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02 园林学 总论 园林学landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture 造园学garden making, landscape garden-ing 环境园艺学environmental horticulture 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture 园林艺术garden art 园林美学garden aesthetics 园林建筑学garden architecture 园林建筑garden building 园林工程garden engineering 园林植物landscape plant 观赏植物ornamental plant 盆景miniature landscape, penjing 园林garden and park 园林学史history of garden architecture 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning 园林设计garden design 园林机具设备gardening machine 园林管理garden management 园林生态landscape ecology 绿化greening, planting 环境绿化environmental greening 绿地面积green area 绿地率ratio of green space 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage 工厂绿化factory greening, factory garden-ing 街道绿化street greening, street planting 车行道绿化driveway greening 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening 人行道绿化sidewalk greening 群众绿化mass planting movement 郊区绿化suburban greening 公路绿化highway greening 铁路绿化railway greening, railway planting 堤岸种植bank planting 阳台绿化balcony greening 窗台绿化window-sill greening 屋顶绿化roof greening 垂直绿化vertical greening 攀缘绿化climber greening 桥头绿化bridgehead greening花园garden 专类花园specified flower garden 花园村garden village 园林城市landscape garden city 蔷薇园rose garden 松柏园conifer garden 球根园bulb garden 宿根园perennial garden 假山园rock garden, Chinese rockery 狩猎场hunting ground 街心花园street crossing center garden 小游园petty street garden 水景园water garden 铺地园paved garden 野趣园wild plants botanical garden 野生植物园wild plants garden 乡趣园rustic garden 盆景园penjing garden, miniature land-scape 动物园 zoo, zoological garden 墓园cemetery garden 沼泽园bog and marsh garden 水生植物园aquatic plants garden 学校园school garden 室内花园indoor garden 芳香花园fragrant garden 盲人花园garden for the blind 公园park, public park 城市公园city park, urban park 区公园regional park 儿童公园children park 体育公园sports park 森林公园forest park 纪念公园memorial park 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park 综合公园comprehensive park 文化公园cultural park 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 中央公园central park 天然公园natural park 海滨公园seaside park, seabeach park 古迹公园historic site park 河滨公园riverside park 湖滨公园lakeside park 路边公园roadside park, street park 娱乐公园amusement park 雕塑公园sculpture park 休憩公园recreation park 疗养公园sanatorium park 国家公园national park 邻里公园neighborhood park 特种公园special park 植物园botanical garden 植物公园 abeled plants park 高山植物园 alpine garden 热带植物园 tropical plants garden 药用植物园 medical plants garden, herb garden 绿地 green space 公共绿地public green space 单位绿地unit green area 城市绿地urban green space 街道广场绿地street and square green area 居住区绿地residential quarter green area 防护绿地green area for environmental protection 郊区绿地suburban green space 街坊绿地residential block green belt 附属绿地attached green space 生产绿地productive plantation area 苗圃nursery 风景landscape, scenery 自然景观natural landscape 人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities 草原景观prairie landscape 山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape 地理景观geographical landscape 湖泊景观lake view 郊区景观suburban landscape 地质景观geological landscape 喀斯特景观karst landscape 植物景观plants landscape, flora 园林史 中国园林史 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden 中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden 皇家园林royal garden 私家园林private garden 江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta 西方园林史 西方古典园林western classical garden 英国式园林English style garden 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden 意大利式园林Italian style garden 西班牙式园林Spanish style garden 法兰西式园林French style garden 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden 文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden 巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden 庄园manor, villa garden 廊柱园peristyle garden, patio 绿廊xystus 迷阵maze, 典型中西园林 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden 阿房宫E-Pang Palace 上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan 未央宫Wei-Yang Palace 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace 华清官Hua-Qing Palace 艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden 圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden 颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort 苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden 悬园Hanging Garden 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park 枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace 园林艺术 景view, scenery, feature 远景distant view 近景nearby view 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 漏景leaking through scenery 框景enframed 园林设计 园林设计师landscape architect, garden designer 园址测量图garden site survey map 地形图topographic map, contour map 种植设计planting design 地形改造设计topographical reform design 种植大样图detail planting design 造价分析cost analysis 园林形式garden style 规整式园林formal garden style 非规整园林informal garden style 几何式园林geometric garden style 自然式园林natural garden style 混合式园林mixed garden style 近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style 马克斯抽象园林. Marx abstract garden 园林区划garden area division 园林分区规划garden block planning 庭院花园courtyard garden 前庭front yard, forecourt 后庭back yard, rear yard 中庭patio 厨园kitchen yard 沉[床]园sunken garden 窗园window garden 墙园wall garden 宅园home garden 台地园terrace garden 冬园winter garden 切花园cut flower garden 屋顶花园roof garden 后花园back yard garden 园林地形改造topographical reform of garden 土山earth piled hill, artificial mound 假山rockery, artificial rockwork 太湖石Taihu Lake stone, water modelled stone 黄石yellowish brown stone 人造假山石artificial stone, man-made stone 孤赏石monolith, standing stone 掇山piled stone hill, hill making 叠石stones laying 板石flag stone 散点石scattered stone 抱角石corner stone 屋基石foundation stone 排衙石guard stone 屏石screen stone 石岸rock bank 石阶stone steps 汀步stepping stone on water surface 附壁石stone appended to wall 石花台stone flower bed 石凳stone bench 假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall 干砌石dry stone wall 假山石楼梯rock stairway 石亭stone pavilion 石洞stone cavern 石窟grotto 置石stone arrangement, stone layout 拱石arch stone 拱顶石key 尾景terminal feature 主景main feature 副景secondary feature 配景objective view 夹景vista line, vista 前景front view 背景background 景序order of sceneries 景点feature spot, view spot 仰视景观upward landscape 俯视景观downward landscape 季相景观seasonal phenomena 气象景观meteorological diversity scenery 视野visual field 秋色fall color, autumn color 园林空间garden space 开敞空间wide open space, wide space 封闭空间enclosure space 意境 artistic conception, poetic imagery 苍古antiquity 空灵spaciousness, airiness 动观in-motion viewing 静观 in-position viewing 视错觉visual illusion 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden 对称平衡symmetrical balance 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance 左右对称bilateral symmetry 辐射对称radial symmetry 透景线perspective line 轴线axis, axial line 主轴main axis 副轴auxiliary axis 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis 树冠线skyline 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors 单色谐调monochromatic harmony 复色谐调compound chromatic harmony 对比色突出contrast colors accent 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony 暖色warm color 冷色cool color 色感color sense
