钢箱梁桥毕业论文撰写提纲

论文提纲[编辑本段]释意 论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的，只提示论文的要点，如何展开则不涉及。这种提纲虽然简单，但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成的，写作时能顺利进行。没有这种准备，边想边写很难顺利地写下去。[编辑本段]简单提纲举例 以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例，简单提纲可以写成下面这样： 一、序论 二、本论 (一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件 (二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状 (三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策 三、结论[编辑本段]详细提纲举例 详细提纲，是把论文的主要论点和展开部分较为详细地列出来。如果在写作之前准备了详细提纲，那么，执笔时就能更顺利。下面仍以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例，介绍详细提纲的写法： 一、序论 1．提出中心论题； 2，说明写作意图。 二、本论 (一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件 1．市场经济体制的确立，为建筑劳动力市场的产生创造了宏观环境； 2．建筑产品市场的形成，对建筑劳动力市场的培育提出了现实的要求； 3．城乡体制改革的深化，为建筑劳动力市场的形成提供了可靠的保证； 4．建筑劳动力市场的建立，是建筑行业用工特殊性的内在要求。 (二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状 1．供大于求的买方市场； 2，有市无场的隐形市场； 3．易进难出的畸形市场； 4，交易无序的自发市场。 (三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策 1．统一思想认识，变自发交易为自觉调控； 2．加快建章立制，变无序交易为规范交易； 3．健全市场网络，变隐形交易为有形交易； 4．调整经营结构，变个别流动为队伍流动； 5，深化用工改革，变单向流动为双向流动。 三、结论 1，概述当前的建筑劳动力市场形势和我们的任务； 2．呼应开头的序言。 上面所说的简单提纲和详细提纲都是论文的骨架和要点，选择哪一种，要根据作者的需要。如果考虑周到，调查详细，用简单提纲问题不是很大；但如果考虑粗疏，调查不周，则必须用详细提纲，否则，很难写出合格的毕业论文。总之，在动手撰写毕业论文之前拟好提纲，写起来就会方便得多。[编辑本段]编写提纲的步骤 (一)确定论文提要，再加进材料，形成全文的概要 论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要，以便读者一翻提要就知道书的大概内容。我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来，再把选用的材料插进去，就形成了论文内容的提要。 (二)原稿纸页数的分配 写好毕业论文的提要之后，要根据论文的内容考虑篇幅的长短，文章的各个部分，大体上要写多少字。如计划写20页原稿纸(每页300字)的论文，考虑序论用1页，本论用17页，结论用1—2页。本论部分再进行分配，如本论共有四项，可以第一项3—4页，第二项用4—5页，第三项3—4页，第四项6—7页。有这样的分配，便于资料的配备和安排，写作能更有计划。毕业论文的长短一般规定为5000—6000字，因为过短，问题很难讲透，而作为毕业论文也不宜过长，这是一般大专、本科学生的理论基础、实践经验所决定的。 (三)编写提纲 论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的，只提示论文的要点，如何展开则不涉及。这种提纲虽然简单，但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成的，写作时能顺利进行。没有这种准备，边想边写很难顺利地写下去。参考资料：

