美国历史与文化论文参考文献

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《美国历史发挥作用的黑人》美国南北战争 亦称“美国内战”（1861—1865），美国北部诸州同南部发动叛乱的各奴隶制州之间的战争，是资本主义北部同奴隶制南部之间对抗性矛盾激化的结果。在美国历史上，黑人的作用比较明显的在体育运动上外，在政治上、宗教上都是很重要的，特别是奥巴马当选为美国总统，这种在政治上的地位黑人已经达到了巅峰；主要有以下方面的内容可以参考：1、在美国黑人政治地位明显提高，从林肯总统呼吁并解决对黑人的奴役和歧视被暗杀到现在出现美国历史上第一位黑人总统，可以看作是美国国内人权进步的一种象征。2、南北战争时期《解放黑人奴隶宣言》后积极参军，击败南方政府，促成国家再统一和强大；美国南北战争 约有19万黑人(其中72％来自南部各州)入伍，25万黑人在后方勤务部队中服役。 3、人种融合，使用社会的发展，20世纪前绝大部分黑人生活的处境，他们先是充当奴隶，后来成为谷物分成制佃农，而后者是20世纪的产物，是农村黑人大规模迁往城市带来的后果。在这样两种环境下，黑人既吸收了白人文化，又发展了自己独特的亚文化。一方面，黑人接受了美国民主信条中的平等价值观；另一方面，他们不得不面对不平等和不为社会接受的现实。这促进了一个独特的文化共同体的形成。4、身体素质良好，推动了美国体育发展；这个比较多的，资金找找补充。 5、黑人民权领袖马丁路德金为美国民主献出生命，马丁·路德·金为黑人谋求平等，发动了美国的民权运动，功绩卓著，闻名于世。金在成为民权运动积极分子之前，是黑人社区必有的浸礼会的牧师。民权运动是美国黑人教会的产物，本文记叙金的第一次民权演说，揭示了民权运动与黑人教会的关系。 6、马尔科姆·艾克斯于1925年出生在美国内布拉斯加州东部的奥马哈市，少年时期是个不学无术的街头混混，贩毒、吸毒、滥交、抢劫、杀人几乎无恶不作。终于自食恶果，被抓入监狱。入狱后，他居然从看字典开始，学习了世界历史，哲学，政治，自然科学等方面的知识，并参加了黑色穆斯林组织。出狱后，他投身黑人运动，成为声望仅次于马丁·路德·金的黑人运动领袖。参考文献： 美国黑人解放运动简史 美国黑人在觉醒 黑皮肤的感觉——美国黑人音乐文化 非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传统 走向后代多元文化主义:从里德和罗思看美国黑人和犹太文学的新趋向 大海(美国黑人诗人兰斯顿.休斯自传) 美国黑人文学的巨星-托妮.莫里森小说创作论 美国黑人领袖及其政治思想研究 20世纪美国黑人小说史 一个美国黑人家族的历史—根 美国黑人史 美国黑人问题与南部农业经济 美国黑人教育发展研究 美国黑人文学的巨星--托妮.莫里森小说创作论 美国黑人短篇小说集 美国黑人斗争史 the American Negro/美国黑人研究 文化的断裂--美国黑人问题与南方重建

移民社会对美国政治文化的影响 一、美国移民社会的发展历程 在美国这块年轻的土地上,生活着来自几乎世界上所有国家的移民,移民把自己国家和民族的文化带 到了美国。各种异质文化在美国社会发展的进程中不断相互交流和融合,铸造出独具特色的美国民族精神和 文化特质。 综观美国历史,出现过三次大的移民浪潮。 第一次移民高潮(1680—1880):移居北美的清教徒把北美视为上帝恩赐的“希望之乡”,把新大陆描绘成 地肥水美的人间天堂,吸引了大批欧洲移民。他们主要来自英国,还有其他西欧和北欧国家的人。移民的主要 语言是英语,主要信仰新教。除了欧洲人,这一时期的另一主要移民群体是非洲黑人。自 1619 年首批黑人奴 隶被贩卖到北美,在几个世纪的大西洋奴隶贸易中,共有 1000 万黑人被贩卖到西半球,其中有 40 万人到了今 天美国境内的各个殖民地。第二次移民高潮(1900—1920):南北战争结束后,美国进入大规模工业化和城市 化阶段,需要大量劳力。 第二次移民浪潮中的移民主要来自南欧、中欧和东欧,以意大利、匈牙利、波兰和俄国移民为主体。 这些移民多数来自乡村,他们使用的语言不是英语,大多数是天主教徒、东正教徒和犹太教徒,这对 WASP 文 化为主导的美国无疑是一个冲击。20 世纪 20 年代中期,由于美国经济的衰退,联邦政府限制移民数量。1929 年政府实施移民配额制,使移民人数急剧下降。到 30 年代大萧条时,第二次移民浪潮基本结束。 第三次移民浪潮(1965—):1965 年美国通过了移民和归化法,1961—1984 年之间还通过了一系列难民 法,移民政策的放宽带来了第三次移民浪潮。这一时期的移民来自更广阔的领域、更多的国家。据统计,34% 来自亚洲,34%来自拉丁美洲,16%来自加拿大和世界其他地区,来自欧洲的移民所占比例下降到 16%。美国 是在近 200 年里发展起来的世界上最大的一个移民国家。与其他移民国家相比,美国移民具有数量大、种类 多 来源多样性和连续性的特点。 、 美国移民每年都达几十万,20 世纪 60 年代的移民为 250 万,70 年代为 450 万,占人口总增长的 19%[3](P39)。来自不同大陆、不同国度的移民构成了美国人口的主体,而且每年的新移 民仍然在不断改变着美国人口的种族、民族构成。直到今天,美国仍然是一个名副其实的移民国家。 二、移民社会对美国政治文化的影响 （一）个人主义的移民社会渊源 个人主义是美国政治文化的一个主旨和特色，个人主义构成了美国文化模式的基本特征和主要内 容。它最雄辩地、实在地、直接地表述了美国思想。它所包含的内涵与外延真正扎根于美国本土，既不同 于希伯来和希腊传统，也不同于 18 世纪的欧洲思想，个人主义在美国政治文化中占有重要地位。作为美国 主流社会意识形态的个人主义，其要义是：“个人先于社会而存在。个人是本源，社会是派生的。社会、国 家是个人为了保障自己的某种权利或利益而组成的人为的机构。除了个人的目的之外，社会或国家没有任 何其他目的。在英属殖民地时期，各种教会誓约和殖民地誓约都充斥着个人主义的理念。美国《独立宣言》 提出的不言而喻的“真理”，开始也是讲个人主义的价值观：“人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们某些不可转让 的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权以及追求幸福的权利”；建立政府的目的就是“为了保障这些权利”。 个人主义能够在美国生根开花结果，有着深刻的社会历史根源。无论是最早移民新大陆的清教徒， 还是后来开拓西部的美国人，都以个人奋斗为精神支柱。美国资本主义经济迅速发展，又很快后来居上超 越西欧，在很大程度上得益于个人主义政治文化。在个人主义指导下，个人的利益和权利得到保障，个人 的才智和创造力得以被充分发挥出来。美国的成功反过来又强化了个人主义，使之成为美国身份认同的主 要特征之一和美国社会的最高理想。 (二)平等主义的移民社会渊源 与英国的贵族和绅士文化不同，美国人更崇尚平等，对平等的追求和喜爱深深地渗透于美国人的骨 子中。托克维尔在《论美国的民主》中写道：“在新英格兰海岸定居的移民，彼此之间极为平等。即使是贵 族制度的萌芽，也从未被引进合众国的这一部分。”他进而分析了这种普遍的平等存在的原因： 首先是继承制度使平等迈出了决定性的一步。托克维尔认为继承制度对国家的社会情况有异常重 大的影响，在继承法以长子继承权为基础的国家，地产总是代代相传而不加分割，结果是把财产和权力置 于某一个人的手中，使地上冒出贵族。而如果继承法规定一个人的财产由其子女均分继承时，它就会促进 平等。“第一代人逝去了，土地开始被分割。随着时间的推移，分割的速度越来越快。今天，只过了六十年 多一点，社会的面貌已经全部改观，大地主家族几乎全部进入大众的行列。