为君俏颜
Chinese and Western Culture ComparisonWhat are the major differences between chinese and western culture? I'll list down a few differences:West:1. Western culture is based on individualism rather than on mass (collectivism). For instance, in the US, you always talk about individual rights, instead of placing the whole society above your own self. This is clearly different in China where a country, society or family are placed above your own self.2. Western culture is adventurous and exploration based. Westerners like to discover new things, invention and expand outwards. For instance, bungee jumping is considered adventurous and common in western culture, but you will probably find no-one doing such a thing in China.3. Western culture is based on science, which attempts to resolve people and nature's relationship.4. West uses law to resolve people and people's relationship. You can never find 'law' well-established in China. For 2000 years, China is a land that's based on human relationship rather than law. 5. West uses 'god' and religion to resolve human and spiritualism relationship. In case of problems with your own self, you just pray to god.6. A culture that expands and develop outwards.Chinese Culture:1. A culture based on masses (collectivism). People placed country and family above your own self.2. A culture that is based on humanism and people3. To resolve the relationship betwen man and nature, the chinese attempts to fuse the human and 'heaven' as one. (天人和一)4. To resolve people and people's relationship, chinese uses ethics and tolerance (中恕之道)5. To resolve human and spiritualism, chinese emphasizes internal cultivation (修身养性)6. A focus on balance and mean. By 'mean', it means 'middle way'. You don't go into extremism. Peace is always honoured.7. Pay homage to heaven and earth, as well as bearing a remembrance to the homeland. (敬仰天地,思乡怀土) This was accorded to the fact that chinese had been a farming civilization and therefore will be more prone to remember their land.8. A culture that expands internally rather than outwards.Some of the disadvantage of old chinese culture:1. Debase women and chauvanistic2. An over-emphasis on past history instead of present (lacks pragmatism)Can you list some more differences? Any comments and contributions are appreciated.-----------And I must say I am surprised you didn't note the fact that Westerners can be incredibly, crassly ignorant about the world around them, and be arrogant and overbearing about that to boot. I don't believe it is a generalisation when I say that alot of the corporate West's interest in the East is selfish, exploitative, and self-serving.
stella1135
英语专业毕业论文参考文献格式
很多人都不明白在写毕业论文的时候，文献参考格式不只是怎样的，下面由我为大家精心收集的英语专业毕业论文参考文献格式，希望可以帮到大家!
一、英语论文参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章
J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
对于英文论文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.;
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码.
[1] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages
[J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
[1] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
[1] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.
[2] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.
6.研究报告
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
7.条例
【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期
8.译著
【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
三、注释
注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的`进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
四、参考文献
参考文献与文中注(王小龙，2005)对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来，而不是1-6等等 ，并列写出来。
1.期刊论文
Bolinger, D. The Atomization of Word Meaning[J]. Language, 1965 (4): 555-573.
朱永生. 名词化、动词化与语法隐喻[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2006(2)：83-90.
何龄修. 读顾城《南明史》[J]. 中国史研究，1998 (3)：167-173.
2.论文集论文
Bybee, J. The Grammaticization of Zero: Asymmetries in Tense and Aspect Systems [A]. In W. Pagliuca (ed.). Perspectives on Grammaticalization[C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1994: 235-254.
文秋芳. 英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点[A]. 文秋芳, 王立非.英语学习策略实证研究[C]. 西安：陕西师范大学出版社, 2003: 255-259.
3.网上文献
王岳川. 当代传媒中的网络文化与电视批评[OL].
http://www.blocchina.com/new/display/58592.html/, 2004.(2005年11月18日读取)
4.专著
Bloomfield, L. Language [M]. New York: Hol, 1933.
吕叔湘, 朱德熙. 语法修辞讲话[M]. 北京：中国青年出版社, 1952.
刘国钧，陈绍业，王凤翥. 图书馆目录[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，1957.15-18.
5.译著
Saussure. F. de. Course in General Linguistics[M]. ed. C. Bally & A. Sechehaye. trans. R. Harris. London: Duckworth, 1983.
赵元任， 中国话的文法 (A Grammar of Spoken Chinese)[M]. 丁邦新译. 香港：香港中文大学出版社, 1968/1980.
6.编著/论文集
Giacalone, A. & P. J. Hopper (eds.). The Limits of Grammaticalization[C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998.
北京语言学院语言教学研究所(编). 现代汉语补语研究资料[C]. 北京：北京语言学院出版社, 1992，
7.学位论文
Tabor, W. Syntactic Innovation: A Connectionist Model [D]. Ph.D Dissertation. Stanford: Stanford University, 1994.
祖生利. 元代白话碑文研究[D]. 北京：中国社会科学院, 2000.
8.会议论文
Traugott, E. C. Promise and pray-parentheticals[R]. Paper presented at the Eleventh International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Santiagov de Compostela, Spain, September 2000.
崔希亮. 事件情态和汉语的表态系统[R]. 第十二次现代汉语语法学术讨论会论文，湖南长沙，2002年4月.
9.词典
Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (6th edition) [Z], ed. Sally Wehmeier. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室(编). 现代汉语词典(The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary)(汉英双语)[Z]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 2002.
10.报刊文章
田志凌. 魔戒的尴尬与文学翻译的危机[N]. 南方都市报，2005-8-24(8).
注: 先英文后中文，以字母顺序排列。英文部分Times New Roman，小四;汉语部分:宋体 小四号;均1.5倍行距，两行及以上悬垂缩进3个字符。参考文献要与文中夹注项对应。
1/100 【题 名】我国中小型民营企业的企业文化建设现状分析及对策研究 【作 者】王欢 【刊 名】集团经济研究.2007(07Z).-233-233 2/10
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