绩效评价毕业论文外文翻译

在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，尤其是研究生同学，一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献，这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。

如何写开题报告，如何写文献综述，如何阅读外文文献，可以说，阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。

要求如下：

1、前言

简要说明写作的目的，有关的概念以及综述范围，说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，所要解决的问题等。一般以 100～200 字为宜，使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。

2、主体

主体部分是全文的主要部分，具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少，将主体部分分为几段，每段有小标题。

可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述。

主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。

主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点，即论点；接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实，即论据，可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。

总之，综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路，继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以，综述也是一种论证文章的体裁，只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。

如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确，则需作者整理概括，成为开头。在论述某些观点时，作者可有倾向性，但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。

3、总结

常见的方式有：

①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容；

②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望；

③某些篇幅较小的综述，也可以省略结束语。

4、参考文献

通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处，以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主；另外，未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。

在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献，一般限为 20～30 条为宜；但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章，其参考文献甚多，全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一，应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。

扩展资料：

1、如何查询国内专利文献

可通过中国国家知识产权局(）和中国专利信息中心（）网站上的「专利检索」。

可以免费检索全部中国专利信息（有文摘）。如需获取专利全文，则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅，也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。

2、如何查询国外专利文献

科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引)，它是检索专利的权威数据库，收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利，1800 万项专利，该库大部分有文摘，小部分有全文。

3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库

欧洲专利局专利数据库：

 （免费 文摘）

美国专利商标局专利数据库：

（免费 文摘、全文）

WTO知识产权组织：

（免费 文摘）

IBM专利数据库资源：

（免费 文摘、部分全文）

更多请参见中国专利信息网上的（国外）专利网站：

With the general improvement of the quality of life, the sea and land are not the only ways for people's travel, tourism , as the aviation industry has the advantage of time and gradually,it become the mainstream trend in transportation. In order to meet the needs of modern society the concept of a high time for a strong, ticket booking management system for the ticket booking office has brought great convenience. The purpose of this paper is to study the management of ticket booking system software development and application of ways, mainly because the management of today's cumbersome ticket reservations to the concept of time has a strong staff of the airline has brought a lot of inconvenience and the lack of a complete airline Booking of ticket management software, for Record of the booking, flight information, such as passenger information to facilitate the management, so the development of this software. In this paper, VC programming language as a system to support the software to WIN9X/NT/XP operating system as a platform to support the VC to control the operating system software. Around the machine on database design and programming work in these two areas of practice, through some kind of database products and development tools (Access, SQL Server, Oracle, VFP, PB, VB, VC, Delphi, etc.) are familiar with and know, for a given of a specific problem, first of all, through its comprehensive analysis of the conceptual model for database design, relational database design logical structure to achieve 3NF or BCNF mode then RDBMS at the finish the design and specific features of the programming module require debugging, testing the success of the final submission of a small database applications. In this paper, through computer networks to the client and the server connected to the database from the client to deal with information received, achieve flight information, ticket generation, sales statistics, etc. General information subsystem. Cost for the computer center, a computer sales business automation, as airlines reduce costs, improve sales, management decision-making based on timely and precise. Function of the software system at the completion of the internal source code directly. Through the operation manual, the user can know the basic working principle of the software. Operators only need to input some simple Chinese characters, numbers, can achieve their goal. Keywords: VC, Access, Delphi, SQL Server.

measurement is the process of assessing progress toward achieving predetermined goals. Performance management is building on that process, adding the relevant communication and action on the progress achieved against these predetermined goals.[1]In network performance management, (a) a set of functions that evaluate and report the behavior of telecommunications equipment and the effectiveness of the network or network element and (b) a set of various subfunctions, such as gathering statistical information, maintaining and examining historical logs, determining system performance under natural and artificial conditions, and altering system modes of operation.[2] In organizational development (OD), performance can be thought of as Actual Results vs Desired Results. Any discrepancy, where Actual is less than Desired, could constitute the performance improvement zone. Performance management and improvement can be thought of as a cycle: Performance planning where goals and objectives are established Performance coaching where a manager intervenes to give feedback and adjust performance Performance appraisal where individual performance is formally documented and feedback delivered A performance problem is any gap between Desired Results and Actual Results. Performance improvement is any effort targeted at closing the gap between Actual Results and Desired Results. Application Performance Management (APM) refers to the discipline within systems management that focuses on monitoring and managing the performance and availability of software applications. APM can be defined as workflow and related IT tools deployed to detect, diagnose, remedy and report on application performance issues to ensure that application performance meets or exceeds end-users’ and businesses’ expectations. Business performance management (BPM) is a set of processes that help businesses discover efficient use of their business units, financial, human and material resources. Operational performance management (OPM) focus is on creating methodical and predictable ways to improve business results, or performance, across organizations. Simply put, performance management helps organizations achieve their strategic goals. Rather than discarding the data accessibility previous systems fostered, performance management harnesses it to help ensure that an organization’s data works in service to organizational goals to provide information that is actually useful in achieving them. and focus on the Operational Networking Processes between that performance level. The main purpose of performance management is to link individual objectives and organisational objectives and bring about that individuals obey important worth for enterprise. Additionally, performance management tries to develop skills of people to achieve their capability to satisfy their ambitiousness and also increase profit of a firm.绩效管理，或称效能管理，是一种管理模式，其目标是为了达到更好的绩效。其大致上有下列几种分类：网路效能管理（Network performance management） 组织发展（Organization development，OD） 应用程式效能管理（Application Performance Management，APM） 企业绩效管理或业务绩效管理（Business performance management，BPM） 运营绩效管理（Operational performance management，OPM）

毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求：

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文 。

扩展资料：

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。

6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。

7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

With the fierce social competition, enterprises are facing unprecedented pressure. Production and procurement departments, as an important part of the operation, procurement performance upgrade has become a key factor in operational efficiency. Therefore, many companies now use the methods of procurement performance evaluation to determine the actual operation of the enterprise's own level, so as to improve the enterprises in the procurement of the problems in order to ensure the achievement of business goals, thereby increasing the capacity of business operations, reduce operating costs. Paper discusses the performance evaluation of procurement in the importance of a modern enterprise, and introduces a general assessment of procurement performance indicators, at the same time an analysis of the various problems of their existence. In this paper, the company and then to GT as an example of procurement performance indicators, according to the procurement of enterprise performance evaluation of existing indicators and the establishment of the many problems of general procurement performance evaluation index system should follow the principles put forward suggestions for improvement in order to avoid the performance of enterprises in the procurement assessment unreasonable phenomenon and to make use of advanced science and technology to improve procurement performance evaluation system to ensure that the work of enterprises normally.希望能帮上你。