这些富裕公民的儿子，现今都 是商人、律师或医生了。他们大部分已经默默无闻。世袭等级和世袭特权的最后痕迹已经消失，继承法到 处都在发挥其平均化的作用。 第二是宗教对平等的保障作用。托克维尔认为， “在基督教的不同派别中，天主教反而是最主张身 份平等的。在天主教的宗教社会里只有两种成分，神职人员和普通教徒。只有神职人员高于教徒，而全体 信徒虽然居于神职人员之下，但都是平等的。” “在教义方面，天主教认为人的资质都处于同一水平，它要求智者和愚夫、天才和庸人一律遵守同一 教规的细节，它使富人和穷人都一律履行同样的宗教仪式，它令强者和弱者都一律实行同样的苦修；它对 一切坏事绝不妥协，对每个人都一视同仁；它主张所有的社会阶级都混在一起做弥撒，这就好象是把所有 的社会阶级都领到神的面前。虽然天主教要求信徒服从，但它不准许信徒之间的不平等。” 第三是教育的作用。托克维尔观察到，在当时的美国，人们受教育是平等的，初等教育人人都可以 受到，而高等教育却很少有人问津，因此在美国并不存在使求知的爱好随世袭的财富和悠闲而代代相传。 （三）自由主义的移民社会渊源 自由主义与个人主义相辅相成。从一定意义上说，“自由主义是一种代表个人主义的政治语言”。西方 政治学家认为:“自由主义是这样一种信念，即社会能够安全地建立在个性的这种自我指引力之上。只有在这 个基础上，才能建立起一个真正的社会。……其基础深厚广阔，其范围无法予以限制。”因此，自由主义与 个人主义是一对孪生姐妹。 决定个人主义在美国生根的因素同样也作用于自由主义。最早移居北美新大陆的清教徒就是为了追 求个人自由才远涉重洋、历尽艰辛。清教教义本身含有自由主义的思想观念，崇尚自由、民主和共和。美 国立国时期的思想家全盘接受并发扬了欧洲的自由主义思想和传统。后来，美国资本主义的发展又为自由 主义思想的传播和发展创造了良好条件。不过与个人主义相比，自由主义带有更为浓厚的政治色彩。在北 美独立战争时期，它曾作为革命的意识形态和口号;在美国建国以后，它则成为美国官方和主流社会的意识 形态。《独立宣言》所阐述的“不言而喻的真理”，实际上就是自由主义的理论:人人生而平等，被造物主赋 予各种权利;于是，人有权选择政府。就是说，人首先是自由的。为了保障自由，人们需要民主，需要共和、 宪政和法治。可见，自由是美国人的第一价值观。平等、民主、共和、宪政、法治等都是自由主义的应有 之义和基本原则。 自由主义是美国政治文化的核心内容。美国政治学家罗伯特·达尔说:“美利坚是一个高度注重意识形态 的民族。只是作为个人，他们通常不注意他们的意识形态。因为他们都赞同同样的意识形态，其一致程度 令人吃惊。"在美国，不同种族之间虽然存在着相当深的矛盾，但无论是有种族优越感的白人，还是曾经受 过种族歧视的黑人，或是固守民族传统文化的华人，他们都坚定地崇尚自由、民主、个人主义等价值观， 即自由主义。在这方面，他们有着惊人的一致性。在美国主流国民看来，自由主义已经成为美国人必有的 精神。“美国人……要证明自己对国家的忠诚，就要表示出对个人主义、自由、机会平等这些价值观念的尊 崇。作为一个美国人，不仅要表现出对这片特殊的土地的忠诚，更要表现出对经典自由主义的无保留的接 受。以个人主义为核心的自由主义在美国社会的意识形态中发挥着举足轻重的作用，占据着统治地位。 参考文献 [1]托克维尔.论美国的民主(上册). 王水珍：移民的清教思想与美国的民主政治 王水珍：移民的清教思想与美国的民主政治 2008-09-28 16:46:53| 分类： 王水珍 | 标签： |字号大中小 订阅 摘 要：在美国殖民时代，清教徒是移民主体，清教主义作为一种宗教理念，扮演了殖民时代政治 因素。 关 键 词：清教主义 美国 自由 民主政治 理论的角色。清教主义中蕴含的个人主义、理性原则、自治精神，为美国自由的民主政治提供了精神性的 清教起源于 16 世纪初英国的宗教改革。英国宗教改革后的教会称为英国国教或圣公会，属于新教的 一支。英国国教虽然本质上是反对罗马天主教的，但它在教义和教仪方面的改革是不彻底的。因此其中一 部分激进的教徒宣布脱离国教，要求清洗教内保留的天主教旧制和繁琐礼仪，提倡过简朴的生活，他们组 成了新的宗教派别———清教。清教徒继承了英国的自由主义传统，在此基础上衍生出了新生的个人主义， 以及这种自由主义必然引起的广泛的社会结构的调整。他们的宗教主张就成了“清教主义”。随着清教主义 的发展壮大，他们的改革要求不再局限于礼仪方面，他们还要求进行制度方面的改革，要求废除“教阶制”， 这就严重地触犯了既得利益者，因而受到了英国王室和英国国教的迫害。清教的活动也由此转到了地下， 许多清教徒选择了背井离乡去寻找心中的“希望之乡”。他们中的很多人后来来到了北美这块可以保持其信 仰的土地。当时的北美，社会的主体是来自欧洲大陆的移民，他们中很多人都曾遭受过本国的宗教迫害。 因此，北美大陆的清教徒没有什么既得利益，没有什么历史包袱要去看护，去争斗。他们团结在“清教主义” 的大旗下，全力以赴地为实现自己的理想而战天斗地，不断地适应客观现实，参与、推动社会改革，在北 美的物质生产和精神生产领域留下了丰硕的成果，对后来北美的发展形成了极为重要的影响。正如托克维 尔在论《美国的民主》中所说的“在美国，宗教也许不像他早先在某些时期或在某些国家那样强大，但他的 影响力却更为持久，它只靠自己的力量发生影响，但这个力量任何人也剥夺不了”。清教主义之所以能够成 为美国自由民主政治的精神性因素，既得益于清教主义本身的内涵，也得益于清教徒在北美的实践。 一、美国民主政治发展基础——政教分离 在美国，清教能够成为自由民主的保障也得益于政教分离。美国的普通民众和神职人员无一例外都 认同政教分离，新英格兰的清教徒在许多问题上的意见是不统一的，但在政教分离这一点上则是一致的。 他们所需要的政府是能够力行上帝戒律和维护纯正宗教职责的政府。但他们强烈反对牧师参加政府，因为 在清教徒眼中，让一个牧师行使任何一种政治权利，都是向罗马天主教会迈出的危险一步。至今，这种观 念还深深地影响着美国民众，没有一个神职人员在美国担任公职，在参议院和众议院也没有他们的代表。 在许多州里，法律向他们关上了仕途的大门，舆论在所有的州里都不同意他们从政。美国人看待他们的牧 师，就像看待他们所选举的代表一样，要求牧师为他们服务，而不是统治他们。而教士也已经认识到想要 取得政治权利，就必须放弃宗教的影响力。政教分离使得宗教能够远离政治权力带来的偏好、仇恨、激情， 能够将其建立在所有人都一心向往的永生愿望上，并且获得了普遍性。 “政教分离”从一开始就是美国社会的一个特征，这对美国政治的发展奠定了良好的基础。我们说，美 国是幸运的。但这并不是说美国的政治生活中就没有宗教的影子，我们知道，美国政府在推行自己的政策 尤其是对外政策时，有着浓厚的宗教色彩。只是在美国，清教主义的思想和政教分离的思想相辅相成，互 相作用而已。 二、美国民主政治的现实经验与模式——地方自治 清教徒在美国的殖民过程中，是先有社群，而后有政府。他们靠着共同的理想和坚定的宗教信念生 活在这片广袤而荒凉的土地上。这是一块除了当地土著人外再没有其他人烟的土地，也是一块没有权力压 制的土地，因此，当清教徒登录到这片土地定居后，没有任何既成的政府能够管辖他们，他们是基于共同 的理想和信念结合和生活在一起。如果要履行在其他地方由政府履行的那些职责，就完全要依靠成员间的 协商、自觉以及个人的主动精神。我们看到，在北美大陆定居的移民虽然建立了自己的社会，但它们通常 不是从宗主国或由宗主国委任的总督那里去寻找权力的根源，而是自己建立起自我治理的机构，独立自主 地行使权力，他们自己任命行政官员，自己缔结和约和宣战，自己制定治安条例，自己为自己立法。 清教的教义在很多方面都具有绝对的民主共和色彩。这些清教徒在英国时早已比其他的欧洲人更熟 悉权利观念和真正自由的原则，而这也就使自由制度的萌芽即地方自治深深地渗透进了美国的习惯之中， 并在美国开出了绚丽的花朵和结出丰硕的果实。