光伏毕业论文中英文翻译

“毕业论文”的英文：Graduation Dissertation

Dissertation 读法 英 [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n]  美 ['dɪsɚ'teʃən]

n. 论文，专题；学术演讲

短语：

1、academic dissertation 学位论文 ; 学术论文

2、Graduation Dissertation 毕业论文

3、Doctorate dissertation 博士论文

4、Dissertation Committee 论文委员会

5、dissertation topics 毕业论文题目

词义辨析：

article, paper,dissertation, essay, prose, thesis这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：

1、article 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。

2、paper 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。

3、dissertation 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。

4、essay 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。

5、prose 专指散文。

6、thesis 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。

例句：

1、Exploring "Trinity Working Mode" of Integrating Graduation Field Work, Graduation Dissertation and Employment on Graduation.

毕业实习、毕业论文与学生就业三位一体工作模式探索。

2、On Problems in Writing Graduation Dissertation

关于撰写毕业论文应该注意的问题。

论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成（例如附录）可有可无。论文各组成的排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献和附录和致谢。下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。题目(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目，不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题，不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号，也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。署名(二)论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。往往把参加工作的人全部列上，那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者，也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。引言(三)论文——引言是论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。材料方法(四)论文——材料和方法按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志对论文投稿规定办即可。实验结果(五)论文——实验结果应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据、不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因，不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。讨论(六)论文——讨论是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论，表明自己的观点，尤其不应回避相对立的观点。论文的讨论中可以提出假设，提出本题的发展设想，但分寸应该恰当，不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。