爱吃爱玩007
你是写本科论文吗？用英文写四五千字够了吧。开题报告就写你打算怎么开展论文就可以了，论文只要四五千字的话，开题就只要几百字足以，加上参考材料。第一部可以介绍英语标题，再罗列一些特点，比如简洁，用词新颖大胆，押韵，幽默等等。还可以再介绍一下造成这些特点的原因，从历史，经济，文化等角度。然后再列举一些标题产生歧义的例子，所产生的影响。举例的方式最好以历史发展进行推进。比如1930s，1950s,1990s以及现如21世纪。最后一部分就总结一下历史对标题的影响。这篇论文好写，就看你怎么举例了。最好能找到影响力大，具有代表性的。
美食侦探01
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。课题名称An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异课题来源Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor一、课题背景及意义 （课题的立题依据及研究意义）Research Background:A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily Significance:As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 （课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向）Research Status:Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance..Research Tendency:21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.三、研究内容及研究目标 （对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标）Research Contents:A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Black Is Associated With Black Is Associated With the Black People2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Black Is Associated With the Black Is Associated With the Evil and Black Is Associated With the Shame and Black Is Associated With AngerB. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in White Is Associated With the Pure and White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in White Is Associated With Death and White Is Associated With Worthless and TimidC. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Red Is Associated With Honor and Love2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Red is Associated with the Red Is Associated With Revolution and Red Is Associated With Danger and LossD. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Yellow Is Associated With the Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and DiseaseResearch Objectives:I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.四、预计的研究难点 （课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点）With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related.五、创新点 （选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点）The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords.六、进度计划 （根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排）1. — , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing2. — , 2008 Data gathering3. — , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline4. — , 2009 Literature review5. — , 2009 First draft6. — , 2009 Second draft7. — , 2009 Final version8. — May 14th, 2009 Printing9. May 17th — May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate七、资料来源 （指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料）[1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979.[3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985.[4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974.[5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.[6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989.[7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981.[8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006.[9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007.[11] 陈永烨．“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J]．《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7)．[12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海：上海外语出版社,2002.[13] 邓炎昌，刘润清．《语言与文化》[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991．[14] 蒋栋元．“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]． 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3)．[15] 唐振华．“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J]．《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2).指导教师意见：（对课题的认可意见）指导教师年 月 日系（教研室）审查意见：系（教研室）主任：年 月 日
知足知不足m
在网上找的 我也刚写完 这个差不多很规范了本科毕业论文开题报告论文题目the Application and Innovation of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights 一、选题的意义和研究现状1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。二、研究方案1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲） 研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果（大纲）:1．A Survey of Gothic Definition of Gothic the Origin of Gothic Novels Historical Reasons Folklore in Germantic Nationality Drama in the Renaissance the Bible and Legends in Christianity Development of the Novel Itself Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism Sublime and Beautiful2. Emily’s Gothic Heritage Theme Good and Evil Revenge Characters Description Villain-hero Delicate Young Girl Atmosphere, Environment and Plot Terror Mystery ’s Gothic Innovation Combination of romanticism and Realism Change of the Background Use of Symbolism Stream of Consciousness Illusion and Subconsciousness . Description of Figure Emotion and PsychologyReference2．拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足; (2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见1．研究进度安排（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条）[1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 20.[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University Press.[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 83.[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 6.[5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页.[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11—12页.[7] 肖明翰. 2001. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期.[8] 鲜于静. 2003. 神秘和怪诞的魅力——福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA]. 中国学位论文全文库.
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