托克维尔在考察美洲时说：在新英格兰，人们按照乡镇自 主的原则行使自己的权利，凡涉及全体居民利益的事务，都在公众场合所召开的公民大会上讨论决定。比 如作为现代宪法基础的一些基本原则：人民参与公务，公民自由投票决定赋税，为行政官员规定责任。像 个人自由、陪审团参加审判等都未经讨论而在事实上确定下来，新英格兰在美国的诸州中形成的今天美国 政治文化基础的主要思想逐渐扩展到其他领土上，并最终被整个殖民地借鉴和采纳。 地方自治的思想给美国社会带来的影响是巨大的，它反映了自由主义理念在国家与社会这一问题上 的基本原则，那就是“小政府，大社会”，政府在这样的社会只能扮演“守夜人”的角色。同时，地方自治提高 了公民的政治判断力，促进了民主政治的发展。因为全国的政治形势比较复杂，不易为一般民众所理解， 而地方事务通常能为当地人民所理解，民众在参加地方事务的决策过程中，可以培养民主素养和政治能力， 增强参加政治活动的兴趣，从而促进民主政治的发展，提高普通民众的自主能力和独立精神。这种地方自 治思想为美国民主政治的构建提供了宝贵的经验和现实的模式。 三、美国民主政治的精神性因素——自由主义 在美国社会，“自由主义只不过是没有上帝的新教而已”。韦伯认为，只有清教伦理才能孕育出典型的 个人主义，传统的基督教虽有超越价值，有利于普遍主义和平等的形成，但个人必须通过教会组织，与上 帝沟通，个人的意志与观念不可能拥有独立地位。新教的改革主张“因信得救”，个人可以与上帝直接进行 交流，这就降低了教会组织在个人得救中的作用，提升了个人的地位。同时也加强了个人的自律精神，因 为当一个有形的人面对无形的上帝时，就必须自省和慎独。在这个过程中，个人的意志就有了独立性和神 圣性，个人主义就有了哲学的和宗教的基础，这种体现着个人意志独立性和神圣性的个人主义正是自由主 义的核心。

文献综述的话就写美国电影和文化的联系，随着时代的变迁，文化导向开始改变，电影里的所反映的思想也开始不一样了。不过美国电影始终都宣扬的是英雄主义。反正综述嘛，就是一通抄，把别人的话概括概括、总结总结。有些就转换成自己的话就好了。至于外文文献直接google里搜，输关键字american culture，film，cinema应该有的。google scholar里面应该也有不少PHD文档的。我写论文常用的。

The importance of family education Family education on the issue since ancient times by people's concern, but as a subject to study in China in recent years is also the matter. This is the development of the times, the demand, the National necessary to improve the overall quality of the issues involved. Here with the parents of the importance of family education, the aim is to the family and society, the education sector to shoulder the common task of educating the next generation. The education is a system of education works here include a family education, social education, collective (Tuoyouyuansuo, school) education, the three interrelated and organic combination of mutual influence, interaction and mutual constraints The education project from which one can, but in this project, family education is the foundation of all education. The former Soviet Union educators famous Su Huomu Belinsky transferred to a child than marble, he said, to shape this into a marble statue of need six sculptor: 1 family, 2 schools, 3 children of the collective; 4 child; books; 6 occasional factor. From the order, the family was included in the first place, can see the family in shaping children in the course of a very important role in the hearts of the educators occupy a position. For this reason parents understand the importance of family education is very necessary. First, family education is the starting point for education and basic point Family education generally refers to the family of parents and adult children of minors education process. Their educational objectives should be: the child into the community to accept collective education (kindergarten, school education) prior to guarantee the physical and mental health development of children, to accept the kindergartens, schools of education to lay a solid foundation. The child for admission into the school, with kindergartens, schools to moral, intellectual, physical, the United States, the various aspects of comprehensive development. Education is the focus of moral education mainly among children good moral quality and develop good habits mainly habits include: living habits, labor practices, learning habits, the church children how to learn "life." As a result of family education in the family, and kindergartens, schools