中西饮食文化对比研究论文

你可以从以下几点着手： 一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.

中西方饮食文化比较１．饮食观念及味道和营养由于中西哲学思想的不同，西方人于饮食重科学，重科学即讲求营养，故西方饮食以营养为最高准则，进食有如为一生物的机器添加燃料，特别讲求食物的营养成分，蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜，卡路里的供给是否恰到好处，以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问，而菜肴的色、香、味如何，则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国，其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似，但一接触到营养问题，双方便拉开了距离。 中国五味调和的烹调术旨在追求美味，其加工过程中的热油炸和长时间的文火攻，都会使菜肴的营养成分被破坏。法国烹调虽亦追求美味，但同时总不忘“营养”这一大前提，一味舍营养而求美味是他们所不取的。尤其是20世纪60年代出现的现代烹调思潮，特别强调养生、减肥，从而追求清淡少油，强调采用新鲜原料，强调在烹调过程中保持原有的营养成分和原有的味道，所以蔬菜基本上都是生吃。所以说西方饮食之重营养是带有普遍性的。 平心而论，谈到营养问题也触及到中国饮食的最大弱点。尽管我们讲究食疗、食补、食养，重视以饮食来养生强身，但我们的烹调术却以追求美味为第一性要求，致使许多营养成分损失于加工过程中。近年来我国厨师参加世界烹调大赛，人家端上一个菜营养成分开列得一清二楚，我们则拿不出这份材料。经人提问，亦瞠目结舌不知所云，大大地吃了哑巴亏！ 我们从来都是把追求美味奉为进食的首要目的。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。虽然人们在赞誉美食时，总爱说“色香味俱佳”，但那是由于我们感受色香味的感觉器官“眼、鼻、口”的上下排列顺序如此。人们内心之于“色、香、味”，从来都是“味”字“挂帅”的。 而西方烹调讲究营养而忽视味道，至少是不以味觉享受为首要目的。他们以冷饮佐餐，冰镇的冷酒还要再加冰块，而舌表面遍布的味觉神经一经冰镇，便大大丧失品味的灵敏度，渐至不能辨味；那带血的牛排与大白鱼、大白肉，生吃的蔬菜，白水煮豆子、煮土豆，虽有“味”而不入“道”，凡此种种都反映了西方人对味觉的忽视。他们拒绝使用味精，更足以证明此辈皆属不知味之人，非“知味观”之座上客也！ 2、基于对营养的重视，西方人多生吃蔬菜，不仅西红柿、黄瓜、生菜生吃，就是洋白菜、洋葱、绿菜花（西兰花）也都生吃。因而他们的“沙拉”有如一盘兔饲料，使我们难以接受。现代中国人也讲营养保健，也知道青菜一经加热，维生素将被破坏，因而我们主张用旺火爆炒。这虽然也使维生素的含量下降，但不会完全损失，可味道却比兔饲料好吃得多。因而中国的现代烹调术旨在追求营养与味道兼顾下的最佳平衡，这当然也属于一种“中庸之道”。 而西方烹调讲究营养而忽视味道，至少是不以味觉享受为首要目的。他们以冷饮佐餐，冰镇的冷酒还要再加冰块，而舌表面遍布的味觉神经一经冰镇，便大大丧失品味的灵敏度，渐至不能辨味；那带血的牛排与大白鱼、大白肉，生吃的蔬菜，白水煮豆子、煮土豆，虽有“味”而不入“道”，凡此种种都反映了西方人对味觉的忽视。他们拒绝使用味精，更足以证明此辈皆属不知味之人，非“知味观”之座上客也！ 3． 用餐方式及餐具 在用餐方式上。在中国，无论什么宴席，都是大家团团围坐，共享一席，美味佳肴放在桌子中间，它既是一桌人享用的对象，又是大家交流感情的媒介。在餐桌上，中国人都喜欢互相劝酒，夹菜，举杯共欢，非常和睦生趣。而西方就不同了，当他们聚在一起吃饭或请客时，劝酒，夹菜并没有中国人那么热情，并且客人与主人之间也没有那么客气。西方人更注重个人的独立性，各吃各的，没有中国人聊欢共乐的情趣。中餐上桌的菜讲究丰盛多样，一般是8或10碟、12碟，品种多样，从主菜到汤，到甜品，到水果，次序也讲究。而西方人宴客则是以牛、羊、猪排等为主食。在餐具方面，差异就更甚明显。众所周知，中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家，使用的是筷子，汤匙，吃饭也用碗盛；而西方人呢，则是盘子盛食物，用刀叉即切即吃，喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具，筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式，代表着不同的两种智慧 4． 用餐礼仪：在礼仪方面，中西两者更显不同。在中国现代，在用餐过程中,不可以只顾自己吃饭。如果和别人一起吃饭，必须检查手的清洁。不要把多余的饭放回锅里，不要专占着食物，也不要簸扬着热饭。吃完饭后，客人应该起身向前收拾桌上的盘碟，交给主人，主人跟着起身，请客人不要劳动，然后客人再坐下。在西方宴席上，主人一般只给客人夹一次菜，其余由客人自主食用，若客人不要，也不便硬让人家再吃，也不要频频给客人劝酒，夹菜。吃东西时，也不要发出响声，但客人要注意赞赏主人准备的饭菜。若与人谈话，只能与邻座的交谈，不要与距离远的交谈。