外贸调研论文写作模板英文翻译

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China's foreign trade strategy for the re-positioning mode Can not be denied that foreign trade and exports as part of international trade, a country or a regional basis and the opening up of the carrier, its change of China's past the closed state of the economy, opening up a new situation, learn new knowledge, access to new things, Earner of foreign exchange and balance of payments, because of the international division of labor and access to the formation of comparative advantage and promote national economic growth, have played a certain role. However, exports to China's economic growth and the positive effects of the imagination of people not as big. 20 reform and opening up nearly 10 percent of the rapid economic growth, play a leading role is not foreign trade and exports, the main contribution should always work in terms of domestic market demand. Before the Asian financial crisis, China's domestic investment demand and consumer demand are great, so several times a national economy "overheating", for which the central government had to use the abuse of administrative, economic and legal comprehensive means to limit the scale of investment and Consumer groups, economic overheating "cool." It is this huge domestic market and expansion of China's rapid economic growth has played a major and crucial role in foreign trade and exports is the role played by the indirect, is only to provide fuel economic growth, instead of "engine." Although the expansion of export trade to China's economic growth played a certain role in stimulating, but its negative effects have gradually emerged, and paid a very high price. First, as exports continue to expand the scale of China's economy is dependent on external deepened (throughout the 1990s before the nine-year total imports and exports to GDP ratio of more than 30 percent in some years reached ) . As a result of a result: the second half of 1997 when the Asian financial crisis suddenly fell, the rapid decline of economic growth in Asia, China's foreign trade growth also fell, the total import and export volume in 1998 compared with the previous year had a negative growth, exports Only a slight increase in the growth rate dropped substantially, resulting in China's economic growth rate of decline in the trend line for three consecutive years running, the GDP growth rate in 1997 was percent in 1998, percent in 1999, is expected to about , The trend of declining year by year. It must be pointed out that in the Asian financial crisis struck, China's economic growth and foreign trade is not the same substantial drop, not a phenomenon of Southeast Asian countries and South Korea, the same rapid decline, because China's huge domestic market support Results. Secondly, the international market because of the limited, as well as countries in the world trade protection of universality, some of China's industries and products such as clothing, footwear, textile exports have been largely limited scale, resulting in a massive backlog of inventory, ordered by the Central Government to , Minimizing the scale of production, such as the limited number of spindles of cotton textile production is one example, to a certain extent, related to damage China's light industry development. At the same time, some countries or international organizations such as the European Union and North America and other developed countries frequently used anti-dumping and other means to limit the access of China's labor-intensive products, and these countries increased trade friction. Again, and is similar to other large developing country, China's regional imbalance in economic development greater extent, the eastern part of a higher level of development, particularly in central and western regions is a relatively low level of development of the western region. Reform and opening up 20 years in national economic development and made remarkable achievements at the same time, China's regional economic disparities and residents in the expanding gap between rich and poor, tend to exacerbate economic duality. The emergence of this situation, of course, are many reasons, but the export trade to encourage and promote export-oriented model in which played a role in adding fuel to the flames. China's strong economic base in eastern coastal areas, advanced production technology, scientific and technological level of higher education, labor quality better developed financial sector and capital more abundant, strong technological innovation capability, a higher degree of market economy, since reform and opening up the enjoyment of Many of the countries under the preferential policies, but the energy, mineral and land resources relative shortage. The central and western regions of the district intelligence and the eastern region compared to the contrary, in addition to energy rich mineral resources, vast land area, the low quality of the labor force more affluent, the other aspects such as economic development level, culture, education technology, labor quality and availability of funds , The ability of technological innovation, economic development in the market, have fallen far behind the eastern region. Geographical