著名教育学家乌申斯基说：“没有任何兴趣，而被迫进行的学习，会扼杀学生掌握知识的意愿。”孔子曰：“知之者，不如好知者，好之者，不如乐之者。”许多心理学家和教育学家都有过这样的感慨。作为英语教师，我对利用英语课堂教学中培养学生的学习兴趣的重要性感触颇深。在此，愿将自己的点滴体会和作法介绍给同行，希望它能引起共鸣。 第一，提高自身综合素质（道德品质、语言知识、文化知识、言语表达能力和艺术、教研教改能力、交际能力和理论水平），努力使自己适应新大纲新教材的要求，适应新时期教育教学的要求。不断丰富教育教学理论、钻研业务；不断更新专业知识,了解专业发展的新动向。只有这样,才能根据学生和教学实际，运用不同的教学手段和技能技巧引导学生熟练地掌握英语，给学生以良好的影响。 第二，明确学生的学习目的、确定学习目标，激发学生的学习兴趣。当今世界正处在信息时代，科学技术迅猛发展，计算机的普及运用、网络的连通，正在使人类社会越来越成为一个相互依存的世界，英语则是这一世界的最有用的交流思想的工具。可以说英语已经成为了进入二十一世纪的通行证。通过给学生们介绍学习英语的重要性，再以日常生活中的运用英语的事例加以说明，使学生明确学习目的，端正学习态度，激发兴趣，增强求知欲。确定学习目标，可以让学生明确一个时期内或一节课的主攻对象，克服学习中的盲目性。这不仅可以增强学生学习的积极性、主动性，提高兴趣，而且是发挥学生主体作用的必要条件。 第三，指导学习方法，使兴趣正常发展。心理学的研究和教学实践表明：采用生动的，适合学生心理发展水平的教学方式，可以成功地培养学生的学习兴趣。如：英语教学（尤其在起始阶段）应该在唱中学，在情景中说，在说中熟，在游戏中运用掌握。在平时的教学中，教师多用英语组织教学，开辟英语语言环境，再配以大量的感性材料和电化教学手段，多给学生提供英语对话、表演、朗读的机会和时间，使学生在语境中学好英语，始终保持浓厚兴趣。因此，在日常的教学过程中，我侧重开展了以下活动： 1.坚持每节一笑或一哭。在每一节课的开始或结束前，请一名同学用英语讲一个让大家笑的笑话，或一个让大家哭的心酸故事。不仅锻炼了学生的英语口语、听力，而且提高了学生的心理素质。在很大程度上，也激发了学生的学习英语的兴趣。 2.结合教材内容中的重点、难点，给学生布置”每人每天五句漂亮英语”的任务。刚开始由教师根据当天所学内容提炼“五个具有一定鼓动性的地道的英语句子”，要求学生熟读，一直达到脱口而出的地步，并且创造机会让他们都炫耀炫耀他们的漂亮英语，地道的英语句子。经过一段时间的引导以后，开始逐渐地由学生自己去发现地道的英语句子。这一任务的经常性，使学生慢慢地形成了作读书笔记的习惯。几乎每个学生都有自己的“句子财富”。有时，他们甚至会因为报刊杂志上的某个精彩句子而兴奋不已；有时，他们甚至会一天找十几句漂亮英语，弄得我经常求他们允许我“盗版”。 3.每人每天准备一句谚语或名人名言，结组交流。各小组每天评一个最佳谚语或名人名言，在课前写在黑板上供大家欣赏。 4.每周阅读欣赏一篇好文章，从中汲取精华为我所用，并把它融会贯通，为写作打下坚实的基础。如：在我们学到第一册 UNIT 13，LESSON 50 Abraham Lincoln时，给学生介绍了著名的 Gettsburg Speech ；在我们学到第二册 UNIT 19，LESSON 74-75 Martin Luther King,Jr. 时，给学生介绍了著名的 I Have a Dream；等等。学生在研读这类文章时，不仅提炼出其中的精华消化吸收，而且渐渐地体会到“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”的感觉。 5.每周一歌。我充分利用录音机、电脑等电化教育学段，教会学生了许多英文歌曲，如：Yesterday Once More；Say you Say me；Old Black Joe；The Red River Valley；Whatever will be will be；My Heart Will Go On and On等。TITANIC中的一曲My heart will go and on一经班内同学唱出，校内的五名音乐特长生先后找到我，表示要实现英语学科上零的突破。 6.每月读一本英文故事书。要求每个学生根据自己的英语水平选读至少一本英语故事书。很多世界名著的简写本都成了学生的心爱之书，如：A Tale of Two Cities; One Million-pound Note;Adventures of Robinson Crusoe; Robin Hood; Stories by William Shakespeare;Treasure Island; Tom Sawyer; Jane Eyre; Oliver Twist等。 在这些做法的操作过程中，注意吃透教材的同时，还必须吃透学生情况，根据学生的认识水平，接受能力，知识基础等方面的因素，确定每一阶段方法方式；结合每天五句漂亮英语、名人名言、名人名篇的内容适时地培养学生的自信心，结合各项活动给学生提供产生“成就感”机会；经常提问，让学生自学、讨论，引导学生不满足于死记硬背，而注重理解，独立思考，多提供机会，使学生把自己的聪明才智用到掌握知识、解决问题上来，使学生感受到知识增长的喜悦，促使学生学习英语的兴趣进一步加深，真正学到知识，提高能力。 第四，全身心地投入教学之中，以爱心感动学生，以自己的行动行为带动学生。培养学生学习兴趣时，教师要尊重学生，爱护学生的自尊心，使学生对教师有亲切感、信任感，增强学生的学习积极性。在课堂教学时，教师做到精神焕发，情绪饱满，创造引人入胜的情景，使学生头脑中兴奋中心向着要进行的教学活动转移、接近，引起学生对即将进行的教学活动的兴趣和求知欲，创造一种对学习起推动作用的活跃气氛，使学生处于一种跃跃欲试的状态。这样学生听课情绪也会为之一振，并会以高度集中的注意力去听讲。长期坚持下去，学生才会“亲其师，信其道”。 通过一段时间的努力，学生都形成了稳定的、强烈的学习兴趣，产生学习英语知识、提高英语听、说、读、写、译能力的内驱力。学习英语再也不是负担，而是一种娱乐，一种休息。 每天课前，都会从教室里传出动听的英文歌声；每天一上课，都会有一名同学落落大方地走上讲台，给大家讲一个令人捧腹的笑话或一个令人难忘悲伤故事；每天一上课，黑板上都会写有班内五个学英语小组选出来的最佳谚语或名人名言供大家欣赏；每个月末，都利用一节课举办一个小型英语歌曲演唱会，名人名篇朗诵会，读书体会交流会；每一学期，组织一、两次英语综合能力大奖赛。每一次活动，无论大小，学生们都跃跃欲试，各显神通，人人有用武之地，个个有机会体验成功！ Educators famous Ukrainian Nina said: "No interest, and was compelled to carry out the study, would stifle students to acquire knowledge and the will." Confucius said: "Those who know, know as well, the good, not the music." Many psychologists and educators have had such emotion . As an English teacher, I used to train in the English classroom teaching students to learn the importance of deep feelings about. Here, their willingness to Experience and practices introduced to the peer and hoped that it would resonate. First, to improve our overall quality (moral character, knowledge of languages and cultural knowledge, verbal expression and the arts, education reform and research capabilities, interpersonal skills and theoretical level), efforts to adapt themselves to new outline new materials to cope with the new era educational requirements. Constantly enriched educational theory, studying business; Constantly updated expertise to understand the new trends in professional