城乡规划论文有什么外文参考文献

当前，城市设计已成为规划界、建筑界的热点研究领域。在理论上可谓百家争鸣，呈现出从未有过的繁荣局面； 在实践上，从南到北，全国上下，各种各样的“城市设计”项目如雨后春笋，特别是一些重大的国际竞赛、招标项目，更是把“城市设计”推上了一个新的高潮，使 “城市设计”正悄然成为一种时尚，城市设计的地位也日益提高。又由于城市设计自身兼有理论形态与实践形态的双重属性，并在长期的探索中形成了一定理论与方法，因此，城市设计“独立”的呼声日渐高涨。 人们经常可以看到类似“城市设计是一门独立的学科”的说法，在学科体系中把城市设计与城市规划并列等同； 同时，大量以“X X X城市设计”命名的工程项目及设计成果不断涌现。这种现象的出现，一方面说明重视城市设计的思想正日益深人人心，这对提高我国城市规划设计质量、改善城市空间环境无疑是十分有益的；然而另一方面，如果缺乏深人的思考和研究，片面强调城市设计独立于城市规划之外，不但不利城市规划学科体系和理论体系的完善，还可能导致城市设计流于表面化和形式化，反而不利城市设计积极作用的发挥。因此，必须明确城市设计在城市规划学科体系中的地位与作用，理顺其与城市规划的关系，才能切实达到指导城市建设的目的。 应该说，城市设计与城市规划一直都有着难舍难分的渊源关系。 从历史发展看，工业革命以前及其早期的很多城市规划理论与实践，用今天的眼光来看就是城市设计活动，可见，对于那一时期而言，城市规划与城市设计是同一行为的不同表述而已；即使是现代城市设计的产生，也与城市规划难分你我。现代城市设计论的倡导者沙里宁最初建议：“。，。…为了分析中避免引起误解，谈到城市的三维空间概念时，就避免使用‘规划’改用‘设计’这个名词……一，在不涉及到所讨论的问题时，同意接受‘规划’这个通称。” 由此可知，城市设计最初是承担了城市规划中某一领域（三维空间）或某一部分的工作，并为了把该部分工作加以强调而作的用词上的规定，目的是为了提起人们对该部分工作的重视。这主要是因为随着社会的发展，现代城市规划与建筑设计的分工，引起了城市空间设计的削弱，导致城市空间整体环境质量逐渐下降。人们为克服这一弊端，提出了城市设计的概念，使城市设计工作得到了恢复与发展。1965年美国建筑师协会出版的《城市设计—城镇建筑》一书中也提到，今日我们不得不使用城市设计（UrbanDesign）这个词汇， （与传统的城市设计Civ-ic Design相区别—笔者注），但“城市设计概念的建立，并非要去创造一个新的分离的领域，而是要防止这一基本的环境问题被忽视或丢弃。”可见，城市设计概念的提出，不是为了创建一个全新的学科，而是为了唤祝人们对环谙问颗的羊汁，为了恢复城市规划本身具有却被长期忽视的塑造、改善城市空间环境质量的职能，从而使城市规划更好、更全面地为城市建设服务。 从实际的操作层面上看，城市设计与城市规划也是紧密结合、密不可分的。 城市三维空间景观的塑造与城市平面布局是一种互为条件、相互制约的关系。城市规划在涉及城市的用地布局、路网结构、市政设施等诸方面的同时，必然包含了对城市空间特征塑造的思考，没有“纯二维”的规划，而且规划的思想观念和意图也必须最终投映在土地和空间中才能得以实现。城市设计和城市规划所要研究的对象都是人们所处的城市，只是侧重点有所不同，它们都以创造一种良好的、有序的生产、生活环境为目的，都要综合协调各项城市功能，安排城市各项用地，组织好交通和安排好各类工程设施，都要研究城市的社会发展，考虑城市的历史文脉等。 可见，它们之间交叉、重叠的领域涵盖了城市建设系统各个方面，两者统一于一个完整的规划过程之中。规划的平面布局图，也是城市设计进行城市三维空间环境塑造的基础依据和前提； 另一方面，对城市空问的塑造与安排，又可反馈回来对平面布局进行完善、补充和调整，从而使两者都趋于更加合理化。反之，城市设计与城市规划脱节，其交又的部分必不能取得统一，出现设计和规划之间改动很大的现象，造成时间、人力、物力、财力多方面的浪费；如果不进行改动，两个不同的方案对于同一城市或同一地块而言在实际中根本无法操作实施，规划设计的方案只能落个“图上画画、墙上挂挂”的结果。当前很多地方都是在还没有进行规划之前，就委托进行“城市设计”，这种没有规划原则指导的“城市设计”最终也只能停留在漂亮的模型和图纸上，很难说有多少现实意义。 另外，从我国的城市规划的实践来看，城市规划和城市设计也一直是融合在一起、互相渗透、密不可分的。我国城市规划的发展可概括为： 本世纪初学欧美，50年代学前苏联，80年代以来学欧美与建构我国城市规划理论并存（60^-70年代断层，无规划）。无论哪个时期，在规划程序上始终以总体规划设计（含分区规划）和详细规划设计进行阶段划分，如果“设计”观念不在全过程体现就无法达到整体效果上的完美。而且，在我国以往的规划实践中，普遍存在着注重物质形态规划、对可行性分析、经济与社会发展方面的研究相对薄弱的问题。对成果的评价也往往是认为图纸画得越漂亮，设计水平就越高；我国现行的规划教育体制仍未能突破形态规划的传统，使得学生对“形体”、“造型”的设计产生偏爱，而缺乏对理论研究的关注和热情。 因此，我国的城市规划无论从实践发展，还是从对规划的认识、规划的过程以及教育体制上，在对形体方面的关注不是提得不够，而是提得过多了，这与西方国家的情况是不一样的，有识之士早就开始呼吁：“超越形态规划”、“少些表现、多些研究”，在这种情况下，如果片面强调城市设计的独立性，很可能是为形体规划论打起了一把保护伞，使我们又回到只注重物质形态规划的老路上去，这一点应引起足够的重视。 “城市规划设计”一词反映了我国城市规划学科发展的历程，规划和设计相结合，反映了我国城市规划工作的特点和实际。对城市功能结构的合理安排布局与对城市空间环境的塑造，是一个完整的城市规划过程中不密不可分的指导城市建设的两个方面，若人为地将其分开，必然产生众多的、难以解决的矛盾。 城市设计只有与城市规划相结合，走一体化的道路，才能充分发挥其空间景观环境塑造的职能，才能真正实现设计价值观从以规划师为主体向以使用者为主体的转变。城市规划应将城市设计作为自己学科领域的一个组成部分。将城市设计纳人统一的城市规划过程，不仅因为它们所处理的内容和对象相接近或者衔接得非常紧密而无法明确划分开来，而且还完善了城市规划对城市社会整体的把握，同时也符合我国城市规划发展的实际。 即使在西方，60 年代以后城市设计的发展也并不是废弃了城市规划，而恰恰是城市规划发展的进一步深化。城市规划工作的重点向两个方向转移：一个是以Zoning为代表的法规文本体系的制定和执行，另一个就是以人为中心，通过城市空间环境塑造提高人们生活空间的环境质量和生活质量的城市设计。只有在这样的背景下，城市设计才有可能获得全面的发展。因此可以说，城市设计与城市规划是一个完整的城市规划过程中紧密结合的两个方面，两者互为条件、相互依存、相辅相承，共同为城市建设服务。只有走城市设计和城市规划一体化的道路，才能兼顾各方面的效益，使城市建设大系统达到最优化。

Settlements Ecological Ereas Design Abstract : ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban settlements. Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, intelligent buildings and building life should be widely Use artificial environment and the natural environment integration. It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies characteristics. Key word: Ecological house design 1 The ecological characteristics of small content Ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban settlements. Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, the widespread application of smart buildings and the construction of life, artificial environment and the natural environment integration. It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies characteristics. Compared with the traditional areas of ecological areas was essentially different from the following features: cohesion D symbiotic ecological areas within the natural and human, human to natural, intimate nature, natural into the residential areas into natural; At the same time, to create the environment to meet human needs of their own development, a human face, full of strong cultural atmosphere, mutual assistance groups have strong attractive, showing