division of the economic situation is: the eastern region is a major production and export of finished, and deep processing of additional high-value products, while the central and western regions is the major production and export of natural resources and primary processed products. China's reform and opening up the initial structure of export commodities are agricultural and pastoral products and processed products mainly in primary industries, the proportion of finished products do not. During this period the central and western regions larger proportion of exports, also benefit from more. However, export-oriented model of the finished products instead of primary commodities for export purposes and objectives of the state's policy to encourage the exports of manufactures is to stimulate exports, restrictions on the export of primary commodities, such as the Export-Import Bank of China is dedicated to the Electrical and Mechanical and complete sets of equipment The export of capital goods, such as providing loans and risk guarantees and the establishment of the. At the national foreign trade policy-induced, China's export commodity structure fundamental changes have taken place from the previous mainly primary products, manufactured goods for the shop, for now the change mainly to manufactured goods, primary goods, supplemented by. From the macro interests of the national economy in terms of national policy to encourage export of such understandable, but the specific area of interest to the formation of the Kule uneven situation, because the production of manufactures in the eastern region of the advantages of the project, the state export-oriented policy As a result of the eastern region's exports and its profit ratio increased, the central and western regions and its profit ratio of foreign trade and exports declined. As shown in Table 1, 1998 the eastern part of import and export volume and export volume in both the proportion of more than 90 percent, in the western region is less than 10 percent of the total. Figure plans) ( Should It is noteworthy that the eastern region because of its own with the special advantages and market-oriented reform and opening up an earlier time, but its extent greater, faster progress, has attracted foreign capital and advanced technology into large-scale, foreign Actual direct investment accounted for the vast majority of the country (see table 2), which enhance the economic strength of the east, raising its technical level and the level of production of manufactured goods more obvious advantages for export-oriented model of manufactured exports The encouragement of the eastern part of the export scale and a growing proportion, also benefit from greater and is conducive to the formation of the eastern part of a virtuous circle: → manufactured exports increased foreign exchange earnings, introducing advanced foreign technology and capital → enhance regional economic strength, → manufactures innovative technology development → manufactured exports expanded. The central and western regions are exactly the opposite, in the role of export-oriented mode of foreign trade and export of increasingly narrow, benefit from more and more small. This is in fact the eastern region and promote the economic gap between the central and western regions to expand and intensify its regional economic duality. Figure plans) ( In neo-classical growth model, Solow (solow) has a well-known conclusion that the elements of the returns to scale, but the input is diminishing marginal utility, which could lead to long-term economic growth rate and the level of negative economic Start Related, and possibly different regions, between economic growth rate tends to convergence results. In 1952-1995, up from 44 in the development of China's long-term returns to scale and there is diminishing marginal utility, but the overall rate of economic growth and economic level and there was no obvious negative correlation between the regional economy not More convergence and integration, but in the eastern, central, and western economic zone within three Solow growth model showing a special phenomenon, namely the eastern, central and western regions in accordance with their different "trajectory center" development, three Zone within the provinces, cities, districts tend to convergence and economic development consistent correlation between economic zone but do not. This phenomenon is the emergence of reform and opening up after the beginning of the 1980s, the most convincing explanation is: foreign trade and exports to the implementation of the policy to encourage the eastern region more involved in the international economic cycle and embarked on a completely different In the central and western regions of the road to development. Along with the eastern and western regions of the economic gap between the dual nature of economic expansion and intensification of its households per capita income gap has widened accordingly. From 1985-1995, although the various provinces, cities, districts have per capita incomes in absolute terms has greatly improved, increasing from times to times the range, but the relative level (for references to the country) The changes are showing a completely different trend, in addition to the eastern part of Liaoning Province, all other provinces, cities and districts of the relative levels of per capita income have increased, the performance of their relative levels of value for now, while the central and western provinces and autonomous regions in per capita The relative level of all income decreased trend, and its performance relative changes in the level of a negative value. 