水之云端
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
腾瑞水暖卫浴
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
国美京华城
语言是思维的表达方式，不同的语言特征往往反映着不同地域、民族的思维习惯差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉语言对比方面论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考!关于英汉语言对比方面论文篇1 浅探英汉委婉语对比 摘 要： 本文应用范畴和构造手段对英汉委婉语进行了对比，通过对比英汉两种语言中的委婉语可以了解委婉语不仅是一种语言现象，更是一种社会 文化 现象。研究英汉委婉语的异同，有助于我们了解英语国家的社会风俗与文化。 关键词： 英汉委婉语 应用范畴 构造手段 一、引言 委婉语euphemism源自希腊语，由词头“eu”(good)和词干“phemism”(speech)构成，意为吉利之语(words of good omen)或优雅的说法(good speech)。委婉语是人类语言使用过程中的一种普遍现象。 通过对比英汉两种语言中的委婉语，我们可以了解委婉语不仅是一种语言现象，更是社会文化现象。委婉语的产生和发展是不同社会心理和语言因素共同作用的结果。委婉语反映了不同社会的发展、价值观、道德观和社会文化。 二、英汉委婉语应用范畴的对比 1.关于疾病的委婉语 生病是人们忌讳说的，因而东西方人常常用委婉语表达。在现代英语中，多用trouble婉指病，如heart trouble，lung trouble等。cancer的委婉语为“the Big C”或“long illness”，“terminally ill”。性病在英语里被称为“social disease”，“the French disease”，“certain disease”，“communicable disease”。汉语里人们把这种病称为“花柳病”、“富贵病”、“那种病”。汉语中，我们把“生病”称作“身体不好”、“身体欠安”，说“癌症”为“不治之症”。 而在身体缺陷方面，英语中婉称crippled(残疾)为physically handicapped(有生理缺陷的)或者用disabled，the inconvenienced表示crippled(瘸子)，用imperfect hearing(听觉不完美)代替the deaf(聋子)，用visually retarded(视力有障碍的)代替the blind(瞎子、盲人)。在汉语中，四肢残疾称“手脚不灵便、走路不便”，偏瘫称“半身不遂”等，秃顶婉称“谢顶”，耳朵聋称“耳背、耳朵不灵”。其他的还有“挨了一下子”、“划了个口子”等代称“受伤”。 2.关于性的委婉语 从古至今，各民族对性爱及与其相关的一些说法均持谨慎态度。随着人类的进步，也出现了一些开放性的说法，但其主流仍然采用回避、模糊、委婉的说法。英语中谈及性行为的委婉语有make love，to have sex with，to go to bed with etc.汉民族历来对性行为持封闭态度，谈及性行为时总是遮遮掩掩，含混模糊。汉语中表达性爱的委婉语有：同房、夫妻生活、房事、云雨之事、那种事等。在谈到性行为不检点时，英语中有free love，trial marriage，love companion，mixed singles等模糊与中性化的委婉语。汉语中则采用较严厉的贬义词抨击不检点的性行为。如男盗女娼、三者插足、寻花问柳、水性杨花等。对于妓女这一令人鄙弃的角色，西方社会给予了许多雅号，如，street walker，street girl，a woman of the town，pavement princess。谈到怀孕时，英汉两种语言均用委婉语，如英语很少直接说pregnancy(怀孕)，而说be in the family way，in an interesting condition，in a delicate condition，knitting little bootees etc.汉语则说，有喜了、要当妈妈了、身怀六甲等。 3.关于死亡的委婉语 古今中外，无论东西方，“死亡”都是一个避讳莫深的话题。人们在语言交际中尽量回避“死亡”二字而尽可能用委婉语代替。虽然英汉语中都有很多表示“死亡”的委婉语，但其中的差异具体表现在： (1)英汉表达死的委婉语在体现社会地位上大相径庭。中国经历了几千年的封建社会，封建制度对中国文化影响颇深。天子死称“崩”，诸侯死称“薨”，大夫死曰“卒”，士死曰“不禄”。西方人笃信__，认为人都是上帝创造的，故生来人人平等。