呼啸山庄的论文参考文献

从文学空间的角度试析《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳的个性摘 要：世界名著《呼啸山庄》这部小说历来得到文学研究者与爱好者的充分关注批评，一百多年来掀起阵阵研究热潮，颇受关注，本文章从不同的批评视野，采用不同的批评方式，解析这一经典名著，本文试从文学空间的视角来解读女主人公凯瑟琳独特的复杂个性。关键词：《呼啸山庄》；文学空间；女主人公；个性。A Brief Analysis of the Hero Catherine in Wuthering Heights from the Perspective of Space in Literary MeaningCHENG Ming-xiaAbstract: The world famous novel Wuthering Heights has received enough attention and review from the researchers and lovers ofliterature. It has unfolded a vigorous campaign for making researches on it from time to time during more than one hundred years.Various articles analyzed this classic novel from different visions and ways. This paper tries to dig out the positive and negativeaspects of Catherine’s character.Key words: Wuthering Heights; space of literary meaning; heroin; character.1《呼啸山庄》是艾米莉•勃朗特独具创造性的小说,其气势磅礴、充满激情，出版后一直被人认为是英国文学史上一部“ 最奇特的小说”,是一部神秘莫测的怪书，原因在于它一反同时代作品普遍存在的伤感主义情调, 而以强烈的爱、狂暴的恨及由之而起的无情的报复, 取代了低沉的伤感和忧郁,具有震撼人心的艺术力量，毫无愧色地奠定了她在英国及世界文坛上的重要地位。2戴维•塞西尔说:“在维多利亚时代的小说中,《呼啸山庄》是唯一一部没有(即使是部分地)被时间的尘土遮没光辉的。”自发表以来，评论界从未停止过对这部作品的关注。历代批评家对《呼啸山庄》有着不同的批评视野,并采用不同的批评方式（如传记式、心理分析式、女性主义分析及神话原型批评式等）进行了分析,每一种批评方式都有其解读方式。而我们则试从文学空间的角度评析小说中主人公凯瑟琳的个性。空间既可因被视为具体的物质形式而被标示、被分析、被解释，同时又是精神的建构，是关于空间及其生活意义表征的观念形态。列斐伏尔第一空间认识论,此一思维方式的认识对象主要是感知的、物质的空间，第一空间认识论偏重于客观性和物质性...包括人与自然的关系...。对于一种文本文学空间可以从两个层面上来阅读：一是空间分析的原始方法，就对象进行集中的准确的描绘，一是移师外围，主要在社会、心理和生物物理过程中来阐释空间。文学空间的地域描写意味深长，远远超出其统计学上的意义，不单纯反映外部客观世界，文学空间展示了一种生动有机的地域文化身份，它包括自然空间、社会空间和心理空间。艾米莉不遗余力地描写呼啸山庄和画眉山庄乡野景观和乡野生活方式，她其实是在叙写主人公的生存空间——自然空间、社会空间和心理空间，烘托主人公形象、刻画主人公的性格。