1985 per capita income in Shanghai is the largest per capita income of Gansu Province, the smallest of times that of 1995 expanded to times. According to World Bank estimates, China's Gini coefficient of from 1984 up to 1995's , the data provided by the United Nations Development Programme is . China has become the world's larger gap between rich and poor countries. Thus, a comprehensive export-oriented economic development model in China's practice is not very successful, although the economic development it has a stimulating effect, but the negative impact is quite big. In general, less to the dense population in the small country (region) in the implementation of a period of import substitution policies, the level of economic development up to a certain extent, to the country's export-oriented economic development model is appropriate, that practice will be successful. However, as China is a large population, vast developing country and should not be one-sided emphasis on the full implementation of export-oriented model and export-oriented economic strategy, as its own huge domestic market, and economic development must be primarily based on domestic, it is not necessary and can not Qugao the overall strategy of export-oriented, but also big developing countries are usually the region's economic development is very uneven, and its own comparative advantages and characteristics very different and therefore all regions of the mode of development can not simply apply the export-oriented model. However, this is not the opening to the outside world will not, not not to encourage exports, but should take all effective means to encourage and foster the development of export enterprises and the regional conditions to develop export-oriented economy, that is, export-oriented development strategy To actively and steadily increase in China's economic "outward-looking" elements. So, China should not only encourage exports, expanding opening up, but also to developing the national economy, based on the domestic market demand, which are the "degree" how to » Location in the mode of foreign trade strategy where appropriate » The answer is: inward-looking open economy, that is, on the whole the "import substitution" gradual and partial "export-oriented" strategy of combining foreign trade. This strategic model according to the Chinese market potential, rich resources relative to the characteristics of the main based on domestic resources development and explore the domestic market, continue to improve and strengthen the economic cycle, will expand domestic demand as the main driver of economic development, while positive foreign Away, the use of all possible conditions for expansion of foreign trade and exports, the development of export-oriented economy. The significance of expanding foreign trade and exports is not how much occupied in the international market, not to a major market demand in foreign countries, but to earn foreign exchange through the introduction of advanced technology, equipment and personnel, and maintain a certain balance in foreign exchange savings , Through the expansion of foreign economic exchange, learn and master new knowledge and access to new things and new concepts, constantly expanding the economic cycle, and improve the economic cycle within the scope, quality and level, through economic, outside the circle of each other and promote national Rapid sustained and stable economic development. [References] [1] Xu Henin-Hardenne, such as: "China's foreign trade", World Book Publishing Company, 1998. [2] Malcolm Gillis, such as: "Development Economics" Economic Science Press, 1989. [3] for the National Bureau of Statistics: "China Statistical Abstract 1999," China Statistics Press, 1999. [4] DING Lin, such as: "one-China economic growth in all regions of the Empirical Study", "economic science", 1998. [5] Wei Houkai: "The Chinese people's income gap between the region and its decomposition," "Economic Research", 1996 (11). [6] Chen Guangyan: "overproduction and insufficient demand and solve the question", "Economics dynamic", 1999 (11).

