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翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
好奇怪的样子哦
汉语言文学专业培养具有汉语言文学基本理论、基础知识和基本技能 ，能在新闻文艺出版部门、科研机构和机关企事业单位从事文学评论、汉语言文学教学与研究工作，以及文化、宣传方面的实际工作的汉语言文学专门人才。我为大家精选了一些关于汉语言文学论文开题报告范文，希望对你有用!
1.本课题的目的及研究意义
研究目的：
张爱玲与电影有过长期亲密的接触，在小说写作中创造性地化用了电影化技巧，使她的文字组合带有丰富的视像性和表现力。文本以恐怖电影的表现手法为切入口，对张爱玲中短篇小说出现的恐怖电影式镜头进行解析。试图更近距离地感受张爱玲艺术感觉的细微独特之处，并且在此基础上揭示张爱玲小说所蕴涵的悲剧感和死亡意识。
研究意义：
本文通过对张爱玲中短篇小说出现的恐怖电影式镜头进行解析，试图在体会张爱玲语言的“现代性”的基础上，尝试性地提出1种独特的审美方式，从不同的视角解读张爱玲小说的表现手法。
2.本课题的国内外的研究现状
国内研究现状：
国内对张爱玲小说的电影化表现手法的研究主要从小说的电影画面感、电影造型、电影化技巧等角度切入，考察了张爱玲作品对电影艺术手法的借鉴技巧：
(1)研究张爱玲小说的电影画面感：《犹在镜中——论张爱玲小说的电影感》(何蓓)等;
(2)研究张爱玲小说的电影造型:《论张爱玲小说的电影化造型 》(何文茜)等;
(3)研究张爱玲小说的电影化技巧：《张爱玲小说的电影化技巧》(何文茜);《张爱玲小说的电影化倾向》(申载春);《论张爱玲小说的电影手法》(张江元);《张爱玲小说对电影手法的借鉴》(屈雅红)等;
(4)研究张爱玲小说的死亡意识：李祥伟《论张爱玲小说中的死亡意识》等
国外研究现状：
海外研究对张爱玲的研究可以分为两个阶段“第1阶段1957-1984年夏志清，唐文标等人对她作品的介绍与评述”“第2阶段1985年至今，辐射面波及北美等地的华文文学的影响研究分析和评价”。1995年9月后，她在美国辞世后，海外学者多运用西方现代文艺理论来剖析。
3.本课题的研究内容和方法
研究内容：
张爱玲的小说映照了1个阴阳不分、鬼气森森的世界，恐怖镜头繁复缤纷，在她的作品里以人拟鬼，她笔下的人物均飘荡在凄冷荒凉的宿命轨道上。本文尝试根据恐怖电影的表现手法，从场景造型、人物造型、以及道具造型等角度入手，对张爱玲小说中出现的恐怖镜头进行研究、阐释。更近距离地感受张爱玲艺术感觉的细微独特之处，并且在此基础上揭示张爱玲小说所蕴涵的悲剧感和死亡意识。
研究方法：
本文采用比较研究的方法，根据恐怖电影的表现手法，在学术界既有研究资料的基础上，从张爱玲小说、相关的研究书籍及其评论等出发，分析整理资料，从场景造型、人物造型、以及道具造型等角度入手，对张爱玲小说当中出现的恐怖镜头进行研究、阐释。
4.本课题的实行方案、进度及预期效果
方案、进度：
2006年11月—2007年2月初：收集资料。重读作品，确定论文题目，查阅相关资料。
2007年2月—2007年3月中旬：在老师的指导下，拟定写作提纲和开题报告。
2007年3月—2007年4月：论文修改。听取老师意见，撰写论文初稿，并交指导老师评审。
2007年4月——：定稿。
预期效果：