a prosperous, vigor and vitality. Area D ecological sustainability guided by sustainable development, and thus it can achieve small social, economic and environmental development, to achieve social and environmental benefits at the same time promoting economic development, and achieve rapid economic growth of high quality; Natural resources as a small public area can be used for a long, long time. Area D is not simply the pursuit of the overall ecological environment or Own prosperity, but also a social, economic, environmental overall coordination among development, nor is a small ecologicalization the ecologicalization, but overall the area of ecological and achieve overall ecological civilization. Therefore, the ecological residential building our cities will gradually change the current building environmental pollution, lack of effective environmental protection unreasonable status quo and achieve energy savings, and section, water conservation, pollution, and the effective management of the property to improve the environment of cities and areas have their own powerful dynamic. 2 Ecological planning content areas (1) Ecological district planning objectives UN Man and the Biosphere Programme No. 57 report pointed out: "It is natural ecological planning ecological and social psychological aspects of the two to create a fully integrated technology and natural human activity optimal environment induced human creativity and productivity in high material and cultural standard of living. "According to this description, We ecological areas can be understood as planning objectives : to ecology "as a whole, coordination, circulation, renewable" principle as a guide, through the promotion of eco-design methodology Habitat improvement of the quality of the environment and people in harmony with the natural, artificial and natural facilities coordination, and achieve small social-economic-natural complex system as a whole to achieve a coordinated and stable, balanced, orderly state of evolution. (2) ecological district planning methods The use of eco laws aiming at sustainable development, to engineering measures and technical means to support the traditional sense small design planning to become a real estate ecological areas to areas of ecological civilization advance the sustainable development of cities. (3) the content of the ecological area planning Including small ecological planning, economic planning and social ecological ecological planning. 1, ecological planning! Green indicators: The indicators are measured Ecological district level building the most important indexes. Green belts (including node and surface) to more than 50%, the per capita public green spaces in more than 28 square meters. Ground water indicators : indicators that the water seepage capacity building bases to minimize concrete coverage, the use of natural drainage systems to facilitate rainwater infiltration, the ideal target is 80% of the surface area of flooding to properties. Water-saving targets the targets for the development of alternative water resources (revenue) and the provincial water apparatus use (cut), as the main water-saving methods. The former refers to the design of residential buildings or use force rain water purification system design, which means that rain, life-pooling processed, the required water quality standards, duplication in the use of non-potable water and non-physical contact with the complex water. Energy conservation targets : to design energy-efficient buildings through air-conditioning systems, lighting, night-ray use, the use of solar energy and other means. CO2 and waste reduction targets : the application of indicators to encourage Qinglianghua architectural structures, such as the use of steel construction to reduce construction sand Stone, brick and other building materials; Promote home simple interior designers, building materials recycling to achieve energy conservation, provincial resources, reduce waste and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Sewage treatment indicators: the former for construction of storm water, sewage diversion pipeline systems, on the one hand facilitate the recycling of rainwater, on the other hand, could reduce the volume of sewage treatment. The latter refers to refuse collection and classification of resources recycling. Green traffic indicators: a clean, suitable for the urban environment, health useful means of transport to complete socio-economic exchanges. According to Taiwan with the use of green transport assessment, foot, bicycle, Light Rail, trams, etc. score 40 or more, and ordinary buses, trucks, motorcycles, scored in the following hours. Therefore, ecological areas green transport planning should encourage residents to use green transport. 