development. Only in this way can the students and teaching practice, using different means of teaching skills and techniques to guide the students to master English proficiency, students with good effect. Second, students learn to clearly determine learning goals and inspire students to learn. The world today is in the information age, science and technology are developing rapidly, the universal use of computers, network connectivity, the human society is increasingly becoming an interdependent world, the world of English is the most useful tool for the exchange of ideas. It can be said that English has become the 21st century passes. Through learning to students on the importance of English and then to use English in daily life examples to illustrate, to enable students to learn to clear, correct attitude towards learning, stimulate interest and enhance thirst for knowledge. Set learning goals, it will give students a clear or a period of the main targets, learning to overcome blindness. This will not only enhance the students learning the enthusiasm, initiative and raise interest, but students play the main role in the necessary conditions. Third, guidance learning methods, the normal interest in the development. Psychology research and teaching practice that: lively, suitable for students of the psychological development of teaching methods, students can successfully cultivate interest in learning. Such as: English Teaching (especially in the start-up phase) should be sung in schools, in that scenario, said in cooked, use master in the game. In peacetime teaching, teachers use English Teaching, open up English language environment Coupled with a lot of emotional power of the materials and teaching methods, to provide students with more English dialogue, performances, the opportunity and time to read, so that students in secondary Context good English, always maintained strong interest. Therefore, in the course of day-to-day teaching, I focused in the following activities: 1. Adhere each laugh or a cry. In each class, or the beginning of the end to an English speaking students with a joke for everyone laugh, or you cry to a sad story. Exercise not only students of English speaking, listening, but also improve the psychological quality of the students. To a large extent, also inspired the students interested in learning English. 2. Combining content of the materials focus on key to the students staged "per person per day five beautiful English" task. Teachers from the beginning of the day by refining content "will grow 5 with the authentic English sentence," the students familiar with, the stage has been reached blurted out, and to create opportunities for them to show they are flaunting a beautiful English, authentic English phrases. After a period of time after the guide, start gradually by the students themselves to find authentic English phrases. This task often, students slowly formed to study notes habits. Almost every student has its own "sentence wealth." Sometimes, they will even newspapers and magazines because of a brilliant sentence and excited; Sometimes, they will even say a few nice day for 10 English, I often get them for allowing me to "pirate." 3. Each day for a celebrity or famous proverb, a guitar group exchanges. On a day the teams best celebrity or famous proverb, in the classroom for inspection before writing you to the blackboard. 4. Weekly appreciate a good article to read, to learn the essence for our use, and to digest it, to lay a solid foundation for writing. Example: In our first learned of UNIT 13, 50 LESSON Abraham Lincoln, to the students on the famous Gettsburg Speech; We learned of the second UNIT 19, 74-75 LESSON Martin Luther King, Jr. When introduced to the students the famous I Have a Dream; Etc. . Students studying in these articles, which not only extracted the essence of digestion and absorption, and gradually realize that "familiar with the Tang Dynasty 300, a poem will not shrugged." 