工程管理毕业论文英译汉文章

Research on the construction safety management of Civil EngineeringIn recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe productionconsciousness win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of , the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a comprehensivescientific standard for , the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety measures. In civil engineering construction of large, corresponding safety technical measuresshould be formulated more comprehensive and more specific,must be carried out through the whole process of construction,and mainly covers to other engineering safety. To establish the system of safety management, construction enterprises should also be strict safety before the construction of the project, technical personnel should to the technical measures for the construction personnelwork. Such as technical personnel issue written materials relatedto the construction personnel, and the implementation of safety technical measures of construction workers to regularly check;when technicians found construction personnel in violation oftechnical measure behavior, to give timely corrected. When theconstruction personnel technical mistakes when amended and supplemented immediately. In order to ensure the safety ofconstruction enterprises to implement, should take theseinspection of production safety measures the formation of rules and regulations, require employees to strictly abide by, so to ensure safety production system. At the same time, the construction enterprises can also follow the specific constructiondevelopment situation, formulate a set of safety technical measures linked to reward and punishment system, to strictly abide by the department or individual production safety, strictsecurity checks to reward, and if there are penalties for violations of the phenomenon. At the same time should have a goodproduction safety supervision work, and sent to the specialized production safety supervision work. When there is potential safety hazard factors in project development, should be timely analysis and inspection and make treatment immediately, so thatthe safety management to implement, implement the specificsystem, ensure the feasibility of production safety. The range ofcivil engineering projects involved in the construction processmore widely, because the factors which affect the engineering safety more. But in the construction process, the occurrence of safety accidents is often unexpected, with occasional andunexpected strong. These come unexpectedly accidents, serious damage often caused casualties and , strengthen the safety production and environment management in civil engineering construction process,environment is an important factor influencing the construction safety. So in order to guarantee safety in production, enterprises should be to strengthen the management of construction site. As in the construction site, the unnecessary equipment and surplus materials, should be timely treatment. In the pile construction materials in order to keep the construction site, the patency of the road accident, ensure to timely rescue, this is to protect the safety measures to realize. And construction enterprises shouldstrictly abide by the rules and regulations, which occurred on theconstruction site of the waste, garbage bag, cement, waste materials and other items should be clear, it can keep the siteclean, to create a civilized construction environment for safe construction. Create a safe production environment construction enterprises, should also be reflected in the risk disposal of equipment. For