2, economic ecological planning! The overall objective is to resource consumption and environmental pollution to the light of the rapid economic growth and cultivating scientific civilization consumption patterns. For this purpose, the application of green technology and green consumption production technology, and gradually change the energy structure, accelerate renewable energy alternative to fossil energy, applications hydropower, wind, biomass, solar and other green energy; Using natural ventilation and natural lighting and reduce energy consumption; In the area of production of green, green consumption. 3, the social ecology planning to enhance the sense of belonging and a small landmark, a center of the square and the charm of the inhabitants frog space; Supporting the establishment of complete, rationally ecological infrastructure, the creation of various age groups to facilitate crowd living environment; Area provide diversity, individuality residential, to ensure that all economic income people and people of various age levels demand; small commercial activities, public services, cultural activities, recreational activities, the center concentrated areas. In short, ecological planning of new residential areas is a concept and a vision for the future of urban targets will be the ideal leisure parks and sustainable urban development trend of the future residential area. It is a magnificent building integrated engineering; we need long-term and unremitting efforts.3、The ecological residential contents Ecological residential has a strict technical standard, developers can not arbitrarily self-styled. Ecological residential demand in the energy and water, gas, sound, light, heat and the green environment, waste disposal, building materials and other aspects of the nine national standards. 1, in the energy system, should avoid multiple pipelines into people's homes, the wall structure of residential energy-efficient design and reversal system and encourage the use of solar, wind, geothermal, maintaining appropriate indoor temperature, indoor temperature in the winter. 2, the system called for the establishment of outdoor aquatic environment sewage reuse rainwater collection system and use the system, indoor and outdoor use of water saving devices, the use of water-saving landscape water systems. 3, gas environment to the secondary system for the outdoor air quality standards, indoor ensure natural ventilation, ventilation ventilation facilities with bathrooms, kitchens have gas emission concentration system to the larger national air quality standards. 4, sound environmental systems, Architectural designs have noise Jiangzao measures for outdoor daytime noise 50dB, less than 40dB noise at night, less than 35dB noise indoor day, night noise less than 30 dB.5, optical environmental systems meet the requirements of interior design sunshine hours, try using natural light; indoor, avoid light pollution, such as glare advertising, curtain walls; indoor application of energy-saving lamps, and promote the use of solar green lighting. 