to his quiet romance with Jane. But his weak and easily-led character leads to his parting with Jane. So when their romance went smoothly, he suddenly departed from Jane, which nearly ends his happy love and marriage.
3、Timetable of the Thesis Writing:
Time arrangement for the writing plan is as follows: Before March 15, hand in the presentation of the paper. Before April 12, hand in the first draft of the paper. Before May 24, hand in the final paper.
4、Reference Books and Materials Available:
[1] 李宏伟, 幸福，在高不可攀处吟唱——《傲慢与偏见》的婚姻透视， 山西大学师范学院学报。
[2] 敬东颉，简·奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》的婚姻观，镇江师专学报(社会科学版)
[3] 李冬芹，《傲慢与偏见》婚姻观点漫谈，殷都学刊。
[4] 杨琴, 评简·奥斯汀在《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观，扬州职业大学学报
[5] 简·奥斯汀的.《傲慢与偏见》的评论
[6] 魏立婷，《傲慢与偏见》内容提要
[7] 魏立婷，《傲慢与偏见》作品赏析。
扬州大学学报共有4种：期刊名称：扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，是中文核心期刊+中国科技核心期刊；期刊名称：扬州大学学报(高教研究版)，非核心期刊，是普通期刊
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