some such as the construction of electricity,dangerous equipment, cloth rod is used, should by the competent department of enterprise safety approval approval,the approval before they can be put into use after. And in the process of construction of civil engineering, a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction project. Some of the effects of environmental factors of the quality of construction, totake timely measures, and to conduct a comprehensivespecification, so that can realize the safe construction quality engineering to create good conditions.

Construction project management methodology for researchAbstract: The construction project is the largest number of the most typical of the "project", construction project management project management theory and practice is one of the important sources, combines the practical experience of project management systems project management theory also for the construction project management provides a theoretical tool, allowing construction project management is increasingly systematic and : Project Management Engineering1, of the problem and the status quo ReviewProject management makes it a modern community to resolve the "one-off problems" so an effective tool for an occupational qualification, in social affairs, economic process, and the rapid development of widely used, it is that it provides a new approach. Ever-increasing volume of modern socio-economic globalization, the growing trend of information technology, more speed, complex procedure, new industries, emerging areas, product development cycles, leading to an increasing number of "one-off", there are no precedents to follow the emergence of the task, particularly in business and management of social and public affairs, government, it is faced with an increasingly complex domestic and foreign affairs from the market and the various issues related to factors, the main interest of more and more, these problems conventional management practices are difficult to resolve, or satisfactorily resolved, while those from construction projects and military, space exploration and other areas of project management method has been promoted to project management theory and thought, offered a solution to the problem of socio-economic development in Central Africa conventional means. May be that the development and application of project management lies in its methods. Project Management in China, widely popular in recent years, things in the ascendant, and we introduce and popularize the focus should not be tedious theories, concepts, procedures, but should be concise, applicable and effective of changes in economic structure, engineering, project construction is still the main carrier of China's economic development. In our country is currently building a moderately prosperous society, developing the northwest, the revitalization of the Northeast against the backdrop of the project into many parts of the important means of economic revitalization. Some cities have even proposed "project Prospering City" slogan. Economic progress in the application of the results rely mainly on new technology and rely on content-type expansion, relying on knowledge innovation situation, relying on extensive-type projects are not suitable means of revitalizing the economy, our country has been for the investment decision-making mistakes pay a huge price, so the use of scientific methods of construction project management, including assessment of feasibility studies, project construction will be able to achieve the desired objectives of the important management approach is not only specific