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骆驼非洲

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你可以从以下几点着手: 一.餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.

262 评论

我来打包带走

中英餐桌礼仪文化差异餐桌是一个非常好的平台,可以很好地加进彼此的了解,增进双方的关系,但是在双方初次见面或者半熟不熟的情况下,礼仪就显得非常重要,尤其是在正式的场合中。在中国和英国的餐桌上,首先食物和餐具就有很大的不同;其次不一样的是人们的仪态与餐桌的氛围。笔者将对二者进行比较,并挖掘其背后的原因,使读者对中英餐桌礼仪文化有个初步的了解。一、食物与餐具餐具是由食物决定的,食物是由地理决定的。中国食物多以五谷杂粮为主,牲畜多以劳动力的形式而存在,因为中国人口比较密集,地理上不适合放牧业,而五谷没有肉食鲜美,所以中国人在烹调上下功夫来满足味蕾。烹调过后的食物因为发烫和柔软不适合手抓,所以中国人发明了筷子。司马迁在《史记�9�9宗微子世家》中记载道“纣为象箸”,可以推导出远在商朝,中国人就已经开始使用筷子了。英国有发达的畜牧业,这是因为当地的海洋气候适宜牧草的生长。作为典型的西方国家,西餐以肉食为主,肉食需要切割,所以英国人多使用刀叉。无论中国还是英国,正确地使用餐具都是餐桌礼仪的第一步。中国人看重人伦,在餐桌上表现为对老人的敬重上。如果餐桌上有一道鱼,那么鱼头就应该对着老人摆放,表示老年人是德高望重的。在座次方面,老人是坐在上座的,老人的对面则由地位最低的人坐。在老人动筷子之前,大家都是不能夹菜的,食物的第一口由老年人来品尝,这是中国人的尊老敬老的表现。如果餐桌上没有老人,则推崇主人,尊重主人,这是中国人的为客之道。而主人一般会殷勤地招待客人,亲手为客人加食物,这是彼此关系好的表现,也是身为朋友的荣耀。英国的餐具使用方法是左手拿叉,右手拿刀[3],因为一般人右手有力,方便切割。刀叉分放两侧表示正在进餐,放在一起表示用餐完毕。正规的西餐会配备整套的刀叉,这时每吃完一道菜就应该换一副刀叉,顺序由外向内使用。英国文化中有崇尚贵族的倾向,繁复的餐具本身就是一种优越感的象征,同时不同的食物使用不同的刀叉也保持了食物味道的纯正。二、仪态与氛围与中国人相比,英国人更注重餐桌上仪态的优雅。他们就坐时,身体会坐直,绝不会跷二郎腿或将胳膊肘放在桌面上。在吐鱼刺或骨头的时候,英国人不会直接往外吐,而是用餐巾捂住嘴先吐在餐巾上。英国人在就餐的时候是非常安静的,如果需要交谈,也是悄悄地说话,必要的时候轻轻微笑,绝不会在餐桌上哈哈大笑。而且在喝汤的时候,英国人不会发出声音,咀嚼食物的时候一定会闭上嘴巴,直到嘴里没有食物的时候,才会开口说话。英国人去高档的西餐厅一定会注重仪表,穿着得体是英国人的常识。女士要穿晚礼服或套装和有跟的鞋子,并且化浓妆,因为西餐厅的光线较暗,淡妆或素颜会让人显得很没有精神。至于男士则必须要打领带,注重整洁。当男女同行的时候,男士要有绅士风度,比如为女士打开餐厅门,让女士走在前面,入座和点酒都以女士为先。在英国餐厅里不会有人大声吆喝“服务员”,而是耐心地坐在那里等待服务员上来点餐。在就餐的时候,如果需要服务员的帮助,则会用眼神或挥手对服务员示意。而且,英国人即便是就餐时,“对不起”和“谢谢”也是不离口的。而中国人的餐桌氛围与英国正好相反,中国人认为安静地用餐是主客双方过于拘谨的表现。大家喜欢互相劝酒劝菜,说两句俏皮话,笑声不断,越是放得开,越显得关系好,餐桌上的气氛热闹而亲切。中国人认为真正的朋友之间是不该有太多讲究的,所以中国人在就餐时不怎么注重仪态,只要别出丑态就行。不同于英国的AA制,中国人喜欢请客,今天你请,明天我请,请来请去就会有一种“人情”在其中。主人在餐厅里会特别热情地招待客人,而客人一般也不会太见外。因为中国的餐桌是崇尚热闹的,所以在吃饭之余,大家还喜欢做游戏,正如在《红楼梦》中,刘姥姥进大观园与众人一起喝酒行令,是典型中国传统餐桌的写照。现代的餐桌游戏有许多种类,猜拳是比较接地气的一种,其他还有数数字,成语接龙,老虎棒子鸡等等。如果中英两国都站在自身的立场上去看对方,中国人可能会认为英国人吃饭时好拘谨,而英国人则认为中国人在餐桌上吵吵闹闹没礼貌。其实,中国人并不是不会在餐厅里安静下来,只是中国人追求的本身就是一种热烈的气氛,在这种气氛里,人与人之间开放、包容,带着无限热情的生命力。所以,不是说中国人不懂礼仪,而是按照中国的礼仪,餐桌上本该如此。