of education, social education, compared with the following characteristics of these features so that family education to become the starting point for education and basic point is by no other educational advantages. (A) family of early education The family is the cradle of life of children, who are receiving education after the birth of a venue that is the first class life; parents are children's first teachers, that is, the Enlightenment division. Therefore, parents of children by the application of early education the most. Generally speaking, after the birth of a child after three years of development, access to early childhood, from the 3-year-old…… 6-year-old is preschool, which is said in the early stages of education, this is the physical and mental development of an important period. China's Gu Yan: "Cang, with the Cang, with the yellow, yellow." Childhood is gradually nurture life with the beginning of many basic human capacity is a stage of this age, such as language, and some basic moves Living habits, and so on, the character is gradually taking shape. . psychologists Bloom, a person's intellectual development if his 17-year-old regarded as the level reached 100 percent, then 4 years old when it reached 50 percent. 4-8 years old and a 30% increase ,8-17-year-old also won 20 percent. This shows that children in the 5-year-old former intelligence is the fastest growing period, the early intellectual development is the best, if parents in this period by the implementation of good family education, early child will be the key to intellectual development. Since ancient times, many people with lofty ideals, celebrities in the early years of fruitful period by a good family education is their future become an important cause. For example, the German poet, playwright Goethe's become, effective early education in the family. Goethe 2-3 years old, his father hold on to the outskirts of the field visit to observe nature, culture Goethe's observation capability. 3-4 years old, his father taught him to sing, the songs back, said a fairy tale, and we intend to let him in the face of public lectures, training his speaking ability. These are awareness education so that young Goethe optimistic, progressive, happy to think, be good at learning. Goethe-8-year-old can use, Germany, Britain, Italy, Latin, Greek reading books, 14-year-old wrote the script, the 25-year-old with a month's time wrote a famous poem in Europe, "The Sorrows of Young Werther . " Another example of ancient "and his son calligrapher," Wang Xizhi's known for, Wang Xianzhi, there have been a number of 1350 Edison invented the great inventors, the generation of literary star Guo Moruo, Mao Dun and other celebrities of the growth process that the family education in the early intellectual development is very important . Instead, the period of childhood are not good family education and intellectual impact on the normal development of many of the examples is. Such as India, "Langhai" Ka Mala, who was Diao to the wolf, when 8-year-old was found, but their living habits with the same people, their living habits and almost like a wolf, limbs, crawling, eating raw meat, day V Night, Later, a man-made training, two years before standing, after six years can be like walking Xiangren, four years learned