methods, but also ideas. The party's third plenum put forward the people-oriented, sustainable scientific development concept, "people-oriented", "sustainable" is an essential element of science and technology, economy, environment and social development, the project construction as an economic development an important tool, not only costly, but also have significant impact on the surrounding environment, it is necessary to meet the sustainable, coordinated development of the request, which is project management, one of the important guiding ideology. Methodology is a method of research. Comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society, developing the northwest, the real background of the revitalization of the Northeast may trigger a new round of construction boom, sustainable, coordinated development of the scientific concept of development projects, building on a certain restrictive macro-control, which is to be implemented in construction project management approaches. Engineering Project Management is designed not only to achieve specific objectives (duration, quality, costs), should also be project construction and environmental, social coordination, otherwise it might repeat of past investment mistakes, missteps, out of control in the past. This is also the project management approach up to the "Methodology" One of the theory of project management can be said has been very comprehensive, and this not only in the rich diversity of theoretical results, such as a variety of project management books (including translation) is available, but also the performance in this area has its own "knowledge system", such as the the . Project Management Institute (PMI) in 1987, as amended 1996,2000 proposed revision of the "Project Management Body of Knowledge", International Project Management Association in 1997 launched a "project management capacity benchmarks", China's double-Law Research Project Management Research The Commission also launched in 2001, "China Project Management Body of Knowledge." The above knowledge system project management knowledge is divided into a number of areas, elements, modules, China's knowledge of "methods and tools," the concept of no other systems on the method of independent topics, but throughout all stages of project management, process , domain. Were also many works of a variety of project management focused on project management, content, stages, procedures, and organization of the exposition devoted to rare for the method. Of course, this does not mean that the methodology of the neglect, but a summary of the methodology, which focused on project management and improvement will help promote the use of project management role into full added: 2, construction project management approach the level ofNarrow project management is a limited duration, quality, cost objectives of the project within the integrated management to achieve the project targets, but only the management of the construction project, with the scale of investment, the expansion of the area, diversification of investment sources , project on the environment, enhance the economic impact, project management has been limited to the implementation process, but extends to be delivered from the project to the maintenance of the whole process of management, engineering implementation of the project from development to project management and construction contracting, engineering, general contracting and other forms. For a specific project, its objectives have not only the quality, duration, cost control, but also with the financing, risk analysis, the use of maintenance as