6, ecological residential use has also requested approval of the National Environment Commission approved the award of the environment and surrounded by the signs of building materials to meet the non-toxic, harmless, non-polluting, non-radioactive, non-volatile requirements, the use of 3R (reusable, recyclable use, renewable use) materials. Small green environment is an important theme of ecological residential, while living in the garbage disposal is a major part of a . For residential ecology, ecological areas of life to the full bag of garbage collection, enclosed containers stored the collection rate 100% classification rate of 50%.4、The types and characteristics of the ecological residential (a) the type of ecological residential 1, ecological residential categories : main advocate for the arts in origin, the maximum residential development ecological functional art, and art to such convergence of ecological art to be created as residential to create, whether such residential look from the outside or from within is a piece of art. 2, ecological wisdom categories: ecological wisdom mainly to highlight various features to maximize residential wisdom. Any person living on possible devices capable of providing intelligent services have been placed in the appropriate part, the owner can rely on imagination and simple operation can achieve a special enjoyment. 3, in addition to other types of more! Species, there are eco-religious groups, lived a primitive tribal group, and some of the ecological category, ecological deficit tribunal Residential category. (2) the ecological health of the residential characteristics Ecological residential called "health residential." Not only ecological residential green, and from the planning point of view, the overall ecological area layout, monomer space portfolio, housing construction, natural energy use, energy efficiency measures, green systems and life support services in the design, must be to improve and enhance the ecological environment, the quality of life as a starting point and the goal. Moreover, in actual design, layout on the green level, style and building mutual shine; Focus on different aspects of the complementary integration of plants, such as, inter ordinary plants, flowers and trees to watch, leafy trees, edible fruit trees, medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation; Green throughout the area to play while the other deeper ecological role, such as insulation, wind-proof, dust-proof and anti-noise, the elimination of poison material, adult bacterial virus, or even elimination from the visual sensory and mental fatigue, psychological role. And the housing construction, will consider the ecological and social ecology needs to save energy, to occupants of natural space and interpersonal needs. Ecological residential to health conscious. Real estate not to sell land for the ultimate goal, nor is selling steel, cement house for the ultimate purpose is not to sell the concept and the environment as the ultimate goal, but to create a line with the development of human society and human needs of a healthy and civilized new home for the final goal. It can be said that real estate is selling a lifestyle, a subculture is sold, the sale of a new society and a new trend. Owners as a community, to really enjoy the community healthy and civilized new life, is not only reflected in the design of the real estate business, not only in the real estate area matching hardware facilities, but on community service software, people really enjoy the physical and mental pleasure. This is a healthy and civilized into the home.5、Ecological design and construction of residential Since China's reform and opening up, economic development has made remarkable achievements, but at the same time was accompanied by a waste of resources and environmental pollution. Since the backward production technologies, our average construction energy is developed 2~3 times, pollution was also very serious, our cities were the World Health Organization as a "serious pollution" in cities. Real estate development and use of a large consumption of resources, produce large quantities of industrial waste. To people hygiene, health, comfortable living, and environmental protection must be put in an important position. (1) The full use of solar energy Solar energy is the most important green energy is inexhaustible, widespread natural energy, and its advantage is extremely rich, clean, safe and cheap. Currently, the use of solar energy in residential areas, there are three main areas : solar water heaters, solar air conditioning and solar cells. According to information on, for the installation