to six words, in his 17-year-old, the intellectual level reached only 3-year-old child's level. According to "China Women" revealed that China's Nanjing City Xingma one of the workers suffering from mental and psychological diseases, Shenpa children persecuted by the people, will own three children from small lock at home, people so that they contacts with the outside world, has a long Up to 10 years, resulting in the children mental retardation, speech delay, compared with their peers, intellectual capacity and very different life, near idiots, so the family can not be neglected the role of early education, (B) family education continuity of family education second characteristic is the continuity. After the birth of a child, from small to large, almost 2 / 3 of time living in the family, Zhaochaomumu, all the parents in the education. Such education is the intentional and unintentional, planned and unplanned, consciously and unconsciously, are carried out, no matter what, in what time education, parents are in their own words and deeds at any time affect their children's education . Such education of children living habits, moral conduct and behaviour and so on in the style of conversation kept to influence and demonstrations, the subtle influence of the considerable role, accompanied by a person's life can be said to live to old to learn the old, some Parent educator again called for life teachers. This life of the education often reflects a family's Family Style, Family Style is good or bad often have to continue for several generations, or even a dozen, dozens generation, and this Family Style often with family members engaged in the employment-related . Such as: Xinglin family "," Pear Orchard House, "" family education ", etc. At the same time Family Style also reflects a family's style of study, study, good or bad is often the continuation of many generations, a dozen people, several dozens of generations . As in modern China, Wuxi people Yan Gong added-not "countries selected in the Museum", statistics from 2003-Shunzhi Branch to Guangxu 30 years Bing Xu Jia Chen Branch, the champion of 114 people, including his son by the first brothers Shuzhileishi Absolutely not, such as Suzhou Miao, Wu and Pan Sanxing, Changshu Weng, both surnamed Jiang, Chen Haining, Zhejiang, check the two surnames. See, family education is often the continuity of personnel groups have an important impact on the rise. This Situation. Ancient and modern times quite prominent in the contemporary with the development of science, and social needs of the unemployed increased, the broad people's careers, a family member can not have all engaged in the same work, but many see this situation That some family members work frequently appears in the results, be commended, but some family members one after another crime. This is a continuous education and family have great relations. (C) family education authority Family Education is the authority of parents in their children on their elders reflected by the power and power. The existence of the family, parents and children identified the blood relationship, upbringing, emotional, moral and ethical children in the living needs of the elderly parents have great dependence, family members and the fundamental interests of consistency, have decided