5. Every Monday songs. I fully utilize tape recorders, computers, and audio-visual education school, the church many students English songs, such as: Yesterday Once More; Say you Say me; Old Black Joe; The Red River Valley; Whatever will be will be; My Heart Will Go On and On. . TITANIC in a My heart will go on and on with the students singing classes, the school has five music talent and I find that English subjects to achieve zero breakthrough. 6. Monthly Reading an English story books. According to require each student to choose their level of English at an English story books. Many world famous acronyms of the students have become the beloved book, such as: A Tale of Two Cities; One Million-pound Note; Adventures of Robinson Crusoe; Robin Hood; Stories by William Shakespeare; Treasure Island; Tom Sawyer; Jane Eyre; And Oliver Twist. These practices in the operation process, pay attention to the materials thoroughly, students must also understand well, according to the level of understanding, acceptance, and the knowledge base, identify each stage method; With five beautiful English daily, celebrity famous, famous celebrities in the timely capacity to train students self-confidence, with various activities to provide students with a "sense of achievement"; often questions for students learning, discussion and guide the students satisfied with rote, and focus on understanding, independent thinking, provide more opportunity for the students to their talent use knowledge to solve question, to increase knowledge to enable students feel the joy of learning English to students interested in further deepening and truly learn, and enhance our ability. Fourth, threw himself into teaching, the students moved to love, to conduct their own actions led students. Training students interested in learning, teachers must respect students, students love the self-esteem, students teachers friendliness, a sense of trust, enhance student learning initiative. When teaching in the classroom, teachers do refreshed, emotional plump, creating spectacular scenes, in the minds of excited students to the center toward teaching activities transfer, nearly caused students to the teaching activities of the forthcoming interest and thirst for knowledge, creating a starting role in promoting the study of living Yue atmosphere, the temptation to students in a state. Such students will be taught emotional our spirits and will be highly concentrated attention to the lecture. A long time to go, students will be "pro-its divisions, its letter Road." Through the efforts of a period of time, students have formed a stable, strong interest in learning and knowledge have to learn English to improve English language skills of listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation capabilities Drive. Learning English is no longer affordable, but an entertainment, a break. The day before, from the classroom will be warned that the English-sounding voice; A school day, students will have a royal took to the podium, speaking to you is himself a joke or a sad story is unforgettable; One day classes will be written on the blackboard in five English classes elected by the Panel the best celebrity or famous proverb for you to; at the end of each month, using an English class held a small concert songs, recite the famous celebrities, reading of the exchange; each semester, an organization, two English comprehensive ability Grand Prix. Every event, large or small, students have the temptation to channel, they have all, everyone has the opportunity to experience success!