本文结合恐怖电影的表现手法，通过分析、比较、归纳等方法对张爱玲小说中出现的恐怖镜头进行阐释，尝试更近距离地感受张爱玲艺术感觉的细微独特之处，并且在此基础上揭示张爱玲小说所蕴涵的悲剧感和死亡意识。
5.已查阅参考文献：
书籍：
1、张爱玲，《张爱玲全集》【M】。新疆：新疆人民出版社，2006年6月第1版。
2、金宏达，《华丽影沉》【C】。北京：文化艺术出版社，2003年1月第1版。
3、张新颖，《20世纪上半期中国文学的现代意识》【M】。北京：3联书店，2001年12月第1版。
4、宋家宏，《走进荒凉——张爱玲的精神家园》【M】。广州：花城出版社，2000年10月第1版。
5、李稚田，《第3类时空》【M】。北京：中国纺织出版社，2000年1月第1版。
6、吴战垒，《电影欣赏》【M】。浙江：浙江大学出版社，1987年6月第1版。
7、陈卫平，《影视艺术鉴赏与评论》【M】。北京：高等教育出版社，1994年6月第1版。
8、聂欣如，《类型电影》【M】。上海：上海人民美术出版社，2001年9月第1版。
学术论文:
1、何文茜《张爱玲小说的电影化技巧》，石家庄师范专科学校学报， 2003年第5卷第4期第51页。
2、 李祥伟《“丑”趣———论张爱玲小说中的死亡意象》，学术论坛， 2005年第6期第140页。
3、 李祥伟《论张爱玲小说中的死亡意识》，广州广播电视大学报，2004年第4期第38页。
4、张江元《论张爱玲小说的电影手法》，涪陵师范学院学报， 第26卷第4期，第54页。
5、屈雅红《张爱玲小说对电影手法的借鉴》，南京理工大学学报(社会科学版)， 第16卷第6期，第33页。
6、何文茜《论张爱玲小说的电影化造型 》，石家庄师范专科学校学报， 2004年02期，第39页。
7、何蓓《犹在镜中 —论张爱玲小说的电影感》，内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版)， 2004年第30卷第4期第40页。
8、申载春《张爱玲小说的电影化倾向》，乐山师范学院学报， 2004年第19卷第5期第12页。
9、吴晓，封玉屏《电影与张爱玲的散文写作》浙江社会科学报， 2004年第1期第204页。
网络资料：
1、《恐怖情节心理分析》
2、《绽放在暗地里几个唯美的惊惶意象》
3、陈文珊《女性·月亮·鬼气——试论《聊斋志异》对张爱玲小说创作的影响》
指导教师意见
指导教师：
年 月 日
院(系)审查意见
院系(公章)：
年 月 日
一、“临川四梦的”讽世内容
“临川四梦”都本于小说，但比小说内容丰富，尤其值得注意的是每一部传奇都增添了小说所没有的具有讽刺意义的人物和情节。其讽世内容大致可分为官场社会、时事政治、礼教和人性三个方面。
(一)官场社会之刺
做官几乎是古代所有读书士子的梦想，因为出入官场就意味着拥有盛名、权势和利益。然而汤显祖对明代官场社会有清醒和深刻的认识，在“临川四梦”中对官场社会进行了辛辣的嘲讽，总体上否定了明代官场社会并给予了深刻的鞭挞，主要体现在如下方面。第一，“四梦”塑造了阴险毒辣的“权臣”系列形象。如《紫钗记》里的卢太尉、《南柯记》里的丞相段功和《邯郸记》里的宰相宇文融。这些权臣位高权重，可都是老奸巨猾，品行卑劣，面目可憎。卢太尉将权力用来满足私欲，书生李益中了状元，只因未参拜他，就被贬为玉门外参军;他豢养特务和刺客，谁让他不满就陷害谁。段功和宇文融都与卢太尉是一类的人物。“权臣系列”表现了高层官场之黑暗。第二，“临川四梦”塑造了一批贪赃枉法的大小官吏。譬如《南柯记》中的府幕录事官，他自言“为官只是赌身强，板障。文书批点不成行，混帐。权官掌印坐黄堂，旺相。