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However, exports to China's economic growth and the positive effects of the imagination of people not as big. 20 reform and opening up nearly 10 percent of the rapid economic growth, play a leading role is not foreign trade and exports, the main contribution should always work in terms of domestic market demand. Before the Asian financial crisis, China's domestic investment demand and consumer demand are great, so several times a national economy "overheating", for which the central government had to use the abuse of administrative, economic and legal comprehensive means to limit the scale of investment and Consumer groups, economic overheating "cool." It is this huge domestic market and expansion of China's rapid economic growth has played a major and crucial role in foreign trade and exports is the role played by the indirect, is only to provide fuel economic growth, instead of "engine." Although the expansion of export trade to China's economic growth played a certain role in stimulating, but its negative effects have gradually emerged, and paid a very high price. First, as exports continue to expand the scale of China's economy is dependent on external deepened (throughout the 1990s before the nine-year total imports and exports to GDP ratio of more than 30 percent in some years reached ) . As a result of a result: the second half of 1997 when the Asian financial crisis suddenly fell, the rapid decline of economic growth in Asia, China's foreign trade growth also fell, the total import and export volume in 1998 compared with the previous year had a negative growth, exports Only a slight increase in the growth rate dropped substantially, resulting in China's economic growth rate of decline in the trend line for three consecutive years running, the GDP growth rate in 1997 was percent in 1998, percent in 1999, is expected to about , The trend of declining year by year. It must be pointed out that in the Asian financial crisis struck, China's economic growth and foreign trade is not the same substantial drop, not a phenomenon of Southeast Asian countries and South Korea, the same rapid decline, because China's huge domestic market support Results. Secondly, the international market because of the limited, as well as countries in the world trade protection of universality, some of China's industries and products such as clothing, footwear, textile exports have been largely limited scale, resulting in a massive backlog of inventory, ordered by the Central Government to , Minimizing the scale of production, such as the limited number of spindles of cotton textile production is one example, to a certain extent, related to damage China's light industry development. At the same time, some countries or international organizations such as the European Union and North America and other developed countries frequently used anti-dumping and other means to limit the access of China's labor-intensive products, and these countries increased trade friction. Again, and is similar to other large developing country, China's regional imbalance in economic development greater extent, the eastern part of a higher level of development, particularly in central and western regions is a relatively low level of development of the western region. Reform and opening up 20 years in national economic development and made remarkable achievements at the same time, China's regional economic disparities and residents in the expanding gap between rich and poor, tend to exacerbate economic duality. The emergence of this situation, of course, are many reasons, but the export trade to encourage and promote export-oriented model in which played a role in adding fuel to the flames. China's strong economic base in eastern coastal areas, advanced production technology, scientific and technological level of higher education, labor quality better developed financial sector and capital more abundant, strong technological innovation capability, a higher degree of market economy, since reform and opening up the enjoyment of Many of the countries under the preferential policies, but the energy, mineral and land resources relative shortage. The central and western regions of the district intelligence and the eastern region compared to the contrary, in addition to energy rich mineral resources, vast land area, the low quality of the labor force more affluent, the other aspects such as economic development level, culture, education technology, labor quality and availability of funds , The ability of technological innovation, economic development in the market, have fallen far behind the eastern region. Geographical division of the economic situation is: the eastern region is a major production and export of finished, and deep processing of additional high-value products, while the central and western regions is the major production and export of natural resources and primary processed products. China's reform and opening up the initial structure of export commodities are agricultural and pastoral products and processed products mainly in primary industries, the proportion of finished products do not. During this period the central and western regions larger proportion of exports, also benefit from more. However, export-oriented model of the finished products instead of primary commodities for export purposes and objectives of the state's policy to encourage the exports of manufactures is to stimulate exports, restrictions on the export of primary commodities, such as the Export-Import Bank of China is dedicated to the Electrical and Mechanical and complete sets of equipment The export of capital goods, such as providing loans and risk guarantees and the establishment of the. At the national foreign trade policy-induced, China's export commodity structure fundamental changes have taken place from the previous mainly primary products, manufactured