The father of each of their children a greater role in the constraints. Parent education was easier to accept and submit to the children, parents and reasonable use of this feature, the children good moral character and habits formed the usefulness, for child care, in particular, is the case. Child care and other children in playing the game, when disputes arise when parents are often invoked to confirm their own speech act is right, if they like to say: "My father is saying this." Or "My mother is So do. "And so on. Children of parents in the eyes of the authority decided to accept the child how to treat the nursery schools and community education. The relationship between children and parents, the child is the first to face an important social relations. In this relationship, almost embodies the moral social ethics in all aspects, if such a relationship in the formation of cracks and defects, the children then to the community, in a variety of relationships will be reflected. Therefore stressed the importance of parental authority, but also because the children of parents in childhood has always played a dual role: the safety of children is not only the survival of protected persons, but also a life of the Wizard of Enlightenment. The effects of parental education, depends on the extent to establish the authority of parents, foster parents must be authoritative Built on respect for children on the basis of personality, rather than the feudal patriarchal system, parents are wise to understand the importance of establishing authority, but also know how to establish the authority does not rely on repression and force, subjective assumptions, but the method used Gangrouxiangji. Both parents in the education of their children's attitude on the first concerted and coordinate with each other, should be wide, wide, it should be strict martial law, in front of their children establish a kind of dignity and image, so that parents accept their children's education. (D) of the infected family education Parents with children between the blood relationship and kinship between the natural and close, making the parents of the children have strong feelings on the role of infection. Children on the demeanour of the parents can often Xinlingshenkuai to intelligence-intelligence. In dealing with in and around the side of the relationship between matter and the issue of children on the attitude of parents is very easy to resonate. In the happy parents, the children will take part in joy, the parents showed irritability and Menmenbuyue, the child's emotions can easily be affected, even young children as well. If the parents lack of rational and emotional, hot temper, will enable blind children to absorb its weaknesses. Some parents in dealing with unexpected incidents, show panic anxiety, surprise, the impact on children is not good if the frightened parents the same, steady firm and children in distress will also calm the situation calmly, so the quality of child psychology training Play a positive role. (5) timeliness of family education Family education process, parents are parents of children in the family of the individual acts of education than kindergarten, school education should promptly. As the saying goes:知子莫若父, that women Morrow home. Overnight between parents and