乱世佳人国外研究现状论文

电影《乱世佳人》赏析：《GONE WITH THE WIND》在中国的翻译有两个版本：《乱世佳人》和《飘》。我比较喜欢后者，正如电影开始时打出了一行字幕：A civilization has gone with the wind.一个文明是随风而飘的，最终是要飘散的；一个人的命运是随风而飘的，最终也会飘散。其实又岂只是一个文明的飘散，随着文明飘散的是，无数个生命个体，一代人，一代人的梦想，一代人的生活方式。就像是面对一个终极的目标——死亡——一样，你是选择清醒而悲观空虚地活下去，还是抛开这终极的目标盲目地积极活下去；在一个文明消逝之后，你是选择在缅怀中活下去，还是抛弃过去，从新开始。在电影中，给出了几种选择。灰色的模糊轮廓阿希礼是一个注定应该过一种富庶安宁的生活的人，否则就是一个悲剧。他见不得任何清晰的事物：鲜艳的色彩刺痛他的眼睛，清晰的线条刮伤他的皮肤。相反，平静单调的生活、沉静纤弱的妻子，由想象勾勒出来的音乐和文学，这些模糊的形象却带给了他安全感，他太习惯它们了，柔和、缥缈。但是，一声炮响，一个士兵的倒下，一座建筑的崩塌都以清晰而血腥的画面刺激着他柔弱的神经。他很清楚的意识到世界已经变了，这于他毫无改变，只能加深他的悲剧。并不是他没有能力去应付即将到来的世界，只是他不敢面对的态度削弱了他在新的文明下生存的能力。其实阿希礼并不能算是他所怀念的那个文明的最好代表。如果一个文明只以一种享受的姿态出现，而没有踏实的实干，就像一个海市蜃楼，这样的文明是没有存活的资格与魅力。我认为在此电影中这个文明的真正代表是奥哈拉太太和玫兰妮，她们既有修养地悠闲地生活又能勇敢的面对困难。这才是这个文明真正的意义与魅力之所在。阿希礼充其量只不过是继承了文明的表象，享受这个文明经过漫长的奋斗后的成果，却没有记住与继承这个文明在早期开发的阶段所表现出来的勇敢的性格魅力。他天生就是懦弱的，被道德束缚的他还是可以在新的文明下生活下去，但是其内心潜藏着巨大的恐惧与厌恶，也就是说，他永远也不能融入那个文明当中。后来也证明他不能使妻儿过上很好的生活，他没有能力在那个满是残酷丑陋的竞争生存下来。阿希礼在战争的残酷现实的逼迫下，渐渐明白他所处的文明已经没有生存下去的可能了 ：它没有可以抵御他人进攻的现代化设施，却满怀为国牺牲的雄心与对现实情况的无知与狂妄；只既希望于与欧洲的棉花贸易帮助自己取得胜利，却不知道世界正被一场新的革命所改变着。战争不是最可怕的，它只是消磨你的生命，个体的意志；战争之后的价值观的侵略才却是对过去的整个文明的颠覆。阿希礼有明确的历史观，能够看清历史发展的脉络，却没有勇气去正视历史的前进的规律。他不够资格代表一个灿烂过的文明，却完完全全把自己交给了那个文明。一旦此文明飘散，他的精神也随之崩塌，靠道德维持的生命只是一具没有生气的躯壳。在现实当中太多阿希礼这样的人，看清现实，只能徒增他们人生的悲剧色彩，这样的人是真正的弱者。而阿希礼的懦弱就是体现在自己的理想与庇护消逝后的选择，既然选择了就必须承担。其实阿希礼完全可以通过自杀来解脱自己，但是，他太把自己归类到那个文明当中，受到文明中的价值观、人生观、伦理道德、社会习俗的限制。他最终陷入了必须用死的意志来支撑活的躯体，活的职责的困境。他不能怨那个文明，而是自己没有理解那个文明，没有超脱于那个文明。猩红的粗线条斯佳丽（Scarlet）本意就是热烈的猩红色，但是却让她配上了象征希望的绿色。这本就不矛盾，只是色彩太鲜明，轮廓太清晰。她这根粗红的线条注定要在历史中留下她明显而深刻的一笔。她就是电影的主角，她就是被歌颂的对象，她就是电影给予我们关于选择的答案：抛弃过去，不顾一切的为了生存，就算是一个外表柔弱、从小娇惯的女人，因为除了自己没有人是真正的庇护；勇敢地担起你应担起的责任，因为责任只会降临在能担起它的人身上。她就是内战后美国所宣扬与崇拜的女性形象——独立、自由。塔拉（或者说那片红色而肥沃的土地）就是“生存”的象征，而斯佳丽对塔拉的热爱与占有就是对 “求生”的欲望。玫兰妮的死亡与瑞特的离去就象征着她没有了依靠，以后的路将由她独自地走下去。现在的世界上，还有好多并没有达到没有美国如此经济发达的程度的国家中的女性也正在走着这条路，崇尚个人主义、自由主义、拜金主义。“生存”是人类在世上最重要也是最基本的任务，只有满足了这个要求，人类才有精力把生活弄得更有意义。到电影结束，斯佳丽应该算是确保了生存，并且过得很好。可是，人生就是为了有钱，有房子，不受饿受冻这些物资条件的？盲从于生计的奔波，貌似充实的人生真的就是如此有意义，如此值得我们去效仿？斯佳丽一生也没有明白一个道理：人生的标准一旦降低了就再也不能回到原来。当她面对战争，以及战争失败后的混乱，一步一步从一个娇惯的小姐成长为一个坚强而独立的女人时，她就已经抛弃了她母亲教导，抛弃了宗教信仰，也就是抛弃了已逝的那个文明，抛弃的所有她认为阻碍她向前走的障碍（人或者事物）：她可以不顾社会习俗而作为一个女人经营木厂，也可以不顾伦理道德而雇佣犯人。这个世界已经没有什么可以让她感到恐惧，但这并不一定是一件好事。之后她并没有真正融入到一个新的文明中去，她看不惯那些北佬，看不惯他们攫取金钱的贪婪与粗俗。因为她认为自己不同于他们，有一种优越感，一种已逝文明给予她的有教养的优越感（但她不知道给予她优越感的文明已被她遗忘，留在她身上的只是惯性存在的躯壳），使她产生了一个幻想：只要她赚取了足够多的钱，她就能宽容地对待别人，尤其是弱者，而她将使一个过一种舒适生活、又受到人尊敬的高贵女人。先不说她自己性格上本身那中“藐视弱者，争做强者”的态度不允许她这样；战争的经历，原有生活的破碎，让她作出了抛弃过去、不顾一切向前走的选择——她开始变得自私，惟利是图，过去的生活在她现在的生活中的印迹越来越淡，她的生活标准已经降到维持生存的地步，虽然她对她的亲人承担了巨大的责任，虽然她也想要爱情，但是让自己顺利的生存下去的愿望萦绕在她的心头，左右着她的行为。她变成了个人英雄主义、自由主义、反传统主义的代表。其实这本是一个顺理成章的事：当战争结束后，富庶、平静的生活一去不复返，人们都变成了连温饱都难以支撑，也就理所应当的要靠自己的劳动去建立另一个家园，缅怀过去并不能养活自己；而那些倍受绅士们保护的淑女们再也不能享受过去的生活时，既然怀念它不能让它复活，剩下的唯一的路就是往前走。但是斯佳丽从来没有想到，她除了生存就再也没有别的精神寄托：她抛弃了母亲的教导，抛弃无法继续下去的文明，以及文明中的信仰与宗教；她看透了自己不是爱阿希礼的，阿希礼对她已经没有先前的诱惑了；她也并不是一定要瑞特的爱与帮助，她更爱土地；她最后终于明白了玫兰妮是她联结过去的纽带，她对于自己有多重要，但是她死了。这就是她什么也不怕的后果，什么支撑也没有了。金钱是不能支撑一个人走完一生的。但是，有一个问题：可以就这样努力地生存下去，过一辈子吗？既然原来的文明会消散，就不能保证取代它的现行的文明不会消散。即便我们无法预料到它的终结时间，终结的命运却是不可避免的。一旦“生存”这个欲望满足了，一旦被“生存”主宰的这个文明消散了，斯佳丽的选择无疑就是一种低级的选择，而这种选择将被新的文明所取代。