well as the seat of economic, environmental and other linked objectives of the project, management should have "generalized" to consider. Project management approach, in addition to specific technical approach, but also forward in the latter part of the evaluation but also an extension of the central authorities to consider the sustainable and coordinated development, reflected these ideas. In summary, this article will be divided into project management methodology at two levels: ideological approach and technical methods, or that the project management ideas and , the ideological construction project management method

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你的文献综述具体准备往哪个方向写，题目老师同意了没，具体有要求要求，需要多少字呢？你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求，文献综述想写好，先要在图书馆找好相关资料，确定好题目与写作方向。老师同意后在下笔，还有什么不了解的可以直接问我，希望可以帮到你，祝写作过程顺利。文献综述的写法与格式一、何谓文献综述？文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛选、分析研究和综合提炼而成的一种学术论文，是高度浓缩的文献产品。根据其涉及的内容范围不同，综述可分为综合性综述和专题性综述两种类型。所谓综合性综述是以一个学科或专业为对象，而专题性综述则是以一个论题为对象的。学生毕业论文主要为专题性综述。文献综述反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的历史现状、最新进展、学术见解和建议，它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。文献综述是针对某一研究领域分析和描述前人已经做了哪些工作，进展到何程度，要求对国内外相关研究的动态、前沿性问题做出较详细的综述，并提供参考文献。作者一般不在其中发表个人见解和建议，也不做任何评论，只是客观概括地反映事实。二、 文献综述的特点1． 综合性 综述要"纵横交错"，既要以某一专题的发展为纵线，反映当前课题的进展；又要从本单位、省内、国内到国外，进行横的比较。只有如此，文章才会占有大量素材，经过综合分析、归纳整理、消化鉴别，使材料更精练、更明确、更有层次和更有逻辑，进而把握本专题发展规律和预测发展趋势。 2． 评述性： 是指比较专门地、全面地、深入地、系统地论述某一方面的问题，对所综述的内容进行综合、分析、评价，反映作者的观点和见解，并与综述的内容构成整体。一般来说，综述应有作者的观点，否则就不成为综述，而是手册或讲座了。 1） 先进性：综述不是写学科发展的历史，而是要搜集最新资料，获取最新内容，将最新的信息和科研动向及时传递给读者。 2） 综述不应是材料的罗列，而是对亲自阅读和收集的材料，加以归纳、总结，做出评论和估价。并由提供的文献资料引出重要结论。一篇好的综述，应当是既有观点，又有事实，有骨又有肉的好文章。由于综述是三次文献，不同于原始论文(一次文献)，所以在引用材料方面，也可包括作者自己的实验结果、未发表或待发表的新成果。 3） 综述的内容和形式灵活多样，无严格的规定，篇幅大小不一，大的可以是几十万字甚至上百万字的专著，参考文献可数百篇乃至数千篇；小的可仅有千余字，参考文献数篇。一般医学期刊登载的多为3000～4000字，引文15～20篇，一般不超过20篇，外文参考文献不应少于1／3。 三、 综述的内容要求 1）选题要新：即所综述的选题必须是近期该刊未曾刊载过的。一片综述文章，若与已发表的综述文章"撞车"，即选题与内容基本一致，同一种期刊是不可能刊用的。 说理要明：说理必须占有充分的资料，处处以事实为依据，决不能异想天开地臆造数据和诊断，将自己的推测作为结论写。 2）层次要清：这就要求作者在写作时思路要清，先写什么，后写什么，写到什么程度，前后如何呼应，都要有一个统一的构思。 3）语言要美：科技文章以科学性为生命，但语不达义、晦涩坳口，结果必然阻碍了科技知识的交流。所以，在实际写作中，应不断地加强汉语修辞、表达方面的训练。 4）文献要新：由于现在的综述多为"现状综述"，所以在引用文献中，70％的应为3年内的文献。参考文献依引用先后次序排列在综述文末，并将序号置入该论据(引文内容)的右上角。引用文献必须确实，以便读者查阅参考。 校者把关：综述写成之后，要请有关专家审阅，从专业和文字方面进一步修改提高。这一步是必须的，因为作者往往有顾此失彼之误，常注意了此一方而忽视了彼一方。有些结论往往是荒谬的，没有恰到好处地反应某一课题研究的"真面目"。这些问题经过校阅往往可以得到解决。四、综述的格式与写法综述一般都包括题名、著者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献几部分。其中正文部分又由前言、主体和总结组成。1）前言：用200～300字的篇幅，提出问题，包括写作目的、意义和作用，综述问题的历史、资料来源、现状和发展动态，有关概念和定义，选择这一专题的目的和动机、应用价值和实践意义，如果属于争论性课题，要指明争论的焦点所在。 2）主体：主要包括论据和论证。通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较各种观点的异同点及其理论根据，从而反映作者的见解。为把问题说得明白透彻，可分为若干个小标题分述。这部分应包括历史发展、现状分析和趋向预测几个方面的内容。 a.历史发展：要按时间顺序，简要说明这一课题的提出及各历史阶段的发展状况，体现各阶段的研究水平。 b.现状分析：介绍国内外对本课题的研究现状及各派观点，包括作者本人的观点。将归纳、整理的科学事实和资料进行排列和必要的分析。对有创造性和发展前途的理论或假说要详细介绍，并引出论据；对有争论的问题要介绍各家观点或学说，进行比较，指问题的焦点和可能的发展趋势，并提出自己的看法。对陈旧的、过时的或已被否定的观点可从简。对一般读者熟知的问题只要提及即可。 c.趋向预测：在纵横对比中肯定所综述课题的研究水平、存在问题和不同观点，提出展望性意见。这部分内容要写得客观、准确，不但要指明方向，而且要提示捷径，为有志于攀登新高峰者指明方向，搭梯铺路。 主体部分没有固定的格式，有的按问题发展历史依年代顺序介绍，也有按问题的现状加以阐述的。不论采用哪种方式，都应比较各家学说及论据，阐明有关问题的历史背景、现状和发展方向。主体部分的写法有下列几种：a.纵式写法 "纵"是"历史发展纵观"。它主要围绕某一专题，按时间先后顺序或专题本身发展层次，对其历史演变、目前状况、趋向预测作纵向描述，从而勾划出某一专题的来龙去脉和发展轨迹。纵式写法要把握脉络分明，即对某一专题在各个阶段的发展动态作扼要描述，已经解决了哪些问题，取得了什么成果，还存在哪些问题，今后发展趋向如何，对这些内容要把发展层次交代清楚，文字描述要紧密衔接。撰写综述不要孤立地按时间顺序罗列事实，把它写成了"大事记"或"编年体"。纵式写法还要突出一个"创"字。有些专题时间跨度大，科研成果多，在描述时就要抓住具有创造性、突破性的成果作详细介绍，而对一般性、重复性的资料就从简从略。这样既突出了重点，又做到了详略得当。纵式写法适合于动态性综述。这种综述描述专题的发展动向明显，层次清楚。 b.横式写法 "横"是"国际国内横览"。它就是对某一专题在国际和国内的各个方面，如各派观点、各家之言、各种方法、各自成就等加以描述和比较。通过横向对比，既可以分辨出各种观点、见解、方法、成果的优劣利弊，又可以看出国际水平、国内水平和本单位水平，从而找到了差距。