英语中有一条古老的格言：Popes，Kings，beggars，and thieves alike must die.头衔和地位并不能免人一死。在死神面前，卑贱者和高贵者一律平等。 (2)由不同的宗教文化带来的表达差异。英语中die的很多委婉语来自《圣经》，如to go to a better place/world(到一个更美好的地方、世界)，to go to Heaven/Paradise(进入天国)。汉语中，入佛门的则说“迁化、圆寂、舍生”等;对信仰道教的则说“蝉脱、羽化、别驾、遁化”等。 (3)因价值观念的不同，英汉委婉语也不同。汉语中表“死亡”的委婉语还有褒贬之分，如壮烈牺牲、慷慨就义、为国捐躯等。英语国家的民族英雄常常受人敬仰，在英语里找到一些表示为国家或事业而捐躯的委婉词语，如bite the dust/the ground，fire one’s last shot，give one’s life，kiss the dust lay down one’s life。 4.有关“低微职业”的委婉语 在英汉这两种语言里，职业也是一个敏感的话题，因为它直接反映了一个人的社会和经济地位。为提高某些职业的社会地位，人们往往使用委婉语加以美化。这种现象在现代英语中俯拾皆是：把maid(女仆)或housekeeper(女管家)称为domestic help(家务助手)、day-help(白天帮工)或live-in help(住家帮手);一般服务员也升级为service manager(服务管理人员);butcher(屠夫)也改称为meat technologist(肉类技术专家);garbage collector(垃圾收集工)也称sanitation engineer(环境卫生工程师)。 现代汉语也有类似的职业委婉语，“理发师“成了“发型设计师”，理发店也随之改成了发型设计中心，“佣人”成了“家政人员”，“厨子”婉称为“大厨”、“大师傅”，用“服务员”代替“跟班、听差、跑堂”，“司机”代替“车夫”等。这些职业委婉语的使用一方面反映出人们文明程度的提高和追求高雅的心理趋势，另一方面体现出现代人的尊重意识和平等观念。 5.关于年龄上的委婉语 英语中有关老的委婉语很多，这与其文化密切相关。美国文化以个人主义为中心，讲究独立与隐私，子女成人后即与父母分居，老人生活孤单寂寞，于是老成了生活中的一大忌。因此，英语中有许多关于老的委婉语。如：senior citizen，advantage in the age，the mature，seasoned man等。 同时人们把晚年称为golden years(黄金年华)，养老院并非理想去处，也被婉称为a home for adults(成人之家)、a rest home(休养所)等。然而在中国，情况却正好相反，因为中国历来有尊老敬老的传统观念和价值观。在中国，“老”字带敬意，是资历和地位的象征。人们有时还倚老卖老，以老为荣。 如什么“老板、老大、老总、老师、老师傅”等。汉语中类似“年老”的委婉语也很多，如：古稀之年、高龄、高寿、桑榆、夕阳红等。同时，中国人还常把老字放在姓氏的前面或者后面，来称呼那些德高望重的老年人，以表尊重，如：老赵、王老。这体现了中国重视老人的价值观，而这些在英美文化中是不可思议的。可见，在不同的文化背景中，人们对同一事物的态度可能截然相反。 三、英汉委婉语构造手段的对比 由于英汉民族的语言不同，两种语言在文化、语言形式和 思维方式 等方面存在较大的差异。英汉委婉语的差别正是由于两种语言的语言特点差异所造成的，主要体现在英汉委婉语各自的词汇形态特点、语义特点和语法特点等方面。英语是一种拼音文字，通过语音及语法手段构成委婉语，或拼写形式的变异，达到委婉的目的，汉语却侧重于词汇手段。 英语委婉语的构成方式： (1)缩略(Abbreviation)：ladies代替ladies’ room，婉指女厕所。 (2)尾脱落(Apocopation)：lav代替lavatory(厕所)。 (3)首字母缩略(Initiating)：.代替body odor(狐臭)。 (4)逆生(Backforming)：ecnop 代替ponce，婉指“拉皮条的人”。 (5)音节或字母重复(Reduplication)pee-pee=piss(小便)。 (6)音节扭曲(Phonetic Distortion)Cripes=Christ(基督)、God(上帝)。 (7)混合词(Blend word)：gezunda=This object“goes under”the bed.(那东西放在床底下，即“夜壶”)。 (8)小词(Diminutive)：heinie=hind end(后端，即“臀部”)。 汉语委婉语独特的构成方式： (1)拆字法。如：张俊氏道：“胡子老官，这事你作法便了，做成了，少不得言身寸。”