我想，新的文明也许是一种要求人文，要求伦理道德规范，要求精神满足的文明。但是，以后呢？以后将是什么文明呢？无从知道，只是就如“A civilization has gone with the wind”中的“A”随时可以换成一个“The”。以后将有更加先进的文明取代它。历史的进程就是由一个个文明推向前的。完美的对称我认为在电影中，玫兰妮是那个已经逝去的文明的真正代表：既宽容、沉静、纯洁、知性，又能勇敢的面对困难，捍卫自己的朋友。就像是一个完美的雕塑，刚柔相济；就像是一幅画，理性与感性的结合。她喜欢文学，喜欢音乐，她对过去的生活缅怀，在阿希礼的心目中是一根柔和的线条，一个模糊的身影；她可以为了朋友而拿起沉重的剑，她敢于为维护正义而反对文明当中的权威的代表，她可以为了生存而努力劳动，她就是斯佳丽奋斗中的忠实战友。是她联系了这两个文明，用自己的人格与行为来纪念着过去，极大地安慰了那些对过去怀念的人；用自己的勇气与气度，包容着开始新生活的人，给予他们理解与支持。在文明的消逝面前，她选择了继续向前，却又深深地把过去文明的精华烙在心里。但是，在电影的最后，她却死了，也就意味着那个文明的完全消散了，随之而来的将是一种新的文明的统治，个人主义、拜金主义的泛滥。即便她最后不是因为难产而死，她也不会活得很幸福。战争结束后，过去文明的消逝不是确定与否的问题，而是时间长短的问题。我们人性的土壤是养不活像玫兰妮这样本应生活毫无私欲的天堂的花朵。在电影中安排这样一个角色，只是代表着一种回忆与理想，既是对灿烂过的文明的回忆，也是对即将到来的文明的希冀。影片中阿希礼、斯佳丽、玫兰妮在文明消逝的面前作出了不同的选择，也就意味着不同的命运，但是他们不论选择如何都有一个共同点，就是他们都是淹没在一种文明之下的，他们的命运就像历史长河中的文明一样，最终都会随风飘散，因为没有一个确定的文明个体是可以永存的。从一个文明跳入到另一个文明，也避免不了这样的命运。但是，好在每一个生命个体都是长河中小小的一滴，在这长河中有无数的水滴分享着同样的命运。看透后，也许会开阔些！

《飘》（Gone With The Wind）是一部出版于1936年的美国小说，作者为玛格丽特·米契尔，在1937年获得普利兹奖。这本小说是其作者活着时出版的唯一一部作品，但它成了美国史上最为畅销的小说之一Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell (November 8, 1900 – August 16, 1949) was an American author, who won the Pulitzer Prize in 1937 for her novel Gone with the Wind. The novel is one of the most popular books of all time, selling more than 30 million copies (see list of best-selling books). An American film adaptation, released in 1939, became the highest-grossing film in the history of Hollywood, and received a record-breaking ten Academy Awards. She has been honored by the United States Postal Service with a 1￠ Great Americans series postage stamp.Early lifeMargaret Mitchell was born in Atlanta, Georgia to Eugene Mitchell, a lawyer, and Mary Isabelle, much referred to as Maybell, a suffragist of Irish Catholic origin. Mitchell's brother, Stephens, was four years her senior. Her childhood was spent in the laps of Civil War veterans and of her maternal relatives, who had lived through the Civil War.[citation needed]After graduating from Washington Seminary (now The Westminster Schools), she attended Smith College, but withdrew during her freshman year in 1918. She returned to Atlanta to take over the household after her mother's death earlier that year from the great Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.Shortly afterward, she defied the conventions of her class and times by taking a job at the Atlanta Journal. Under the name Peggy Mitchell she wrote a weekly column for the newspaper's Sunday edition, thereby making her mark as one of the first female columnists at the South's largest newspaper. Mitchell's first professional writing assignment was an interview with an Atlanta socialite, whose couture-buying trip to Italy was interrupted by the Fascist takeover.[citation needed]Mitchell married Berrien “Red” Upshaw in 1922, but they were divorced after it was revealed that he was a bootlegger and an abusive alcoholic. She later married Upshaw's friend, John Marsh, on July 4, 1925; Marsh had been best man at her first wedding and legend has it that both men courted Mitchell in 1921 and 1922, but Upshaw proposed first.