论文提纲就是论文的框架、结构，是作者构思谋篇的具体体现。便于作者有条理地安排材料、展开论证。本科论文的提纲结构：一、中英文摘要二、绪论（前言）1、研究背景2、研究目的和意义3、国内外研究综述4、研究方法三、理论概述与文献概述1、论文用到的相关概念2、相关理论概述四、现状，对研究问题现状进行分析总结（文字描述及数据分析）五、根据现状提出存在的问题及原因分析（列出123）六、对策与建议，针对上面提出的问题提出解决政策，一 一对应进行解决（列出123）。七、结论

具体的范文模板链接：

根据学术堂的了解，毕业论文提纲是学生在正式开始写作论文之前提交给论文指导教师的一份关于论题观点的来源，论文基本观点，论文基本结构的报告。具体要求如下：1、提纲包括这样几个部分:论题观点来源，论文基本观点，论文结构。2、在论题观点来源这一部分，学生需要说清楚自己论文的观点是如何得到的。论题观点来源一般有以下两种:①阅读某些著作(包括教科书)、文章的时候有感而得;②与老师讨论的时候得到的灵感。前者要写清楚著作的名称，作者，出版时间，以及著作的哪些方面给了自己什么样的感受。后者写清楚老师的指导给了自己什么样的启示。3、在论文的基本观点部分，要求学生写清楚整个论文的基本观点都有哪些，这些观点必须逻辑清楚，合理。4、在论文结构部分，学生结合自己的基本观点写清楚整个论文的结构。这是学生向指导教师说明自己如何论证观点的一个部分。例如学生要写清楚正篇文章包含那几个部分，第一部分写什么，其中包括几个小部分，每个小部分写什么等，以此类推。5、提纲没有字数的要求，但是学生必须保证有2，3，4这三个部分的内容。文字方面要求语言流畅，思路清晰，说清楚自己的观点。论文提纲是学生写作论文的开端，提纲是否成功通过指导教师的审查决定了学生能否进入论文的实际写作阶段，所以要求学生认真对待并且按时提交。

毕业论文的论文提纲：

1、毕业论文的提纲，是用来体现论文基本观点和总体结构的，它一般可以划分为两部分，即提纲结构以及标准格式要求。

2、论文的提们至少要列出论文的章、节、目三级标题，以此来反映论文的结构框架以及逻辑雷次，为了便于我们后续撰写工作的展开，每一级标题后都有附有简洁的文字，用来陈述我们的观点。

3、在论文的格式要求方面。有关于页边距、版式、用字、标点符号等细致的要求，一般参照学校的要求来确定，其中提纲内容页码的貔排要参照正文页码的编排要求来进行设置。

毕业论文的论文提纲有哪些作用

1、体现作者的整体思路:论文提纲是帮助作者考虑论文全筒逻辑钩成的写作设计图，是我们树立论文全局观念的有力帮助，它有便于作者掌握论文结构的全局，明确论文的主要与次要内容。

2、便于论文前后对应∶论文太划到的存在还可以让我们从整体出发，及时的检激核]各部分内赛所占的地位以及所起到的作用，便于我门理顺各部分内容的逻据关系、协调各部分内容的比例，以使得局刻内容与密妹相协得。