县级书店研究论文

我有两篇： 网上书店的设计与实现.nh 基于JSP的网上书店系统的设计与实现.kdh ，你看是否有用

那次，学校开展了一年一度的运动会。前面的比赛进行的非常激烈，转眼间，只剩下了最后的一个项目——接力跑。面对接力跑，我么只能竭尽全力，奋力而为，因为我们的跑步并不快，即使有张艺瀚，但别人快不起来又有什么办法呢？可是，结果有点莫名其妙，第一名，竟然是我们班！对此，我一点也不觉得奇怪，反而觉得理所当然，因为，我们有团结！比赛的过程中，啦啦队在为我们加油鼓劲，老师在一旁观战，而且，我们都非常团结，神情严肃，信心十足，因此，我们没有一次掉棒，几轮下来，我们班遥遥领先，终于，最后一名胳膊上系着红领巾的同学：张艺瀚冲过了重点，耶！我们胜利了！那次团结让我们创造了奇迹。还有一次，大概是一年前的期末考试，李老师在考试前公布要把我们班每个同学的平均分和四（5）班（现在是五（5）班）每个同学的平均分进行攀比，我们个个摩拳擦掌，在考试的过程中，我们个个一丝不苟、聚精会神，由于我们的团结，每人的平均分竟然胜过了四（5）班，我们又胜利了。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 IntroductionThe intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm. The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.2 Outline2.1 Development and major concepts of DTSIn this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.2.2 MethodolgyI will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.2.3 DTS in contrast to other theoriesA contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.2.4 Case studyIn this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.2.5 ConclusionBased on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)0000附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧？你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦？真够呛的！费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧！”’（张南峰，1990：59-60）附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.张南峰（译）. 王尔德戏剧选. 福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990.戴炜栋. 构建具有中国特色的英语教学“一条龙”体系，外语教学与研究，2001（5）.附录4- 封面范例(仅供参考)（中文）对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文论品牌名称翻译的特殊性专 业： 研究方向： 作 者： 导 师： 写作时间： — 对外经济贸易大学英语学院（英文）School of International StudiesUniversity of International Business and EconomicsPragmatic Strategies in Advertising: ImplicaturesWang YingA thesis submitted to School of International Studies of University of International Business and EconomicsIn partial fulfillment of the requirement For the degree of Master of ArtsApril 2002Beijing, China