[citation needed]She is also the distant cousin to famous gunfighter/dentist, Doc Holliday, who participated in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. It is also thought that she modeled Ashley Wilkes, a main character in Gone with the Wind, after Holliday.OccupationUsing Mitchell's scrapbooks from the Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library at the University of Georgia, editor Patrick Allen collected 64 of the columns Mitchell considered her best work. They were published in 2000 under the title Margaret Mitchell, Reporter.[1]Her portraits and personality sketches in particular show a promise of her skill to portray the kind of characters who made Gone With the Wind the second best-selling book, next to the Bible, at the time of publication.[dubious – discuss][2] Even as a supposedly neutral reporter, her irrepressible personality shines through. This collection of Mitchell's journalism transcends fact-gathering, showing Mitchell as a young woman and providing a compelling snapshot of life in the Jazz Age South.Writing Gone with the WindMitchell is reported to have begun writing bedridden with a broken ankle. The house where Mitchell lived while writing her manuscript is known today as The Margaret Mitchell House and located in Midtown Atlanta. A museum dedicated to Gone with the Wind lies a few miles north of Atlanta, in Marietta, Georgia. It is called "Scarlett On the Square", as it is located on the historic Marietta Square. It houses costumes from the film, screenplays, and many artifacts from Gone With the Wind including Mitchell's collection of foreign editions of her book. The house and the museum are major tourist destinationsPublicationMitchell lived as a modest Atlanta newspaperwoman until a visit from Macmillan editor Harold Latham, who visited Atlanta in 1935.[3] Latham was scouring the South for promising writers, and Mitchell agreed to escort him around Atlanta at the request of her friend, Lois Cole, who worked for Latham. Latham was enchanted with Mitchell, and asked her if she had ever written a book. Mitchell demurred. "Well, if you ever do write a book, please show it to me first!" Latham implored. Later that day, a friend of Mitchell, having heard this conversation, laughed. "Imagine, anyone as silly as Peggy writing a book!" she said. Mitchell stewed over this comment, went home, and found most of the old, crumbling envelopes containing her disjointed manuscript. She arrived at The Georgian Terrace Hotel, just as Latham prepared to depart Atlanta. "Here," she said, "take this before I change my mind!"[citation needed]Latham bought an extra suitcase to accommodate the giant manuscript. When Mitchell arrived home, she was horrified over her impetuous act, and sent a telegram to Latham: "Have changed my mind. Send manuscript back."