勾他纸赎与钱粮，一抢。”(第二十一出)他与手下的小吏都不务正业，贪赃枉法，《大明律》的作用就是帮助他们捞银子。《邯郸记》中的崖州司户则是枉法酷吏中的典型。汤显祖生活的嘉靖、隆庆、万历年间，贪赃枉法成了普遍现象。“四梦”刻画的贪官污吏，是对中下层官场社会的讽刺。第三，“临川四梦”讽刺了科场弊端。在汤显祖的年代，科场的不正之风相当严重，科场弊端也是“四梦”的讽刺矛头所指。《邯郸记》中卢生便是通过结拜高官和行贿而一举获得状元的。《牡丹亭》中的识宝使臣苗舜宾不懂文字，却因能辨珠宝，被任命为科举考官。他判卷草率，如同儿戏，因与柳梦梅有旧而判他为状元。科举考试的严肃性轻易地被消除了。此外，“临川四梦”还描摹了走裙带关系、徇私舞弊等官场丑恶现象以及一些官场陋习。如《南柯记》里的淳于棼做的便是“老婆官”，凭其妻瑶芳公主的关系当上了南柯太守，二十年掌一方大权，地位显赫。
(二)时事政治之刺
汤显祖关心时政，在“临川四梦”的创作中讽刺了当代时政，主要体现在三个方面。一是讽刺明政府利用三娘子招降俺答事件。在《牡丹亭》中用了很大篇幅讲述李全夫妇作乱和杜宝平乱之事，但李全作乱之事与《宋史》很少相符，多为虚构，剧中李全怕老婆杨氏，杨氏掌握军政大权，杜宝通过贿赂杨氏才得以平乱并立下军功。汤显祖实乃借此人物与情节讥讽首相张居正支持边将王崇古、吴兑、方逢时等利用三娘子招降俺答事件。[1]明建国后北方边地受到蒙古骚扰两百余年，隆庆四年(1570)，边将上疏主张对蒙古首领行安抚政策，大臣对此意见不一，张居正等支持安抚主张，对蒙古首领俺答赐封，对深受俺答宠爱和器重的三娘子封为“忠顺夫人”。倡议此策的边将此升官，主战官员受到处分。汤显祖支持主战，写过多首诗明确表示对明与蒙古关系的关心及妥协政策的不满。二是讽刺明政府对日本关系上的无能。万历二十年(1592)，日军出征朝鲜，朝鲜向明朝请求援助，明朝派军作战，不能决胜，直至七年后日方丰臣秀吉病死战争才结束，明朝大臣对日和战之争不休。《牡丹亭》中科考试卷的题目是对金策略“和战守三者孰便”，柳梦梅的回答名为主战，实为主和，“生员也无偏主，天下大势，能战而后能守;能守而后能战;可战，可守，而后能和。如医用药，战为表，守为里，和在表里之间”(第四十一出)，得到主考官苗舜宾的表扬。试答的内容乃借插科打诨嘲讽无能又虚伪的明政府。三是讽刺最高统治者之腐败。明朝中后期的最高统治集团对内忧外患视若无睹，荒于政务，日益腐败。如明世宗朱厚熜、神宗朱翊钧皆贪财好货登峰造极，《牡丹亭》以识宝大臣苗舜宾收集到奇异珠宝而受宠提拔为科举典试官;明武宗朱厚照好色荒淫，多次到民间抢夺妇女，《邯郸记》第十三出《望幸》编述唐玄宗东巡的情节对武宗南巡扬州掳掠民女之事进行讽刺，可以肯定，汤显祖“绝非随意点染，其矛头分明是对准明代皇帝”。[2]
(三)礼教和人性之刺
明统治者尊崇孔子，加强礼教，推崇理学，均为钳制思想，加强其专制统治。“临川四梦”揭示了礼教和理学对人的危害性，这集中表现在两方面，一是对女性的压迫，它剥夺以杜丽娘为代表的女性正当的权利，通过妇女教育压制其思想，在行动上则严密禁锢，使女性完全沦为男性的工具;二是对普通民众尤其是读书人的精神戕害，如杜丽娘的老师陈最良思想荒芜，迂腐可笑，他言必称教条，而其教条不出《四书》《五经》和八股文的范围。“四梦”还有对假道学者的嘲弄。《邯郸记》对假道学者的刻画尤为入神。卢生既得高官，既要贪享淫荡生活，但嘴里又要维护道学，他的下场是可怜的，纵欲淫乐使他一命呜呼。关于“临川四梦”礼教与理学之刺，学界论述较多，本文不多赘述。