328 评论

我的太阳0001

西方的宴客形式,从正式到非正式,远远多于中国。大致说来,他们有以下八种宴请形式:有席位的宴青(seated dinners),自助餐(buffet dinners),正式午餐(luncheons),招待会(receptions),鸡尾酒会(cocktail parties),聚餐会(BYOB and BYOF=Bring your own bottles and bring your own food),野餐 (picnics),茶会 (tea parties)。 从传统习俗上说,中国人请客,不论按长、尊、主、次围桌而坐,满桌丰盛的酒菜,主人频频劝酒,客人谦让礼到。中国人觉得这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳。另外宴客时崇尚热闹欢快的气氛,讲究面子排场。排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。 较随便的形式则是主人邀上三五知己,到家中由女主人炒几个菜,小酌一番。这种随便的宴客形式不讲究礼仪,不讲究坐次,不讲究饭菜,只讲气氛的和谐、主人的热诚、主客谈话的投机。当然,近年来西方的一些宴客形式,如酒会、招待会、自助餐或冷餐也会传到中国,但这些多是官方或单位出面组织的宴请形式,平民百姓还少有实行。 其次,中西在宴客的观念上有较大的差异。中国人请客吃饭,重在饭菜本身。宴席上的酒菜一定要丰富多彩。如果做得到,一定是山珍海味,美味佳肴。否则,很难称的上是在请客。中国人宴客时重视饭菜本身起源于中国人的传统价值观念:民以食为天;食色性也。在衣食住行四大生活要素中食为首。 西方人的饮食观念不同于中国人,林语堂先生说,英美人仅以“吃”为对一个生物的机器注入燃料,只要他们吃了以后能保持身体的结识,足以抵御病菌的感染,其他皆再不足道中。由于这一点,英语国家的饮食文化,尤其在烹饪方面不但逊色于中国,也远不如法意等国。他们的传统饭菜比较单一乏味。但比较注重营养,力求口味的清淡和膳食的均衡。 中国和英语国家宴客习俗的差异还表现在宴请的礼仪上。中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的坐次安排。西方人请客用长桌,男女主人分坐两端,然后在按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位。中国人传统上用八仙桌。对门为上,两边为偏座。请客时,年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座,男女主人或陪客者坐下座,其余客人按顺序坐偏座。在中国,左为尊,右为次;上为尊,下为次;中为尊,偏为次。而在西方,右为尊,左为次。对于餐桌的规矩,西方人进餐用刀叉,中国人用筷子。当然刀叉和筷子的用法都有各自的规矩。 最后,我还要提到中西宴客方面的另一大差异,也就是餐桌气氛上的差异。总的来说是西方餐桌上静,中国餐桌上动。西方人平日好动,挥手耸肩等形体语言特别丰富。但一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。中国人平日好静,一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不绝,相互让菜,劝酒。中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静反映出了中西饮食文化上的根本差异。中国人以食为人生之至乐,所以餐桌上人们尽情的享受这美味佳肴。餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。西方人以饮食为生存的必要条件,他们自然要遵守某些规范,以保证机器的正常运转。

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