(“谢”拆开后即“言”、“身”、“寸”)。(《儒林外史》第32回) (2) 歇后语 法。人们在做一些消极评论时，常会借助一些歇后语来缓冲过于直白的语气，以达到委婉的目的。比如骂人时说：茶壶里的水(滚开)。 (3)换字法。例如，北方话口语中常说“扯蛋”，书面语转写时，换成“扯淡”。 (4)符号替换法。例如：“×你妈!你怎么不说话，哑巴吗?” (5)反义法。所谓反义就是指与禁忌语的意义相反。如广州人把“气死我”说成“激生我”;把“笑死我”说成“笑生我”。显然，生与死是 反义词 ，这里用“生”避开了“死”。 三、结语 笔者对英语和汉语中的委婉语从应用范畴与构造手段两方面进行了比较，试图找到两种语言中的差异和相似之处。委婉语不仅仅是修辞现象、语言学现象，更蕴含浓厚文化内涵、民族特征。在各个国家的日常交往及工作中，委婉语的运用极为广泛，它可以润滑和协调人际关系，使交际活动顺利进行。充分认识其构造手段、形式特点、发展规律将有助于我们了解英语国家的社会风俗与文化，从而增强跨文化交际的能力。 参考文献： [1]邓志昌，刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1989. [2]束定芳，徐金元.委婉语研究：回顾与前瞻[J].外国语，1995(5). [3]王希杰.汉语修辞学[M].北京：商务印书馆，2004. [4]刘瑞琴.英汉委婉语对比与翻译[M].银川：宁夏人民出版社，2010. 关于英汉语言对比方面论文篇2 浅谈英汉词缀对比研究 【摘 要】英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，两者在构词法上有着巨大的差别。分析了这两种语言的词缀，通过前缀和后缀的词缀对比，会给英语教学以及英汉互译提供一些启发。 【关键词】词缀;前缀;后缀;对比 1 词缀的定义 词缀法是把词缀附加在词根上构造新词的 方法 (陈，1991)，也叫做派生法。总的来说，前缀起着语义功能，而后缀有语法功能。在英语中，它是一种重要的构词法，自从第二次世界大战以来，它在新的 英语单词 中占。在汉语中，由词缀法构成的词非常少，然而词缀化是汉语本身发展的自然趋势(吴，2001)。 2 英汉前缀对比 英汉前缀的不同反映在英语比汉语有更多的前缀。英语前缀是构词主要的成分，仅次于词根。整体来说，英语派生过程比汉语更复杂、更多样化。 英语前缀的分类 英语前缀大多只是改变词义而不改变词性，所以英语单词是在意义的基础上分类的，英语前缀可以分为九类，列举如下： 汉语前缀的分类 汉语的前缀表示语法意义，其首要功能是改变词性，这种功能相当于英语的后缀，这是两种语言最大的区别。汉语的前缀可以分为两类，一类只是为了构词，如“老”，老婆、老大、老虎;“阿”，阿爹、阿婆。另外一类不全是语法的性质，可能会改变词性，汉语前缀根据意义可以划分为以下类型。 汉语前缀和其相对应的英语形式： 1)否定前缀 不人道 inhuman 非正式 informal 不科学 unscientific 非导体 nonconductor 无形 invisible 无条件 unconditional 2)态度前缀 反建议 counterproposal 亲美 pro-American 反常 abnormal 伪政府 pseudo-government 反社会 anti-social 3)程度或大小前缀 超自然 supernatural 泛非 pan-African 超音速 hypersonic 次大陆 subcontinent 准学者 quasi-scholar 4)数字前缀 半封建 semi-feudal 单边 unilateral 半人半神 demigod 单晶体 monocrystal 双音节 disyllabic 多中心 polycentric 双语 bilingual 多级 multipolar 英汉前缀的对比分析 通过上面的分析，可以推测出两种语言的大多数前缀都有对应关系。总体来说，英语前缀在不改变词性的基础上，对词根起着语义功能，而汉语前缀具有语法的功能，更倾向于语义分类。 然而，在两种语言中，由相对应的前缀构成的派生词并不是一一对应的关系。也就是说，一种语言中的派生词在另一种语言中有着相同意义也可能不是派生词。例如，“不毛”在汉语中是个派生词，由前缀“不”和名次“毛”组成。在英语中相对应的词是“barren”，是个单词素的词。同样，英语中派生名词“non-smoker”是由一个前缀“non-”和一个名词“smoker”组合起来的，在汉语中是个名词词组“不吸烟的人”。 许多前缀具有多种意义，这种现象是非常普遍的，即一种语言的前缀在另一种语言中具有几种意义，反之亦然。英语前缀“a-”有三种意思：a. 强调原来的意思，如await; b. 改变词性和意思，如awash; c. 非、不， atypical。