横式写法适用于成就性综述。这种综述专门介绍某个方面或某个项目的新成就，如新理论、新观点、新发明、新方法、新技术、新进展等等。因为是"新"，所以时间跨度短，但却引起国际、国内同行关注，纷纷从事这方面研究，发表了许多论文，如能及时加以整理，写成综述向同行报道，就能起到借鉴、启示和指导的作用。 c.纵横结合式写法在同一篇综述中，同时采用纵式与横式写法。例如，写历史背景采用纵式写法，写目前状况采用横式写法。通过 "纵"、"横"描述，才能广泛地综合文献资料，全面系统地认识某一专题及其发展方向，作出比较可靠的趋向预测，为新的研究工作选择突破口或提供参考依据。无论是纵式、横式或是纵横结合式写法，都要求做到：一要全面系统地搜集资料，客观公正地如实反映；二要分析透彻，综合恰当；三要层次分明，条理清楚；四要语言简练，详略得当。 d.总结：主要是对主题部分所阐述的主要内容进行概括，重点评议，提出结论，最好是提出自己的见解，并提出赞成什么，反对什么。 e.参考文献：写综述应有足够的参考文献，这是撰写综述的基础。它除了表示尊重被引证者的劳动及表明文章引用资料的根据外，更重要的是使读者在深入探讨某些问题时，提供查找有关文献的线索。综述性论文是通过对各种观点的比较说明问题的，读者如有兴趣深入研究，可按参考文献查阅原文。因此，必须严肃对待。 四、 写作步骤1)选定题目选定题目对综述的写作有着举足轻重的作用。 a.选题首先要求内容新颖，只有新颖的内容才能提炼出有磁石般吸引力的题目。 b.选题还应选择近年来确有进展，适合我国国情，又为本专业科技人员所关注的课题，如对国外某一新技术的综合评价，以探讨在我国的实用性；又如综述某一方法的形成和应用，以供普及和推广。选题通常有几种：一种是与作者所从事的专业密切相关的选题，对此作者有实际工作经验，有比较充分的发言权；一种是选题与作者专业关系不大，而作者掌握了一定的素材，又乐于探索的课题；还有一种是医学科学情报工作者的研究成果。 c.题目不要过大，过大的题目一定要有诸多的内容来充实，过多的内容必然要查找大量的文献，这不但增加阅读、整理过程的困难，或者无从下手，或顾此失彼；而且面面俱到的文稿也难以深入，往往流于空泛及一般化。实践证明，题目较小的综述穿透力强，易深入，特别对初学写综述者来说更以写较小题目为宜，从小范围写起，积累经验后再逐渐写较大范围的专题。此外，题目还必须与内容相称、贴切，不能小题大作或大题小作，更不能文不对题。好的题目可一目了然，看题目可知内容梗概。 2)查阅文献题目确定后，需要查阅和积累有关文献资料。 a.对初学者来说，查找文献往往不知从哪里下手，一般可首先搜集有权威性的参考书，如专著、教科书、学术论文集等，教科书叙述比较全面，提出的观点为多数人所公认；专著集中讨论某一专题的发展现状、有关问题及展望；学术论文集能反映一定时期的进展和成就，帮助作者把握住当代该领域的研究动向。其次是查找期刊及文献资料，期刊文献浩如烟海，且又分散，但里面常有重要的近期进展性资料，吸收过来，可使综述更有先进性，更具有指导意义。 b.查找文献资料的方法有两种。一种是根据自己所选定的题目，查找内容较完善的近期(或由近到远)期刊，再按照文献后面的参考文献，去收集原始资料。这样"滚雪球"式的查找文献法就可收集到自己所需要的大量文献。这是比较简便易行的查阅文献法，许多初学综述写作者都是这样开始的。另一种较为省时省力的科学方法，是通过检索工具书查阅文献。常用的检索工具书有文摘和索引类期刊，它是查阅国内外文献的金钥匙，掌握这把金钥匙，就能较快地找到需要的文献。此外，在平时工作学习中，随时积累，做好读书文摘或笔记，以备用时查找，可起到拾遗补缺作用。 c.查找到的文献首先要浏览一下，然后再分类阅读。有时也可边搜集、边阅读，根据阅读中发现的线索再跟踪搜集、阅读。资料应通读、细读、精读，这是撰写综述的重要步骤，也是咀嚼和消化、吸收的过程。阅读中要分析文章的主要依据，领会文章的主要论点，用卡片分类摘记每篇文章的主要内容，包括技术方法、重要数据、主要结果和讨论要点，以便为写作做好准备。 d.加工处理：对阅读过的资料必须进行加工处理，这是写综述的必要准备过程。按照综述的主题要求，把写下的文摘卡片或笔记进行整理，分类编排，使之系列化、条理化，力争做到论点鲜明而又有确切依据，阐述层次清晰而合乎逻辑。按分类整理好的资料轮廓，再进行科学的分析。最后结合自己的实践经验，写出自己的观点与体会，这样客观资料中就融进了主观资料。 e.撰写成文：撰写成文前应先拟提纲，决定先写什么，后写什么，哪些应重点阐明，哪些地方融进自己的观点，哪些地方可以省略或几笔带过。重点阐述处应适当分几个小标题。拟写题纲时开始可详细一点，然后边推敲边修改。多一遍思考，就会多一分收获。 f.提纲拟好后，就可动笔成文。按初步形成的文章框架，逐个问题展开阐述，写作中要注意说理透彻，既有论点又有论据，下笔一定要掌握重点，并注意反映作者的观点和倾向性，但对相反观点也应简要列出。对于某些推理或假说，要考虑到医学界专家所能接受的程度，可提出自己的看法，或作为问题提出来讨论，然后阐述存在问题和展望。初稿形成后，按常规修稿方法，反复修改加工。 撰写综述要深刻理解参考文献的内涵，做到论必有据，忠于原著，让事实说话，同时要具有自己的见解。文献资料是综述的基础，查阅文献是撰写综述的关键一步，搜集文献应注意时间性，必须是近一二年的新内容，四五年前的资料一般不应过多列入。综述内容切忌面面俱到，成为浏览式的综述。综述的内容越集中、越明确、越具体越好。参考文献必须是直接阅读过的原文，不能根据某些文章摘要而引用，更不能间接引用(指阅读一篇文章中所引用的文献，并未查到原文就照搬照抄)，以免对文献理解不透或曲解，造成观点、方法上的失误。五、 综述论文的遴选与审编1)综述论文是多篇研究成果的综合,所涵盖的内容信息量大,使读者费时不多却能得到更多的信息。国内外著名期刊很多都设有综述栏目,并给以较大的篇幅和较多的参考文献数额。综述论文的学术水平和写作要求比较高,只有资深的作者才可能写出合乎要求的综述论文。它要求作者对所综述的资料拥有准确的判断能力,有较强的分析、综合能力,对专业知识的掌握有一定的深度和广度,并有亲身研究的经历和体会,以及有较强的驾驭文字的能力。综述论文能较系统地反映国内外某一学科或专题的研究概况及发展趋势,可以帮助读者了解最新研究的热点及新思路、新方法,对启发读者的研究思路具有向导作用。此外,综述论文的桥梁功能亦很显著。 2)综述论文的审稿程序遵从一般审稿规则,但具体到某篇综述的取舍上,还是有其特殊性和规律性。 a.在平衡比较中遴选。综述论文的资料来源于文献,可以有多个作者就同一个问题在一个时间段内分别向编辑部投稿,因此,编辑部必须对类似稿件进行权衡比较、分析,以决定取舍。如"干细胞的研究"是当前研究热点,本刊在同一时间段内收到3篇文章,经分析比较后认为它们是从不同侧面进行的综述,各有特点,故决定放在同一期刊出。又如,有关"端粒酶"的研究是近年来的热点课题,本刊连续收到多篇同类文章,内容多有重复,结果选取了1篇投稿较早的文章,对后来者只得以"已有类似稿件,请改投他刊"而退稿。 b.在达到总体评审要求的稿件中遴选。对一篇达到总体评审要求的综述论文应该是:就某一问题写得系统、深入,能反映该课题当前的研究水平,内容有新意,文字通顺。在这些稿件中再根据其对当前研究的指导意义和参考价值进行分级优选。 2)笔者根据所编期刊近几年来审稿人的意见,并结合自己的工作实践,归纳出对综述稿件的总体评价。 a.对录用稿件的评价:属国际研究热点,有较好的指导和参考意义;是该领域重大课题,内容丰富,值得刊登;国内研究较少,对开展此项工作有推动作用;介绍设计的思路及目前动态,对读者有一定启发;综述当前概况,读者将从中汲取教益;内容新颖而重要,能引起有关读者的兴趣与重视;选题很好,对立足国内走向世界有很大的鼓舞作用;目前尚在起始阶段,有利于读者了解其概貌;内容好,文献新,层次清晰,语言通顺;有重要的理论和实际意义,重点突出,分析得当;综述较全面,并较深入,反映了当前研究状况;属前沿进展资料,有较大学术参考价值;内容具有进展性,且有作者自己的工作,值得介绍;问题有新意,且存有争议,本文提供了一定思路。 b.对被退稿件的评价:涉及面太窄,感兴趣的读者不多;实验依据不足,多为推测性内容;内容分散,重点不突出,读后无系统概念;罗列文献,未作分析讨论;题目很大,但具体内容不多;国内已有不少报道,无明显特色;观点有错,原则有误,说服无力;内容肤浅,深度不够,未能反映重大进展;语言表达及结构均差,修改难度很大;资料来源可信度差,分量不够;文献未经充分消化,思路不清,前后矛盾;选题缺乏新意,内容陈旧,文字冗长;材料零散,内容单薄,说理不透;对所综述的领域不熟,写作不得要领。