[citation needed] But Latham had read enough of the manuscript to realize it would be a blockbuster. He wrote to her of his thoughts about its potential success. MacMillan soon sent her a check in advance to encourage her to complete the novel — she had not composed a first chapter. She completed her work in March 1936.Herschel Brickell, a famous literary critic for the New York Evening Post, reviewed Mitchell's book in an article titled " “Margaret Mitchell’s First Novel, ‘Gone With the Wind,’ a Fine Panorama of the Civil War Period.” His review helped launch Mitchell's career by calling attention to what would become one of the best novels of the Southern Renaissance. Over time, Brickell and Mitchell became extremely close; much of their correspondence has been published and is available in the archives at the University of Mississippi. Brickell was also a correspondent, friend, and adviser to other southern writers including Eudora Welty, Truman Capote, William Alexander Percy, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Zora Neale Hurston, Stark Young and Allen Tate.[4]Gone With the Wind was published on June 30, 1936. The book was dramatized by David O. Selznick, and released three years later. The premiere of the film was held in Atlanta on December 15, 1939.Gone with the Wind was such an overnight success that its publisher George Platt Brett, President of Macmillan Publishing, gave all its employees an 18% bonus in 1936.DeathMitchell was struck by a speeding automobile as she crossed Peachtree Street at 13th Street with her husband, John Marsh, on her way to see the British film A Canterbury Tale at The Peachtree Art Theatre in August 1949. She died at Grady Hospital five days later without regaining consciousness. The driver, Hugh Gravitt, was an off-duty taxi driver. He was driving his personal vehicle at the time, but his occupation led to many erroneous references over the years to Mitchell’s having been struck by a taxi. After the accident, Gravitt was arrested for drunken driving and released on a $5,450 bond until Mitchell's death several days later. Georgia Gov. Herman Talmadge announced that the state would tighten regulations for licensing taxi drivers.Gravitt was later convicted of involuntary manslaughter and served 11 months in prison. His conviction was controversial because witnesses said Mitchell stepped into the street without looking, and her friends claimed she often did this.She was buried in Oakland Cemetery in Atlanta. 1936 original cover of Gone with the WindAuthor Margaret MitchellCountry United StatesLanguage EnglishGenre(s) Historical fiction, Romance, Drama, NovelPublisher Macmillan PublishersPublication date May 1936Media type Print (hardcover and paperback)Pages 1037 (first edition)1024 (Warner Books paperback)ISBN ISBN 0-446-36538-6 (Warner)OCLC Number 28491920Followed by Scarlett作者 玛格丽特·米契尔出版地 美国语言 英文类型 历史小说出版者 Macmillan 出版商出版日期 1936年6月30日媒介 图书页数 1037页（首版）1024页（平装版，华纳出版社）ISBN ISBN 0446365386 （华纳出版社）