children, their situation can be said to be well known to the children was slightly changed, even a look, a smile can make parents Xinlingshenhui, so as parents through their children's every move, his every word and deed can make the best of At this very moment of their psychological state, found the child on the existing problems, timely education, timely corrective, not the problem overnight, so that bad habits in the embryonic stage of the eradication. And kindergartens, schools, teachers faced with dozens of children, only for the children of this age stage for general education, that is, education groups, because of time and energy constraints, it is impossible to take care of each child's characteristics, Prone to the phenomenon of loss, or even to take care of the children of teachers and the poor do not have a sense of trust, and parents could guide their children promptly correct understanding. So parents of children to the correct family education so that children can enter kindergarten before forming a good habit, to accept collective education has laid a good foundation, can make up for the lack of mass education. Second, a good family education is the 21st century created the necessary conditions for personnel "China's 1990s development program for children" in the specified: "Today's children are the masters of the 21st century, child protection and the bottom-up development is to improve the quality of the population base, which is a prerequisite for development. The healthy growth of children Related to the future and destiny of the motherland. Improve the quality of the entire nation, from the start with children. "And:" In 2000 to make 90 percent of children (under the age of 14) of the parents to varying degrees, master conservation, education of children of knowledge. "This Top targeted the parents shoulders for the state created the heavy responsibility of the 21st century talents. Can this generation of children training to become Dezhitimei the all-round development of people, this country is Houjiyouren relationship to the Bainiantaiji. Fu-Lu Bell also said: "The country's fate is not so much lies in the hands of those in power, we might as well have said to be in the hands of his mother." This sentence is very philosophical, it profoundly understand the parents pick in the education of their children in The role played by. Parents should first clear direction of education and national interests, the people's request in line with the principle, the child can not be regarded as private property, it is necessary to establish the idea of the country, correct educational purposes. China's 21st century is what the situation, with the words of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, to make our country in the middle of the 21st century to achieve the level of moderately developed countries, per capita income reached 4,000 . dollars, in gross national product amounted to 6 trillion . dollars. The 21st century should be a good ideologies and noble moral character, and improve the psychological quality, positive spirit of cooperation with others, strong adaptability, Chikunailao the comprehensive development of the new generation. If the 21st century do not have such a group of high-quality builders is very difficult to complete this great, with