笔者在编辑综述稿件时发现,达到录用要求的稿件,都无一例外地要退修和编辑加工后才能刊出。当然,编辑部对稿件退修是很慎重的,一般情况下,退修的稿件即属准备刊发的稿件。 七、综述文稿的常见问题及审编编辑工作中发现,综述论文文稿存在的问题比较多,审编时须慎重处理。1)根据已有的综述直译转抄这样做,难免有抄袭之嫌,因为"综述论文"不同于"译文"。在写作综述论文时,可以借鉴他人已发表的综述启发思路,但切不可照抄照搬。也就是说,必须结合自己的工作体会写出有别于他文的特色,有自己的侧重点。要做到这一点,首先必须进行文献更新,补足与自己侧重点有关的和该课题最新发表的文献,然后按照自己的侧重点重新命题,将全文重新整理,综合分析,提出自己的见解。如本刊收到一篇综述文稿,列文献30余篇,而正文不足4000字。在初审中发现,其题名直译自其中一篇文献,进一步发现其内容亦基本来自该篇文献,但鉴于选题是当前研究的热点,故决定让作者重新查阅文献,补足近年的研究进展,改写后再投稿,再审编。 2)洋洋大篇,只是资料的堆积有的来稿超过1万字,但内容既无重点又不深入,层次不清,概念模糊,甚至有误。究其原因,主要是作者对所综述的专题不熟悉,体验不深,不能很好地把握主题,而只是资料的堆积。对于这样的稿件退稿时即提醒作者,倒不如选一个自己比较熟悉的题目,哪怕是写一个较小的题目,只要在该专题范围内写得系统、深入,这样的文章也是一篇好综述。 3)文献开列过多,引文不当一般要求综述论文著录的文献应是作者亲自阅读过的原文,但也并不是所有读过的文献都统统列出,应选择最主要和最新近的文献.4)把综述写成讲座讲座和综述的共同点是文章的综合性、新颖性和进展性。一般认为,综述是专业人员写给同专业和相关专业人员看的,要求系统、深入;讲座是专业人员写给相关专业人员和非相关专业的"大同行"看的,一般在深度上不作太高要求。从来稿中看到,把综述写成讲座最显著的特征是,文章中夹带大量的基础知识性的内容,甚至把教科书上的图表也搬了过来,文章冗长而深度不足。对此类文稿应大力删减专业人员所熟知的内容,在深度上下功夫,进一步挖掘提炼原始文献中的科研信息,从理论和机制的高度上进行分析归纳,从而使其达到综述论文的要求。随着我国科技工作与国际接轨,科研论文亦逐步投向国际期刊。相应地,以综合报道国内外科学技术新进展,促进国内科技发展为宗旨的综述性科技论文必将在国内有所加强,因此,科技期刊将会加大综述文章的比重。 文献综述的写法与格式 文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文，它是科学文献的一种。文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议的它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。 要求同学们学写综述，至少有以下好处： 过搜集文献资料过程，可进一步熟悉科学文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法；在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面；②查找文献资料、写文献综述是科研选题及进行科研的第一步，因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程；③通过综述的写作过程，能提高归纳、分析、综合能力，有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高；④文献综述选题范围广，题目可大可小，可难可易。对于毕业设计的课题综述，则要结合课题的性质进行书写。 文献综述与“读书报告”、“文献复习”、“研究进展”等有相似的地方，它们都是从某一方面的专题研究论文或报告中归纳出来的。但是，文献综述既不象“读书报告”、“文献复习”那样，单纯把一级文献客观地归纳报告，也不象“研究进展”那样只讲科学进程，其特点是“综”，“综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。总之，文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文。 写文献综述一般经过以下几个阶段：即选题，搜集阅读文献资料、拟定提纲（包括归纳、整理、分析）和成文。 一、选题和搜集阅读文献 撰写文献综述通常出于某种需要，如为某学术会议的专题、从事某项科研、为某方面积累文献资料等等，所以，文献综述的选题，作者一般是明确的，不象科研课题选题那么困难。文献综述选题范围广，题目可大可小，大到一个领域、一个学科，小到一种算法、一个方法、一个理论，可根据自己的需要而定。 选定题目后，则要围绕题目进行搜集与文题有关的文献。关于搜集文献的有关方法，可以如看专著、年鉴法、浏览法、滚雪球法、检索法等等，在此不述。搜集文献要求越全越好，因而最常用的方法是用检索法。搜集好与文题有关的参考文献后，就要对这些参考文献进行阅读、归纳、整理，如何从这些文献中选出具有代表性、科学性和可靠性大的单篇研究文献十分重要，从某种意义上讲，所阅读和选择的文献的质量高低，直接影响文献综述的水平。因此在阅读文献时，要写好“读书笔记”、“读书心得”和做好“文献摘录卡片”。有自己的语言写下阅读时得到的启示、体会和想法，将文献的精髓摘录下来，不仅为撰写综述时提供有用的资料，而且对于训练自己的表达能力，阅读水平都有好处，特别是将文献整理成文献摘录卡片，对撰写综述极为有利。 二、格式与写法 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，特别是阳性结果，而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写。 1． 前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。 2． 主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。 3． 总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，对所综述的主题有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的见解。 4． 参考文献虽然放在文末，但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此，应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。 三、注意事项 由于文献综述的特点，致使它的写作既不同于“读书笔记”“读书报告”，也不同于一般的科研论文。因此，在撰写文献综述时应注意以下几个问题： ⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好多综述的，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。 ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。 ⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。 总之，一篇好的文献综述，应有较完整的文献资料，有评论分析，并能准确地反映主题内容。