在汉语中，前缀“不”可以用英语中不同的前缀来表示，如un-， il-， ir-， a-等。 3 英汉后缀对比 与英语相比，汉语中表示人的后缀比指示状态和动作等的后缀多。两种语言的后缀都是加在词根之后。 英语后缀的四种范畴 英语后缀是对原来的词的一种修饰，它改变了词原有的词性。英语后缀有四种类型：名词后缀、形容词后缀、副词后缀和动词后缀。当词根加上这些后缀后，分别形成名词、形容词、副词和动词。 汉语后缀的分类 与英语后缀不同，汉语后缀主要构成名词。加上后缀的词根几乎限于名词、动词和形容词，尤其是名词。下文选择了若干汉语后缀和所对应的英语后缀。 1)名词后缀 ①表示代理人和职业的后缀 专家 specialist 教员 teacher 银行家 banker 打字员 typist 发明家 inventor 技术员 technician 读者 reader 讲师 lecturer 逃亡者 escapee 工程师 engineer 马克思主义者 Marxist 魔术 师 magician 助手 assistant 积极分子 activist ②表示属性、状态和学说意义的后缀 灵活性 flexibility 创造性 creativity 正确性 correctness 湿度 humidity 长度 length 唯心论 idealism 相对论 relativity 社会主义 socialism 达尔文主义 Darwinism 电子学 electronics ③表示亲昵或轻蔑意味的后缀 胖子 fatty 酒鬼 drunkard 赌棍 gamester 电影迷 filmnik 2)动词后缀 人格化 personify 简化 simplify 深化 deepen 现代化 modernize 革命化 revolutionize 3)形容词后缀 男孩子气 manly 孩子气 childish 阔气 luxurious 傲气 cocky 井然 orderly 默然 speechless 4)副词后缀 油然 spontaneously 惨然 miserably 特地 specially 继而 afterwards 率尔 rashly 英汉后缀对比分析 如上所述，汉语在构成名词方面有丰富的后缀，尤其是指示人的名词。据估计汉语表示人的后缀在词缀中达到32%，在英语中只有13%。两种语言的后缀很明显的不同在于汉语后缀大多带有些许感情色彩，尤其是轻蔑意义;而英语后缀很少带有这种贬义的感情色彩。 汉语中一定量的后缀在英语中没有相对应的后缀，因此，在英语中由自由词来表达这些后缀的意思，例如桌子(desk)、杯子(cup)、石头(stone)、尾巴(tail)、泥巴(mud)。同样，当表示女性的后缀附加于对应的动词之上，整个词就代表了女性。然而，在汉语中单个词就代表了相同的意义，比如女演员(actor-actress) and母老虎 (tiger-tigress)。 后缀中有一种有趣的现象，加上后缀的英语派生词与加上前缀的汉语派生词相对应，比如，“lawless” 和 “fearless”分别译成“非法”和“无畏”。英语中带有指小意义名词后缀在汉语中经常译成前面加“小”的名词，如小鸭(duckling)、小猫(kitten)。有时，同时使用前缀“小”和后缀“儿”，如小罐儿(cannikin)。 4 结语 总之，科技全球化给英语和汉语提供了更多的接触机会，在此过程中相互学习、相互比较。英汉词缀既有相似处也有不同点，将两者相比不仅有益于 英语学习 者深刻认识两种语言，而且有益于他们丰富英汉词汇。 【参考文献】 [1]陈治安.英汉词缀法构词比较[J].四川外语学院学报，1991(1). [2]韩汉雄.英汉词缀比较及 其它 [J].杭州师范学院学报，1994(7). [3]胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2006. [4]吴东英. 再论英语借词对现代汉语词法的影响[J].当代语言学，2001 (3). [5]萧立明.英汉比较研究与翻译[M].上海：上海外语 教育 出版社，2010. [6]张晗.英汉构词法对比[J].厦门大学外文学院，2010(3).
丹凤眼女汉子
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...
英汉语言对比翻译教学和研究的经验表明，翻译理论与技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析的基础之上。英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧，如选词(Diction)、转换(
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