3小说中的主要人物希斯克利夫 (Heathcliff) 这个名字由Heath 和Cliff 两部分组成,Heath 意为荒地, 尤指石楠荒地;Cliff 指的是悬崖峭壁。Heathcliff 这个名字就体现并加强了希斯克利夫这个人物桀骜不驯、狂野暴烈的性格。呼啸山庄(Wuthering Heights) 和画眉田庄(Thrushcross Grange) 这两个名字,一则生动地呈现了希斯克利夫、林敦等居住的截然不同的自然环境,二则体现了生活在这两个地方的人物完全不同的人物性格。因此,这些富有空间感的名字大大地加强了对人物的刻画。4 艾米莉通过对呼啸山庄和画眉山庄这两个主人公感情纠葛的主要文学空间的对比描写, 刻画了两类个性相反的人物——暴风雨式的和风平浪静的。呼啸山庄位于荒野高地之上, 常年经受风吹雨打,呼啸是当地的方言, 即风啸雨吼, 它是原始、自然、野性、狂暴的生存空间，代表着暴风雨似的陈明霞：从文学空间角度试析《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳的个性生活，而主人公个性狂野、又如烈火般富有激情、桀骜不驯,喜怒哀乐溢于言表。与此相对应的画眉山庄座落于鸟语花香的山谷, 这样平静、文明、理性的生存空间给主人以豪华、舒适、高贵、典雅的生活， 那儿的人们柔弱温顺、举止文雅,敏感被动，较为自制和理智。处于两个世界的卡瑟琳就象是月光交织闪电、冰霜糅合火焰, 其内心的巨大冲突和矛盾借助于这一外在自然力空间的叙写得以现。5小说中女主人公凯瑟琳是一个复杂, 难以捉磨的人物,“ 宛如来自其它星球”她不仅自始至终联系着希思克利夫这一复仇的灵魂，而且是全书的关键所在。6 孩童时的凯瑟琳在呼啸山庄这个原始封闭的世界里生活, 我们看到的, 是她身上与大自然浑然一体的原始天性,单纯、善良、野性、顽劣是她性格中最本质最原始的一面：“ 再说，我相信她的心眼儿到底是不坏的；她一旦把你当真弄得哭出来，她很少不陪你一起哭闹的，让你不得不制住了哭反而去安慰她。” [1]当希思克利夫被欣德利关起来后, 凯瑟琳食不下咽, “ 脸蛋涨得通红, 泪水从上面滚滚而下”。凯瑟琳除了单纯善良、天真无邪外，浑身上下还洋溢着与山庄一样的野性与顽劣：呼啸山庄从头到尾是乡土气息的，它带着荒原色彩, 野性, 像石南的根一样虬结多节。同龄的女孩子们都在玩布娃娃的时候, 凯瑟琳却以骑马为乐。父亲去利物浦前问孩子们要什么礼物时, “那时她才只六岁，可是马房的马儿没有哪匹她骑不上去，她便提出要一根马鞭子”。[2]“她一天里也不止五十次地把我们招惹地按捺不住。从她起身下楼直到上床睡觉，我们没有一分钟拿得稳她不会淘气捣蛋。”[3]“在一起玩儿的时候，她最得意的是扮小主妇，差遣她的同伴，打起人来，出手可快呢。”[4]“她最快乐的时候就是我们一起赶去骂她，让她摆出一副满不在乎的神气，用一张难不倒的利嘴来跟我们周旋应付。”[5]呼啸山庄里, 一年到头都流动着清新的空气。特别是在风雪肆虐的天气里, 那狂风怒吼的情景让人惊心动魄。凯瑟琳最爱的游戏场所就是大自然。因为大自然符合了她的天性,大自然也让她那激情、自由、奔放以及一种不含杂质的野性美的性情得到了更好的发挥。凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫黄昏时刻荒野赛跑的情景足以彰显其自由奔放、激情十足的性情：“我们（凯瑟琳和希斯克利）从山庄的高顶往下冲，一口气奔到他们的林苑；这一场赛跑，凯瑟琳可完全比输了，因为她是光着两只脚呢。