Study the summary in methodology of building project management: The construction project is a plentiful, most typical " project ", practice of building project management is one of the important origins of the management theory of the project, the project management theory of merging the system of the practical experience of the project management has offered the theory tool for building project management, so as to build project management day by day systematizedly, scientifically. Keyword: Project management Project1, Proposition and current situation survey project management of problem become one modern society solve effective tool a kind of job qualification of " lump-sum problem ", employ and develop in the social affairs, economic course rapidly extensively, lie in it offers a new method. The modern social total supply and demand is increasing constantly, economic globalization, information-based trend are being strengthened day by day, development accelerates, the course is complicated, new trade, field are appearing constantly, products development period is shortened, cause more and more " disposable ", appearance of task that have no precedent to follow, especially the governments of enterprises and the social public affairs of management, face complicated various problems from the market and domestic and international affairs day by day even more, there are more and more factor, the interests main body involved, these management with regular problem is difficult to solve or solve satisfactorily, And the project office procedures from fields such as construction project and military, space exploration,etc. are promoted as management theory of the project and thought, have offered and solved the unconventional problem means in social economic development. Can think, development and application of the project management lie in its method. It is a thing in recent years that it is popularized that the project management is popularized in China extensively, in the ascendant, and the focal point which we introduce, popularize, should not be tedious theory, concept, procedure, and should be the concise, applicable, effective matter how economic structure changes, project construction is still the main carriers of economic development of our country. In the well-off society of comprehensive construction at present of our country, develop the Northwest, revitalize the background of the Northeast, important means that project construction becomes a lot of regional economy and revitalizes. Some city put forward slogan of " event revitalize city " even. Mainly depend on the new scientific and technological application of results, rely on the intension type to expand, depend on the situation of the knowledge innovation in economic progress, it is not a means to revitalize the economy suitable by extensive type project construction, our country has been paying the enormous cost for the fault of the investment decision all the time too, so utilize the scientific method to manage construction project, including assess, prove, important terms that project construction will you please achieve the nticipated office procedure of the project is not only a concrete method, but also include the thought. The Third Plenary Session of the 16th Party Central Committee of the party puts forward the human-oriented, sustainable scientific development view, " human-oriented ", " sustainable " a basic content is the developing in harmony of science and technology, the economy, environment, society, project construction is done in order to develop the economic important means, not merely costly, have to surrounding environment influence more, so must meet sustainably and coordinating the demand for development, this is one of the important guidelines of project management too. Methodology is the study on method. Comprehensive construction well-off society, develop the Northwest, revitalize the Northeast realistic background might raise the upsurge of new round of engineering construction, sustainable