跨国经营论文英文文献

Influence and Countermeasures of International economic integration on China’s foreign tradeAt present, the world economy is moving to the new trend of regional blocs and economic , the economic integration is gradually breaking continental limits to the Pan-Africa development of international economic integration will inevitably lead to deeper integration of its internal trade barriers and strengthening the dual external results, leading to non-group increasing competition among countries, protectionism is rampant. These are constraints of the international economy, especially the freedom of foreign economic development in developing countries.

感觉相关的就行吧,这是我今天刚交老师的Solidarity tradeThe current fair trade movement was shaped in Europe in the 1960s. Fair trade during that period was often seen as a political gesture against neo-imperialism: radical student movements began targeting multinational corporations and concerns that traditional business models were fundamentally flawed started to emerge. The slogan at the time, “Trade not Aid”, gained international recognition in 1968 when it was adopted by the UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) to put the emphasis on the establishment of fair trade relations with the developing world. The year 1965 saw the creation of the first Alternative Trading Organization (ATO): that year, British NGO Oxfam launched "Helping-by-Selling", a program which sold imported handicrafts in Oxfam stores in the UK and from mail-order catalogues. In 1969, the first Worldshop opened its doors in the Netherlands. The initiative aimed at bringing the principles of fair trade to the retail sector by selling almost exclusively goods produced under fair trade terms in “underdeveloped regions”. The first shop was run by volunteers and was so successful that dozens of similar shops soon went into business in the Benelux countries, Germany, and in other Western European the 1960s and 1970s, important segments of the fair trade movement worked to find markets for products from countries that were excluded from the mainstream trading channels for political reasons. Thousands of volunteers sold coffee from Angola and Nicaragua in Worldshops, in the back of churches, from their homes, and from stands in public places, using the products as a vehicle to deliver their message: give disadvantaged producers in developing countries a fair chance on the world’s market, and support their self-determined sustainable development. The alternative trade movement blossomed, if not in sales, then at least in terms of dozens of ATOs being established on both sides of the Atlantic, of scores of Worldshops being set up, and of well-organized actions and campaigns attacking exploitation and foreign domination, and promoting the ideals of Nelson Mandela, Julius Nyerere, and the Nicaraguan Sandinistas: the right to independence and self-determination, to equitable access to the world’s markets and consumers. 团结贸易现今公平贸易运动形塑于1960年代的欧洲，公平贸易于这时期通常被视为一种反抗新帝国主义的政治姿态，基进的学生运动开始关注跨国公司，并出现了一种认为传统商业模式基本上是有缺陷的共识，那时的口号“贸易，而非援助”(Trade not Aid)，被1968年所召开的联合国贸易及发展会议（United Nations Conference on Trade and Development，简称UNCTAD）所采用，并得到国际认同，会议中强调与发展中世界建立公平的贸易关系。1965年诞生了第一个另类贸易组织（Alternative Trading Organization，简称ATD）：那年，英国的非政府组织乐施会(Oxfam)发起了”以销售来帮忙”(Helping-by-Selling)的活动，一个以邮购及在乐施会商店销售进口手工艺品的计划。1969年，第一个“世界商店”在荷兰开张，这个开创性的构想，是以销售符合公平贸易规则的“发展中区域”的产品，将公平贸易的法则带入零售部门，第一个商店由志工营运，非常成功，之后数十个类似的商店开始在比利时、荷兰、卢森堡及德国等其他西欧国家开始营业。在1960和1970年代，公平贸易运动里很重要的部份是，为那些因为政治因素而被排斥于主流贸易管道的国家，协助他们的产品寻找市场。数千名志工在教会后面和世界商店销售来自安哥拉及尼加拉瓜的咖啡豆，以这些产品从家里和公共场所的摊位传达一个讯息：给那些来自发展中国家的弱势生产者一个公平的机会，就是支持他们自主的永续发展。另类贸易活动的盛行，若不从贸易量来说，至少以在数量上，有数十个另类贸易组织（ATO）在大西洋两岸成立，同时随着世界商店的扩张，有许多计划性的行动与专案，抨击国际间的剥削与支配的现象，宣扬著曼德拉、朱利叶斯•尼雷尔及尼加拉瓜桑定政权的理念：自主及独立的权利，与接触全球市场及消费者的公平管道。

News Analysis: Future of Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures As the top legislature of China began debates on an amendment to the law of Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures Friday, the future of China's numerous joint ventures has become a source of wide concern at home and abroad. The proposed amendment is a major move on the part of China to prepare for its expected accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) after more than a decade of negotiations. It also came at a time when more and more foreign investment projects in China are held or solely-owned by foreign businesses. Since the founding of the Beijing Aviation Food Company, China's first joint venture in 1980, the country has seen the registration of 150,000 Chinese-foreign joint ventures. Before 1998, over 70 percent of foreign investment in China took the form of joint ventures. The growth of Chinese-foreign joint ventures, however, has been slowing down in recent years. In 2000, growth of wholly foreign-owned businesses exceeded that of Chinese-foreign joint ventures, for the first time. According to figures from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation (MOFTEC), wholly foreign-owned enterprises accounted for 45 percent of total foreign investment in China in 2000. Meanwhile, actualized foreign investment in joint ventures recorded the first ever negative growth, despite a 21 percent rise in the number of joint ventures last year. More and more foreign partners have shown a strong interest to increase their stake in joint ventures. Beijing Jeep, the first joint venture in China's automobile industry, announced not long ago that its foreign partner, DaimlerChrysler, will increase its equity share in the joint venture at a proper time, and that the new management will be headed by a foreigner. Procter & Gamble (Guangzhou) Ltd., a . joint venture, also reported drastic changes in the equity structure of many of its subsidiaries. In one of them, the stake of the Chinese side dropped from the original 50 to one percent. Ma Yu, a senior researcher with the MOFTEC, attributed the change to new trends in China's economic environment. With a sellers' market being replaced by a buyers' market in China, market competition has intensified, forcing joint ventures to expand their production scale and upgrade their technologies. In this situation, it is natural for the foreign side to seek a controlling stake to avoid potential conflicts with the Chinese partner, who may harbor a different business philogophy and have a different opeational style and a different goal, Ma said. Analysts here points out that it is crucial for China to establish a modern corporate system in its state-owned enterprises and improve its investment environment, including the establishment of a judicial system based on a market economy, if it is to reverse the situation of decreasing foreign investment in joint ventures. China's draft outline of the 10th five-year plan has provided for giving national treatment to foreign-funded enterprises, unified and transparent market accession policies and the removal of equity structure restrictions in joint ventures, except for those that are related to national and economic security. Analysts said this is surely a move in the right direction. As the biggest potential market in the world, China's accession to the WTO is expected to trigger off a new round of foreign investment. "As long as China is not obssessed with having controlling stakes, Chinese-foreign joint ventures will remain the most important form of foreign investment in China, and will continue to contribute to the upgrading of China's state-owned enterprises and its traditional industries," Ma said.

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