such a quality is not overnight can do, and a good family education training is a prerequisite for high-quality people. Third, a good family education is a catalyst to optimize the children hearts Children from infancy into childhood, with age, from the family environment will eventually enter the small community, contact with the crowd outside the home, things. Lee Jia Choue those in society from time to time to enter the child's perspective, adults take isolation tactics will not work, because in the family video from different angles will continue to reflect the reality in today's society, issues both positive and negative have The. Children, especially young children lack a rational ability to distinguish right from wrong, but sensitive than adults have the feeling of capacity. They occurred around the kind of terrible things, sensitive, and this sensitivity training is the ability to rationally distinguish between a good basis, as parents should take advantage of this extension, help the children feel in this capacity on the basis of , The development of the social life of the ability to identify and psychological capacity, social filter information, optimize the hearts of young children. If parents in their daily life can be for young children is not strong capacity to accept the characteristics specific to seize the day-to-day chores, help children understand the community in identifying the Shishifeifei, specifically so that they feel Lee's bright side, Experience to the ugly despicable, can help children enhance the Yangshan Chuxie sense of justice, thus resist the dark side of the ugly soul of the child erosion. For example, today's video into the urban residents in almost every family, the children almost every day to deal with them, it can be said is not out of their homes, Bianzhi the world. Which can be received from all over the world all kinds of information. There are political situation, scientific and technological progress, ordinary people of Sushi, from which you can learn a lot of knowledge and understanding of major domestic and international events, both within and outside small home. It is inevitable that some homicide violence, obscene absurdity of the lens Yingru child's eyelid. Parents should address these issues timely guidance, to improve their children's ability to identify, we need to keep their own perceptions of behaviour, for their children establish a positive image, optimizing the hearts of children, the prevention of child make mistakes, and even violations of law and discipline. Family to work in this area, help small and stability of the environment. The family is society's cells, with healthy cells, can we have a sound body, the sick cells, the body will cause disease. As an ancient saying goes: "body repair and then home-and-then-State governance, rule of the then-world", "Qijia, the country, the world-the" point of view is that this truth. For this reason parents do a good job in optimizing the work of children's mental stability and social, stability and national power in ages. In short, as parents to the importance of family education fully and conscientiously do a good job in their children's education, make good parents responsibilities and obligations for the country to train qualified personnel in the building.