明代虚伪的礼教和理学统治，并未培育人性之善，反而彰显了人情人性的庸俗与丑恶，明中后期社会风尚不象前期那样朴厚，“人情以放荡为快，世风以侈迷相高”(张瀚《松窗梦语》卷之七《风俗记》)。“临川四梦”对人情人性也多有思考和讽刺，如薄情负心者，这主要由《紫钗记》中的李益来表现。李益与霍小玉定下终身，但后来卢太尉挟持他并欲以女妻之时，他经过一番思想斗争后决计抛弃小玉而依附有权有势的卢府，最后历经变故却仍然回到小玉身边，李益的软弱和薄情受到了感情和道德的双重批判。再如卑劣势利者，在《南柯记》和《邯郸记》中，人们在主角淳于棼和卢生得意时毕恭毕敬趋之若骛，失意时则唯恐避之不及。“临川四梦”还讽刺了人性的堕落。《南柯记》中的淳于棼、《邯郸记》中的卢生都演述了人性堕落的过程。富贵之时他们都丧尽了善美之性与羞耻之心，沦为腐朽没落的人，这既与黑暗龌龊的官场环境有很大关系，同时亦由本人的“恶”性所决定。
二、“临川四梦”的讽世特征
首先，讽世意识贯穿于“临川四梦”始终。“四梦”的创作时间从万历十五年(1587)到万历二十九年(1601)，作《紫钗记》时作者三十七岁，作《邯郸记》时五十二岁，前后十五年。四梦的创作正是作者思想从发展到成熟的过程。“临川四梦”一以贯之的讽世意识反映出作者持久的否定态度和批判精神。作者感受到种种丑恶的现实，失望逐渐加深，有时乃至产生绝望和幻灭的情感，这在后“二梦”的佛道倾向中可见一斑。《南柯梦记题词》中说到“世人妄以眷属富贵影像执为吾想，不知虚空中一大穴也”(汤显祖诗文集卷三十三《南柯梦记题词》)，将世人寻常追求的目标都视为空虚，实际否定了现实人生和传统社会的价值观。从这个角度说，汤显祖是社会和时代的叛逆。但另一方面，汤显祖毕竟是深受中国传统伦理道德观念的熏陶浸染，古代知识分子以天下为己任的传统信念根深蒂固，他的社会地位和礼教的修养都限制他，使他不可能与旧观念完全决裂从而摆脱其束缚。所以“四梦”中的讽世意识局部又是有所波动起伏的，有时是较为软弱的。这些复杂情形反映出作为士大夫文人和思想者的汤显祖心灵的痛苦和思想的矛盾。
第二，“临川四梦”对仕宦人生和官场有最多的表现，其讽刺矛头指向最多的也是仕宦人生和官场。做官原是汤显祖青少年时期奋斗的目标，他中年以后大部分时光都在官场度过，但是仕途并没有给他提供治国安邦、大展宏图的机会，他在仕途上颠簸多年后出局。仕途经历让他见识了形形色色的贪官污吏，以及统治集团和国家机器的黑暗腐败。相对于封建礼法和传统文化，汤显祖对仕宦人生和官场的批判和否定是最彻底的。这既由他正直的个性和高洁的操守决定，也与他对官场的清醒认识和深刻体察有关。当然这里也有一个逐渐转变和深化的过程。在“临川四梦”中，《紫钗记》对政治的嘲讽仅限于个别权贵，《牡丹亭》里有的高官如苗舜宾、杜宝并无十分可恶的表现，而到了后二梦里，贪官污吏都在官场中腐烂而不可自拔，本性并不很坏的人只要沉浸其中就被同化染黑丧失本性，《南柯记》里的淳于棼和《邯郸记》里的卢生的经历就说明了这一点，这是因为“症结不在个别官僚士夫的道德品质，而在整个统治集团的政治风气。”[3]如果说“四梦”之首篇《紫钗记》的否定对象只是官场个别权奸的话，到了“四梦”之末篇《邯郸记》的否定对象便是整个官场;《牡丹亭》对时政的讥刺中还夹杂了些许对功业的期待，《南柯记》和《邯郸记》则完全否定了仕宦人生。汤显祖罢官回临川居家后，对官场人物往往不接待，“居家……中丞惠文，郡国守令以下，干旄往往充斥巷左，而多不延接。”[4]