明天你得到沼地找鞋子。我们从一个破篱笆里钻了进去，沿着园路一路摸索，来到宅子外面......”[6]呼啸山庄是美丽生动的：“山上吹来的每一股气息都是如此洋溢着生命，仿佛无论谁吸进了它，即使是气息奄奄的人，也会复活起来。”“轻柔的暖风，和煦的阳光，还有快溶化的雪”以及“天是蓝的，百灵在歌唱，小河小溪都涨满了水__风吹得这么惬意”“山谷里那涨满了的水溪传来的潺潺流水声，非常悦耳，这美妙的声音代替了现在还没有到来的夏日树叶簌簌声，等到树上生了果子，这声音就湮没了田庄附近的那种音乐。呼啸山庄附近，在风雪或雨季之后的平静日子里，这小溪总是这样响着的。”这些描述展现了生动美好的大自然，在这人间乐园凯瑟琳找到了许多开怀的乐趣。“他们（凯瑟琳和希斯克利）最大的乐趣就是两人一块儿一清早就奔到荒原上去玩一整天，至于事后的惩罚变得无非是让他们好笑的事儿罢了......只消两个人聚到了一块儿，他们立刻把什么都忘了——至少当他们想出了一个什么调皮捣蛋的报复的计划时，就什么都记不得了。”[7]在那漫无边际,长满各种野草的、广袤粗犷、狂风呼啸的荒原里, 他们俩一同嬉戏, 一同疯狂，他们自由奔放、野性粗犷。7然而，呼啸山庄并不总是宁静、温柔、友善的，它有冷峻、冷酷、狂野的一面，是有喜怒哀乐各种情绪和脾气的。作者在说明呼啸山庄名称由来之时写到：呼啸是一个意味深长的内地形容词，形容这个地方在风暴的天气里所受的气压骚动。气压骚动、风暴的狂野和凯瑟琳的火药桶脾气是同型的。山庄上突显的空间标志是瘦削的荆棘,过度倾斜的矮小的枞树,混杂的天空和群山,使人窒息的大雪；山庄外面是一望无际的灰暗的荒原,山庄里面则因为缺少光线而显得昏暗阴郁。荆棘、枞树、雪、雾......这样和生命相通的自然空间的描写让我们感觉到凯瑟琳的任性执拗、坚韧顽强；“那一排瘦削的荆棘都向着一个方向，伸展枝条，仿佛在向太阳乞讨温暖...” 我们仿佛看到她对生命曙光的渴望、对爱情的执着顽强——象原始生命力那样不可摧毁。当凯瑟琳得知心灵的朋友希斯克利夫愤然离开了呼啸山庄时，有一段生动的暴风雨的描写, 震撼灵魂 ，映射出凯瑟琳恰如闪电火焰般的脾性。“象千军万马般的狂风暴雨降落到山庄上来了, 只听得又是风吼, 又是雷轰, 接着一声巨响, 宅子一角的一株大树倒下来了——也不知是狂风吹折的还是遭了雷劈；那粗大的树枝压在屋顶上，把东边的烟囱打开了一个大缺口，砖石、煤灰，哗啦啦地落到了厨房间的炉灶里。”[8] 作者以自然界的狂风暴雨来衬托卡瑟琳内心的巨大悲痛，卡瑟琳心中的恐惧、悔恨及矛盾心理外化为自然界的狂风暴雨, 暴风雨及轰然巨响的雷声又应合了卡瑟琳原始、狂暴的性格。在此，任何言语和行动在自然力的的描写面前都会变得苍白无力，因为“荒野的重要意义用冷冰冰的逻辑语言是不能表现出来的(这并不意味着它是不合逻辑的)。”艾米莉借用大自然之力来表达人性中那些巨大的沉睡的激情。[9]费吉妮亚•伍尔芙说“艾米莉和夏洛蒂她们笔下的风景, 她们笔下的荒原, 她们笔下快人的夏日绿野, 都不是用来点缀一页沉闷乏味的文字,或卖弄作者观察力的装饰品——它们饱含着情绪, 显示了全书的主旨。”[10]《呼啸山庄》中文学景观的描写不仅仅作为背景而存在，不仅仅提供某种客观的地理知识，而且它还提供某种情感的呼应，另一方面还烘托人物形象、揭示人物的性格。8如果说在呼啸山庄凯瑟琳与自然空间达到物我统一的境界，她的性格是原始单纯、自由奔放、野性粗犷、激情热烈；那么在画眉山庄这个资产阶级文明、理性所规范的社会空间里，她又有怎样的个性呢？我们不妨把故事发生的空间切换到画眉庄。