2011, the technology low, low investment, short construction period of the PV industry in the next ** Industry - battery and components industry, in turn staged a "making money on the herd, the herd on the excess capacity "reincarnation. Since 2009, as the European market, and a large number of orders coming from abroad, rekindled the capital of photovoltaic cells and modules crazy a volume perspective, the second quarter of this year, Suntech shipments up by 192%; Yingli up by 151%; JA up by 304%; Artes up by 276%. From the net, the first half, up all these leading companies to profitability, Trina Solar's net profit up by 9 times. The chain second half of 2009, Yingli by 440%; JA by 256%; LDK by 136%. From the gross margin perspective, the average margin of from last year's first half, second half of the to in the first half of this year. From the cells and components of the production point of view, Suntech component production capacity in 2011 reached , an increase 29%; Jiangsu Artes battery capacity of , year on year by 63%; Trina Solar Components production capacity will reach , an increase 58%; JA photovoltaic cell production capacity will reach , an increase of 33%; Zhejiang Yuhui module production capacity will reach 600MW, up by 60%.However, the recent decline in gross margin downstream industry chain has begun warning risk. LDK, Yao Feng said, "the first half of the battery, high-margin components, but the second half of the silicon material and silicon high margin, low-margin cells and modules." Has been high throw of nearly 30 million into the PV shopkeeper Magnetic insiders frankly stated that, from now, the field of photovoltaic cells fire will not last forever, after all technical barriers are not high, the upstream supply of silicon material is the ideas:CLS experts for the status quo of China's PV industry expressed concerns about the combination of in-depth study of solar photovoltaic industry related business consulting project, the development of PV industry in China made a number of recommendations as follows:1, "five" basic idea of ​​energy development plan has been formed, the new energy industry is the focus of the next five years. For the photovoltaic industry, it should be practical support to seize the country's industrial policy to promote intra-industry structural , the field of technical barriers in photovoltaic cells is not high, if sales do not go up, leading to vicious competition, falling prices, solar companies will create 'double play' situation. Therefore, the strength of the photovoltaic business, should be upward chain integration, the formation of silicon material - silicon bar / ingot / silicon - Battery - components integrated business model, by controlling the chain of high-profit sectors to increase the added , as most companies are focused on photovoltaic cells and modules area, and in photovoltaic applications into smaller areas, so part of the PV business chain can be extended to applications such as solar water heaters and so , ** PV industry is a need to advocate and support the industry, many countries ** Over the last decade, have introduced a number of incentives to develop solar photovoltaic industry. ** China should introduce more policies to support the development of photovoltaic industry, especially in the application of PV should vigorously support and advocacy, to get rid of the photovoltaic project "does not re-reconstruction" , solar companies to combine their strengths and integrated development of the industry trend, a clear future direction for their own market positioning and product mix to make the necessary , the photovoltaic industry is highly competitive, companies must give full play to the PV capital leverage, through the stock market, bonds and other ways to finance and to consider the adoption of the Combination by leaps and , with the strength of the photovoltaic business through strong cooperation with local ** to build large-scale industrial base, to form a culture of leisure and "PV - carbon," featuring "production, home, business, travel" comprehensive of the , through the core technology innovations (such as third-generation photovoltaic technology - concentrating technology), barriers to entry to improve industry, raise the level of competition in the PV , photovoltaic companies need to build a strategy-based control system, through internal control improvement, to achieve the strategic objectives , the industry needs to improve the awareness and level of risk management, pay close attention to the international upstream and downstream market trends, while minimizing changes to the photovoltaic industry, international exchange rate experts believe that despite China's PV industry has developed rapidly, but in the photovoltaic applications, and no breakthroughs, but the basic domestic solar companies in the midstream and downstream industry chain, subject to the upstream supply of raw materials and foreign market and exchange rate changes. Therefore, the PV industry must accelerate the process of industrial upgrading, supply and sales to get rid of the "double kill" dilemma. Meanwhile, the PV industry as a typical new energy industry, CLS strongly urged countries with more policy support to reduce the cost of production and technology, encourage technological innovation, promote the development of China's PV 年，技术门槛低、投资少、建设周期短的光伏产业中下**业——电池和组件行业，又将上演“有钱赚就一哄而上，一哄而上就产能过剩、”的轮回。2009年以来，随着欧洲市场回暖，大批从国外飞来的订单，再度引发了资本对光伏电池和组件的疯狂追逐。从出货量看，今年二季度，尚德出货量同比增192%；英利同比增151%；晶澳同比增304%；阿特斯同比增276%。从净利润看，上半年，这些龙头企业同比皆扭亏为盈，天合光能的净利同比增9倍。而环比2009年下半年，英利增440%；晶澳增256%；赛维增136%。从毛利率看，平均毛利从去年上半年的、下半年的增至今年上半年的。从电池片和组件的产能上看，无锡尚德2011年组件产能将达到，同比增29%；江苏阿特斯电池产能达，同比增63%；天合光能组件产能将达，同比增58%；晶澳光伏电池产能将达，同比增33%；浙江昱辉组件产能将达600MW，同比增60%。然而，近期中下游产业链毛利的下降已经开始警示风险。赛维LDK的姚峰表示，“上半年电池、组件毛利高，但下半年硅料和硅片毛利高，电池和组件毛利率低。”已豪掷近30亿进军光伏的横店东磁内部人士坦陈，从现在来看，光伏电池领域不可能永远持续红火，毕竟技术壁垒不高，上游硅料供给也是瓶颈。华彩观点：华彩专家对于我国光伏产业的现状深表忧虑，在深入研究光伏行业结合光伏企业的相关咨询项目，对我国光伏产业的发展提出如下若干建议：1、“十二五”能源发展规划的基本思路已经形成，新能源产业是未来五年发展的重点。对于光伏产业来说，应该切实抓住国家的产业扶持政策，推进产业内部的结构性升级。2、光伏电池领域技术壁垒不高，如果销量涨不上去，恶性竞争导致价格不断下滑，将对光伏企业造成‘双杀’的局面。因此，对于有实力的光伏企业，应该进行产业链的向上整合，形成硅料—硅棒/硅锭/硅片—电池—组件一体化的商业模式，通过控制产业链的高利润环节来增加附加值。3、由于大部分光伏企业都集中在电池和组件领域，而在光伏的应用环节投入较少，因此部分光伏企业可以将产业链拓展到应用领域，如光伏热水器等。4、光伏产业是一个需要**大力倡导和扶持的产业，很多国家**近十几年来，相继出台了不少鼓励政策来发展光伏产业光伏。中国**应该推出更多的政策支持光伏产业的发展，特别是在光伏的应用上应该大力扶持与倡导，摆脱对光伏项目“重建不重用”的局面。5、光伏企业要结合自身的优势以及整合行业的发展趋势，明确未来的发展方向，对自身的市场定位及产品结构进行必要的调整。6、光伏行业竞争激烈，光伏企业必须充分发挥资本杠杆的作用，通过股票上市、债券等方式来进行融资，并考虑通过产融结合来实现跨越式发展。7、具备实力的光伏企业可以通过与当地**的强力合作，打造大规模的产业基地，形成以文化休闲和“光伏-低碳”为特色的“产、居、商、旅”综合性城区。8、通过核心技术的创新（如第三代光伏技术-聚光技术），提高产业进入的门槛，提升光伏企业竞争的层次。9、光伏企业需要打造基于战略的管控体系，通过企业内部控制力的提升，来实现战略目标落地。10、整个行业需要提高风险管理的意识和水平，密切关注国际上下游市场的变化趋势，同时尽可能减少国际汇率变化给光伏行业带来的冲击。华彩专家认为，尽管我国的光伏产业发展迅速，但在光伏的应用领域并没有取得突破性进展，同时国内的光伏企业基本处于产业链的中下游，受制于上游原材料的供给和国外市场及汇率的变化。因此，光伏行业必须加快推进产业升级的进程，摆脱供给和销量“双杀”的困境。同时，光伏产业作为典型的新能源产业，华彩强烈呼吁国家以更多的政策扶持来降低企业生产和技术应用成本，鼓励企业技术创新，推动我国光伏产业发展。

A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B. A./B. S. in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法，.代表文学学士，.代表理学学士，***处填上专业。