goods for the shop, for now the change mainly to manufactured goods, primary goods, supplemented by. From the macro interests of the national economy in terms of national policy to encourage export of such understandable, but the specific area of interest to the formation of the Kule uneven situation, because the production of manufactures in the eastern region of the advantages of the project, the state export-oriented policy As a result of the eastern region's exports and its profit ratio increased, the central and western regions and its profit ratio of foreign trade and exports declined. As shown in Table 1, 1998 the eastern part of import and export volume and export volume in both the proportion of more than 90 percent, in the western region is less than 10 percent of the total. Figure plans) ( Should It is noteworthy that the eastern region because of its own with the special advantages and market-oriented reform and opening up an earlier time, but its extent greater, faster progress, has attracted foreign capital and advanced technology into large-scale, foreign Actual direct investment accounted for the vast majority of the country (see table 2), which enhance the economic strength of the east, raising its technical level and the level of production of manufactured goods more obvious advantages for export-oriented model of manufactured exports The encouragement of the eastern part of the export scale and a growing proportion, also benefit from greater and is conducive to the formation of the eastern part of a virtuous circle: → manufactured exports increased foreign exchange earnings, introducing advanced foreign technology and capital → enhance regional economic strength, → manufactures innovative technology development → manufactured exports expanded. The central and western regions are exactly the opposite, in the role of export-oriented mode of foreign trade and export of increasingly narrow, benefit from more and more small. This is in fact the eastern region and promote the economic gap between the central and western regions to expand and intensify its regional economic duality. Figure plans) ( In neo-classical growth model, Solow (solow) has a well-known conclusion that the elements of the returns to scale, but the input is diminishing marginal utility, which could lead to long-term economic growth rate and the level of negative economic Start Related, and possibly different regions, between economic growth rate tends to convergence results. In 1952-1995, up from 44 in the development of China's long-term returns to scale and there is diminishing marginal utility, but the overall rate of economic growth and economic level and there was no obvious negative correlation between the regional economy not More convergence and integration, but in the eastern, central, and western economic zone within three Solow growth model showing a special phenomenon, namely the eastern, central and western regions in accordance with their different "trajectory center" development, three Zone within the provinces, cities, districts tend to convergence and economic development consistent correlation between economic zone but do not. This phenomenon is the emergence of reform and opening up after the beginning of the 1980s, the most convincing explanation is: foreign trade and exports to the implementation of the policy to encourage the eastern region more involved in the international economic cycle and embarked on a completely different In the central and western regions of the road to development. Along with the eastern and western regions of the economic gap between the dual nature of economic expansion and intensification of its households per capita income gap has widened accordingly. From 1985-1995, although the various provinces, cities, districts have per capita incomes in absolute terms has greatly improved, increasing from times to times the range, but the relative level (for references to the country) The changes are showing a completely different trend, in addition to the eastern part of Liaoning Province, all other provinces, cities and districts of the relative levels of per capita income have increased, the performance of their relative levels of value for now, while the central and western provinces and autonomous regions in per capita The relative level of all income decreased trend, and its performance relative changes in the level of a negative value. 1985 per capita income in Shanghai is the largest per capita income of Gansu Province, the smallest of times that of 1995 expanded to times. According to World Bank estimates, China's Gini coefficient of from 1984 up to 1995's , the data provided by the United Nations Development Programme is . China has become the world's larger gap between rich and poor countries. Thus, a comprehensive export-oriented economic development model in China's practice is not very successful, although the economic development it has a stimulating effect, but the negative impact is quite big. In general, less to the dense population in the small country (region) in the implementation of a period of import substitution policies, the level of economic development up to a certain extent, to the country's export-oriented