of a 300 year by the solar hot water massage central hot water system will require an investment of about 15 million, the annual energy cost about 80,000 yuan, 2a can recover the full investment, and solar water heating systems for 15~20a useful life, then the costs of energy-saving equipment on the high 100~140 million. In recent decades, many countries are active in research, development, the use of solar energy, and achieved encouraging results. The most notable of which Australia and Israel, the prevalence of solar water heaters are 30% and 50%. Our research and development of solar late, and achieved certain results, but only about 6% coverage, and development is uneven and more concentrated in the western region, the highest rate of Yunnan, 10%. My solar abundant sunshine hours for 2500h years, the region accounted for more than 2/3 land area, some areas up to 3000h. This use of solar energy for the development of our country provided a good condition. With scientific and technological progress, the scope will be broader use of solar energy and energy conversion efficiency will be higher. (2) rational use of water resources My country is a lack of water in some places, on the one hand, serious water shortages, on the other hand, wasted. Water is the key measures or "new." Residents primarily drinking water consumption and use, including restaurants use about 5% of total consumption, while the remaining 95% for washing, sewage. In the residential area, according to applications of A, B two water systems. A system specifically for drinking water (including milk, river, village, cooking). The system must be consistent with the water clean water drinking water standards. B system exclusively for the use of water. The water system should be recycling. Household will tell, laundry, water and roofing rain, the ground water within a reservoir, filtration, purification, decontamination of physical, chemical processing, and then imported household "use water" for washing, car washing, forestation, features, flushing, sewage and other use. Water cycle use of the system can save a lot of water. (3) Planning for with the fast-paced economic development, land resources have diminished. Residential areas on the section to the problem, from three aspects 1, the volume of control at a reasonable level, not lower ;2, garage or into the overhead to the construction of three-dimensional multi-storey car park or underground, semi-underground car park ;3, with the section from the energy into two factors, are advised to the construction of multi-storey and high-level incomparable data small apartment, control building door independence households alone villa, particularly yard, beautiful landscape "auspicious treasure-house" should not build luxury villas and private gardens for a handful of people enjoy, and the construction of small parks and other public facilities should be for public enjoyment. (4) strong rectification, the promotion of environmental protection Housing construction and use of the existence of environmental problems. Contaminated environment harms human health, which is well known reason. On the environmental pollution problems in the past only to "waste" (waste, emissions, waste residue) pollution, and now increased pollution and light pollution and sound content. This is the realistic situation. There are problems that electromagnetic pollution. With the improvement of people's living conditions, household appliances and usage is also increasing coverage, electromagnetic pollution has emerged, and the growing tendency. The content of this proposal into water plans and measures.6、Concluding remarks China Environmental Sciences Professor Xia Qing, a real sense of ecological residential areas should be from the design, construction until use, abandoned throughout the life cycle are harmless to the environment, not simply of little grass. Because many of the latest technologies and building materials to be used, in order to build refuse and water treatment devices, the general real estate developers simply can not bear. Now these may be environmental residential advance, but it is our residential development direction.