荆棘鸟文学毕业论文

The Thorn Birds, is a very well written story about a family living in a poorer section of New Zealand whose livelihood is shearing sheep. The money for the family depends almost solely on the sheep. In the family, there is Padraic Cleary (Paddy), the father of the clan. He is a likable man who commands respect from his children and from those who know him. His wife, Fiona Cleary (Fee), is a woman with a past who loves her children, respects her husband but is living in a world that she did not want, but accepted it as her only possible way of life. Then there are Fee and Paddy's children, Frank, Meghann (Meggie), Hughie, Jack, Stuart (Stu), Bob, and the twins, Jims and Patsy, but the story revolves almost entirely around their only girl, Meggie. When Meggie was about 10 years old, Paddy's older sister, Mary Carson, beckoned Paddy to come work for her on her very large, very wealthy ranch in New South Wales, Australia, Drogheda. The family fell in love with Drogheda, even though they had to put up with drought, fire, and a climate that they were not used to. The boys in the family lived for Drogheda, and were the main work force of the ranch, herding sheep and cattle from one paddock to another, and working very hard during the most profitable time of the year, the shearing season, and the most hectic, the lambing season. Paddy was an immigrant from Ireland to New Zealand and was a devout Catholic, along with most Australians. Upon arriving to Drogheda, the Cleary family met Father Ralph, a friend of Mary Carson, a constant visitor to Drogheda, and the local priest of the closest town to Drogheda, Gillabon. The rest of the story rotates around the relationship between Father Ralph who later became Bishop Ralph and finally, Cardinal Ralph, and Meggie. The Cleary family lived through one of the worst droughts in Australia, and the terrible fire that followed, destroying most of Drogheda's outer pastures and killing Paddy, and Stuart in the process. They also had to deal with the problem of rabbits. The rabbits were foreigners to Australia, and once introduced, reproduced out of control due to the fact that there were no natural predators in Australia to kill them. The rabbits, along with the kangaroos, were devouring most of Drogheda's grazing land. Through it all though, Drogheda remained a constant source of pleasure and money for the Cleary family. Meggie had two children, Justine and Dane. Both very different in personality, and in looks. Meggie marries a shearer turned stockman fo Drogheda, Luke O'Neill, and from their marriage, Justine was born. Dane was from another man, but, the father, nor Dane or Justine knew who it was, only Fee and Meggie knew that secret. The author of Thorn Birds, Colleen McCullough, is a highly talented writer. Throughout the novel, she describes the scenery with much detail. She should be an expert on the topic, since New South Wales, Australia is her home. The detail and description of the people and the places, which she goes deeply into, makes the reader feel as if she is actually experiencing the same things as the characters. She goes explains throughly as to how Drogheda is managed and how it looks. Mrs. McCullough definitely knows what she's talking about and her writing shows it. For work with the sheep never, never ended; as one job finished it became time for another. They were mustered and graded, moved from one paddock to another, bred and unbred, shorn and crutched, dipped and drenched, slaughtered and shipped off to be sold. Drogheda carried about a thousand head of prime beef cattle as well as its sheep, but sheep were far more profitable, so in good times Drogheda carried about one sheep for every two acres of its land, or about 125,000 altogether. Being merinos, they were never sold for meat; at the end of a merino's wool-producing years it was shipped off to become skins, lanolin, tallow and glue, useful only to the tanneries and the knackeries. Mrs. McCullough's purpose for writing The Thorn Birds is not entirely clear. She could have written the book to tell about the ways of the Australian people like the outback stockmen. She could have intended to explain what life in Australia is really like, the climate, the animals, etc. Another alternative is that she could have written this novel to talk about the Catholic Church and how man's desires are no match for an institution like the Church, or try to describe how the Church really works. All of these topics are present in her story and her points for each came across strongly and clearly. The reader learns that Father Ralph becomes a Bishop due to the fact that he helped bring to in large sum of money into the Church, and that Luke, a stockman at heart not just as a profession, lives for his work. He is constantly on the move to find work, never really wanting to settle down yet holding that image of a cozy home in his head as an excuse to work harder. None of these points are lost to the reader. McCullough seems to bring up the same topics, but never she never actually repeats herself, she just offers a new side to the topic for the reader to think about. This, thought the boys exultantly, was life. Not one of them yearned for New Zealand; when the flies clustered like syrup in the corners of their eyes, up their noses, in their mouths and ears, they learned the Australian trick and hung corks bobbing from the end of strings al around the brims of their hats. To prevent crawlies from getting up inside the legs of their baggy trousers they tied strips of kangaroo hide called bowyangs below their knees, giggling at the silly-sounding name, but awed by the necessity. Luke looked at the deadly thing he gripped, which was not at all like a West Indian machete. It widened into a large triangle instead of tapering to a point, and had a wicked hook like a rooster's spur at one of the two blade ends....Then, shrugging, he started work....Bend, hack, straighten, clutch the unwieldy topheavy bunch securely, slide its length through the hands, whack off the leaves, drop it in a tidy heap, go to the next cluster of stems, bend, hack, straighten, hack, add it to the heaps...The cane (sugar cane) was alive with vermin: rats, bandicoots, cockroaches, toads, spiders, snakes, wasps, flies and bees....For that reason the cutters burned the cane first, preferring the filth of working charred crops to the depredations of green, living cane. Even so they were stung, bitten and cut....It took him the predicted week to harden, and attain the eight-ton-a-day minimum... These two quotes not only show the detail that Mrs. McCullough put into in her novel, but it tells the readers what types of lives the people of Australia live. From the stockmen on the desert-like Outback in New South Wales, to the cane cutters in the tropical forest of Queensland, Mrs. McCullough tries to inform her readers about the real Australia and the real people who live there. The Thorn Birds, published in 1977 by Harper & Row is a book that I have already recommended to my friends and family. The idea of the book is like that of Gone With The Wind. It revolves around a very strong woman who is after a man that she can not have but wants very strongly, and yet, at the same time, is trying to survive in her world. In Gone With The Wind the heroine is Scarlett O'Hara living in the Southern United States during the Civil War, for The Thorn Birds, it is Meggie Clearly living in New Zealand and Australia around the time of the Second World War. Both women settle for less then what they want, and both women end up getting their man, but lose him due to their surroundings and who they are. In both novels, the women have a strong link to their homes, Tara, and Drogheda. The land is who they are, and they both return to their lands to find peace and happiness. The writing in both novels is different, and the women too, are different, but the underlying ideas in both are the same. Word Count: 1413

太多了啊，我毕业写的是《了不起的盖茨比》。《德伯家的苔丝》，《傲慢与偏见》，《简爱》，《格列佛游记》，《战争与和平》。。。都可以写啊

首先需要将“文献综述（ Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Backupground Description) ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。 其次，文献综述是评论性的（ Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。文献综述 一、文献综述 文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。综述的目的是反映某一课题的新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现。从其历史到现状，存在问题以及发展趋势等，都要进行全面的介绍和评论。在此基础上提出自己的见解，预测技术的发展趋势，为选题和开题奠定良好的基础。 二、文献综述的格式 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。 主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。 总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，提出自己的见解并对进一步的发展方向做出预测。 参考文献，因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且也为评审者审查提供查找线索。参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法，录著项目及格式与研究论文相同，不再重复。 三、文献综述规定 1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。 2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇 3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。 4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。 5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号"[ ]"括起来置于引用词的右上角。 6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。 四、注意事项 ⒈ 搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉ 注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊ 引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。 ⒋ 参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。