economic development model is appropriate, that practice will be successful. However, as China is a large population, vast developing country and should not be one-sided emphasis on the full implementation of export-oriented model and export-oriented economic strategy, as its own huge domestic market, and economic development must be primarily based on domestic, it is not necessary and can not Qugao the overall strategy of export-oriented, but also big developing countries are usually the region's economic development is very uneven, and its own comparative advantages and characteristics very different and therefore all regions of the mode of development can not simply apply the export-oriented model. However, this is not the opening to the outside world will not, not not to encourage exports, but should take all effective means to encourage and foster the development of export enterprises and the regional conditions to develop export-oriented economy, that is, export-oriented development strategy To actively and steadily increase in China's economic "outward-looking" elements. So, China should not only encourage exports, expanding opening up, but also to developing the national economy, based on the domestic market demand, which are the "degree" how to » Location in the mode of foreign trade strategy where appropriate » The answer is: inward-looking open economy, that is, on the whole the "import substitution" gradual and partial "export-oriented" strategy of combining foreign trade. This strategic model according to the Chinese market potential, rich resources relative to the characteristics of the main based on domestic resources development and explore the domestic market, continue to improve and strengthen the economic cycle, will expand domestic demand as the main driver of economic development, while positive foreign Away, the use of all possible conditions for expansion of foreign trade and exports, the development of export-oriented economy. The significance of expanding foreign trade and exports is not how much occupied in the international market, not to a major market demand in foreign countries, but to earn foreign exchange through the introduction of advanced technology, equipment and personnel, and maintain a certain balance in foreign exchange savings , Through the expansion of foreign economic exchange, learn and master new knowledge and access to new things and new concepts, constantly expanding the economic cycle, and improve the economic cycle within the scope, quality and level, through economic, outside the circle of each other and promote national Rapid sustained and stable economic development.

外贸英语毕业论文一、对听说领先法的理解和熟悉 1.听说领先法是实现教学大纲的保证。自60年代以来，我国外语教学引进听说领先法理论作为指导思想， 经过几十年教学改革的实践，到目前为止听说领先法已成为我国中学外语教学的主导方法。近年来，两个中学 英语教学大纲及根据大纲所编写的教材中充分体现这一指导思想。“中学英语教学大纲”指出：“听说英语是 英语教学的重要目的之一，英语教学要重视听说练习和口语能力培养。”“全日制初级中学英语教学大纲”指 出：“根据初中学生的年龄特点，起始阶段的教学要从视听说入手，听说练习的比重要大些。”笔者认为，学 习外语，首先应重视听的练习，能够听懂，才能带动读说译写的能力跟上，在听懂会说的基础上，才可能使英 语学习有快速提高的效果。因此，实行听说领先法教学是实现中学英语教学大纲听说教学要求的保证。 2.根据英语语言的特点，在教学实践中必须坚持听说领先。中国学生的母语是汉语，汉语文字是表意文字 ，体现了形、音、义有机结合，使人见了汉字即可会读知义。英语文字形、音、义并无有机的结合，是拼音文 字，这对中国学生来说是个很大的差异。此外，英语中还有一些只能意会的不能用语法规则讲清的习惯用法， 句型，也存在一些汉、英思维上的差异，在这样的条件下，中国的学生学习英语的拼音文字，假如不能听懂， 也就不会读说，文字的形义也就不能牢记。中国学生必须多听，多读，多说，才能记住英语的形义，时间稍久 些不听不说，就很轻易忘记。因此笔者认为：学习英语在初中起始阶段的听说比重要大些，在以后的各个学习 阶段，仍然要重视听说练习，仍然要把听说练习放在第一重要的位置，也就是说要把听说领先法贯穿于整个学 习外语的过程中。同时把语法书写、交际应用、语言知识、翻译等能力培养揉合进去，这样才能学好英语。笔 者体会，听说能力强，阅读能力、悟解能力、交际能力等也随之而强。但是必须指出，听说领先，是指学习英 语时首先要多听，听懂，多说，会说。可以采取各种有效的手段，切忌要求学生象“小和尚念经”有口无心式 地去听去说，那样的听说是机械的，枯燥的，不能持久。为此，可以探索各种生动活泼的有效的听说方式。 二、提高学生听说能力的有效途径 语言首先是有声的。听是学习语言的源泉和基础。听得清，才有模可仿，听得准，才能说得对。英语教学 的初级阶段，要求重视听说练习和口语能力的培养，这是科学的，是符合语言教学规律的。实践中，如何加强 对学生的听说练习呢？笔者认为： 1.切实抓好起始阶段的英语教学，培养学生良好的听说习惯。学生初学英语，往往抱有好奇心和新鲜感， 因而对学习怀有极大的爱好。教师应抓住这一良好的开头，把学生的好奇心逐步培养成愿听爱说的习惯，使学 生从学英语的一开始就逐步养成静听别人说英语的习惯，勇于用英语回答以及提问，模拟录音的习惯。教师则 用流利动听的口语，配备上实物、图片以及表情动作，给学生造成深刻的语言印象，并努力使听说练习从小处 着手，创造学生开口的机会。比如，引导学生自觉运用礼貌语言：Hello,Good morning,I'm sorry,Thank you ,etc.还可以从最简单的课堂教学用语着手，重复使用：Read after me,Look at the blackboard…等组织教 学，学生听多了，不仅听懂，而且也能说几句，好奇心就得到暂时的满足。这时教师可有意识地将课堂上的机 械听说扩展到课余生活中去，使学生的好奇心升华为一种讲英语的爱好。爱好的增长，必然给学生带来强烈的 求知欲。因此，抓好英语教学的起始关，培养学生的学习爱好，是开展听说练习的重要一步。 2.坚持课前三分钟讲英语。把每节课开始后的三分钟固定为讲英语的时间，让全班同学轮流作简短的值日 报告。具体作法是从易到难，循序渐进，由点到面逐步铺开的方法。值日生报告内容从短小浅易，分阶段逐渐 过渡到题材广泛，内容丰富多采。这样做，首先应由教师编写代表性的报告范文，印发给学生，选定几名语音 语调好一点的学生当值日示范，然后全班同学轮流值日。报告内容可以是学校生活，小故事和自由谈话等。最 初可按如下几个程式进行：“I'm on duty today,Todayis 's Sunny are all here…随着 句型，词汇的增多，学生还可按当天实际情况增加内容。教师要给予引导鼓励，并有计划地进行巩固所学知识 的口语练习及一些交际性练习。这种简单的英语报告尽管仅占几分钟，但对渲染课堂气氛，发挥学生的模拟力 和创造力，起到了不可低估的作用，也为口语练习提供了场所。它是巩固课堂教学的一种行之有效的手段。 3.课文教学坚持听说领先法。把听说练习同课文教学紧密地结合起来，每教新的课文时，坚持让学生先听 录音，然后让学生根据所听内容回答问题。教师提问必须有一般问句，也有非凡问句，内容有简单的，也有复 杂的。这样可以让水平不同的学生都能参与进来，真正达到培养练习学生听、说能力的目的。 讲课文时，教师不仅坚持用英语组织教学，而且力图使自己的语音语调准确规范，富有表现力。学生提问 或回答教师的问题也尽可能地使用英语。新课文讲完后，要求学生背诵课文，在此基础上引导学生学会归纳大 意进行复述或表演出课文内容。这种形式是培养学生实际运用语言能力的最佳方式。课文教学还可坚持听写训 练，听写的内容可以是课文中的单词，短语，句子或课文缩写。这也是强化听力练习。 4.建立课内外活动小组，加强语言实践。英语是一门实践性很强的学科。为开展语言实践活动，可建立课 内外活动小组。课内活动小组，每四人一组，由前后两张课桌组成，在课堂上进行问答，对话和表演。课外活 动小组可根据学生的语言水平和年龄特点，在课后组织讲故事，朗诵，猜谜语，学唱英语歌，英语文艺演出， 出英语墙报，英文打字，举办英语知识竞赛等等。这些活动可使学生开阔视野，增长知识，又可加强学生学习 英语的爱好，提高学生听说英语的能力。除上述各方法外，有条件的学校还可考虑每周开设一节听力课，对学 生进行专门的听力练习。利用录音、广播电视等现代化手段来促进学生的听说练习，扩展他们的语言环境。平 时可要求学生之间试着用英语交流，以锻炼说的能力。还应改革考试方法，有笔试，口试，听力测验等内容。 这样，多方位地开展听说练习，就是提高学生听说能力的有效途