9当凯瑟琳第一次来到画眉山庄时,就被这里安详、文雅、富足的生活方式深深地吸引住了。“我们两个站在垫脚的石盆上，手扒着窗台，都能够直望进室内；而我们看见的是——啊，真是美哪！——出色的房间，铺着大红的地毯，椅子、桌子铺着大红的绣布；纯白的天花板，围着金边，玻璃吊灯上的玻璃坠子像下雨般从中央的银链子上挂下来，闪烁着一支支柔软的小蜡烛。”[11] 当她走进林敦家那金碧辉煌的大客厅时,她的人格精神和力量显示出了她性格的另一面——虚荣。她发觉自己无法抗拒画眉田庄里优雅生活的吸引,背弃了自己野性粗犷的真正本性,为了那尘世浮华,她嫁给了文雅殷勤的林敦,因为嫁给希斯克利夫会降低她的身份。10克朗指出，对小说空间的描写不光是故事和情节从中展开的一个场景，同样也表现了关于社会和生活的信念。文学空间有地理空间、精神空间和社会空间之分，社会空间更是一张纷繁复杂的大网，不同的社会阶层构筑了不同的阶级观念、价值关念，甚至风土人情、社会心理，它形成一个牢固的堡垒，界限分明，人处在社会之中，必然要受到社会意识的影响和束缚，而个人的自我追求和情感追求往往要受到社会意识的阻碍。凯瑟琳生活在世俗等级观念横行的社会，这样的社会讲究的是身份和地位。在画眉山庄，空间经验的转移使她的价值观和生活的信念发生了巨大的变化，她无法抵御资产阶级的文明和理性的诱惑, 上流社会的生活激发了她强烈的虚荣心和名利欲：在见识了画眉山庄的教养和礼仪之后, 对自己粗鲁的行为也产生了羞耻感， 想要改变自己的行为举止, 让自己尽可能看起来斯文有礼, 暂且隐藏作为地域文化身份的野性, 在外人面前扮成一个举止高雅的淑女, 在呼啸山庄才舒展出自己野性, 不可驯服的一面。久而久之,这种不断变脸的行为形成了她的双重人格。

】：《呼啸山庄》已被公认为世界文学史中的经典之作。长期以来,她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜,人们视作者为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。《呼啸山庄》男主人公希斯克利夫的心灵世界谜团重重,情感汹涌起伏,许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究,得出了不同的结论。 本文运用弗洛伊德精神分析学中“防御机制”的理论来解析和阐释希斯克利夫的内心世界及其在小说中的作用,同时着力探讨希斯克利夫的心理活动,及其对其他人物和小说结局的影响。本文分为五个部分：绪论、主体(三个章节)及结论。 “绪论”部分简要论述了艾米莉·勃朗特的生平、创作、《呼啸山庄》的批评史,并着力论述了国内外相关文献的基本观点、本文的批评视角及其理论。 第一章主要从内外两个方面来探讨希斯克利夫心理防御机制的形成：作为外部因素的维多利亚时期的社会、文化氛围,与作为内部因素的主人公自身的苦难经历。两种因素合谋,决定了希斯克利夫的防御机制,其基本特点就是一旦受到侮辱,即刻进行报复。第二章仔细分析了希斯克利夫心理防御机制的表现形式：没有其他发泄途径时,否认、压抑、复仇等就都成了他防御机制的作用方式。第三章进一步阐释了希斯克利夫心理防御机制与其悲剧的关系,认为他的悲剧是其另一个自我(凯瑟琳)的死亡及其心理防御机制的崩溃的必然结果。 最后,“结论”部分指出希斯克利夫的悲剧源自其心理防御机制的畸形发展,及这类机制在敌人不存在时表现出的疯狂。可以说,希斯克利夫的疯狂和死亡是艾米莉无意识中对爱情的忧虑的外化。

The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.