and developing the scientific development view in harmony and proposing the macro-control sure to restrict to project construction, this should implement on the method to build project management. The purpose of project management not only realizes the concrete goal (time limit, quality, expenses), should accomplish the coordination of project construction and environment, the society too, otherwise may have followed the investment fault, unwise track of an overturned cart out of control in the past. This is that an office procedure of a project rises to one of the meanings of " methodology " theory of the project management can be already said to be very complete so far, this not merely displays if the emergence of various project management books (including translating) in the rich and varied theory achievement, display and have one's own " knowledge system " in this field even more, if the project management association of . (PMI) put forward in 1987 and " managerial knowledge system of the project " that revised through 1996, 2000, the international project management association put out" administrative staff's ability basis of the project " in 1997, China pairs of law research association project management research committee put out" managerial knowledge system, event of China, " on 2001 too. Every knowledge system described above divides the managerial knowledge of the project into several fields, key element, module, knowledge system of China have " method and tool " concept, other system independent special topic about the method, but run through at each stages of project management, course, domain. Various project management works lay particular emphasis on the argumentation at project management content, stage, procedure, organizing,etc. more too, the special argumentation to the method is rare. Certainly this does not mean the neglect of the method, summary, concentrate on, study with improving project management role of popularization and application to facilitate project management give full play to in , Time limit when the level narrowly-defined project management of the office procedure of the construction project is being limited, quality, expense go on comprehensive management to the project by realizing the predeterminated target of event in the goal, but this only management that project construct, influence, strengthen with scale of investment, enlargement, investment source diversification, project of field to environment, economy, project management has not been limited to implementing the course yet, but expand to and safeguard overall management from setting up to making available to the users, implementation of project develop from constructing and contracting to project management too, project always person who contract various forms. As to a concrete project, its goal has already not merely been control in quality, time limit, expenses, with capital collection, risk analysis, use, it maintains to be and economy, environment,etc. connected with where one occurs ground, the goal, management of the projects should all be considered according to " broad sense ". Unless the project management one method, besides concrete methods technical,whose name is to before and after appraisal of issue extend, take, consider sustainable, coordinated development that central authorities put forward, reflect thought these. In sum, this text divides the office procedure of the project into two levels: Ideological content method and technical method, in other words, project management thought and method. 3, Ideological content method to build project management