第三，“临川四梦”的讽刺是多指向的，不仅包括时事政治、官场科场，还有文化和人性，反映出汤显祖思考的广泛性。这显示了他对其所生活的时代的深刻体察，也反映出他对更深远的问题的积极探索。由于其思考的广泛深入，汤显祖被人们列为思想家。但“临川四梦”是一组文学艺术作品，不是单纯的哲学思考的演绎，而是对现实世界的描绘和人生感受的抒发，这其中包含、体现了作者的思想。因为“四梦”贴近生活的艺术表现，它在某些某些方面反而超越了当时的哲学思考。譬如《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘“惊梦”“寻梦”的行为以及陈最良的形象，生动地展示出理学思想和礼教文化违背自然和戕害生命的真实面目，这比任何简单的批评和苍白的论证都要深刻。再如后二梦通过对社会丑恶现实和人性堕落过程的描摹以及梦醒成空的结果，揭示了人之存在的荒诞性和人生意义的虚无性。当然这里有佛道出世思想的影响。“临川四梦”讽刺的多指向特征反映出汤显祖多方面的广泛的思考。
三、结语
“临川四梦”的讽世意识既是作者个性和思想的反映，也是戏剧传统精神和时代革弊的强力表达。汤显祖个性耿介，精神不欺，操守高洁。儒道释思想的混合使他既具有强烈的参与意识，包括对政治、社会和人生的参与，又具有距离意识。因而“临川四梦”虽然对社会现实集中描摹，敏锐地透视其中的丑恶人事并予以否定，但并不采取时事批判剧严肃写实与激烈的风格，而是采用“怪怪奇奇，莫可名状”(汤显祖诗文集卷三十二《合奇序》)的写梦手法，借助梦境外壳和讽刺笔法表达了他对社会世态和人性特征的感受与理解。从时代特征来看，明代中期以后思想解放的潮流和社会丑恶情形，促使晚明作家较多地强烈否定客观世界，暴露社会现实的阴暗面，譬如色情文学和公案文学就盛行一时。就戏曲来说，明代中后期戏曲一反明前期粉饰太平、道学气浓的作风，这一时期出现了大量的讽刺戏曲，内容丰富，讽刺的矛头指向各个方面。讽刺成了时代主题之一。汤显祖的“临川四梦”，作为一组传奇作品，凭借艺术大师的高水准创作，唱出了时代最强音，其讽世意识正是时代主题的强力表达，部分内容达到了前所未有的思想高度。
课题名称： 花开三生，情深缘浅--浅析网络小说《三生三世，十里桃花》写作艺术
学生姓名： 李南兰
学 院： 中文学院
专 业： 汉语言文学
指导教师： 蒋晓城
xx年 2 月 26 日
课题名称：花开三生，情深缘浅--浅析网络小说《三生三世，十里桃花》写作艺术
flowers of three lives ，deep love bute good luck is shallow-- research of the art of writing《the ten mile peach blossom of three life》
(1) 本选题研究现状
随着网络技术的飞速发展，网络平台越来越开放，网络也越来越普及，国内自20世纪末，兴起一种文学新形势--网络文学，从而一发不可收拾。众多网络小说平台不断发展扩大，网络小说的门槛越来越低，玄幻、武侠、仙侠、言情、都市、历史、穿越等小说类型在网络小说中不断创造数量极为庞大的文学文本，甚至有一部分成为新的文学经典。纵观当今文学现象，网络文学的发展一日千里，而对于网络文学的研究还缺少系统而全面的论著，网络上也仅有文学爱好者进行简单对网络小说的发展脉络进行梳理。
网络文学在数十年的光景中逐渐呈新型之势，发展成为巨大的产业。据不完全统计，网络文学覆盖的读者已达 亿人、注册写手200多万人、市场年收入40多亿元。并且男频和女频不相上下，男频诸如起点中文网、幻剑书盟等，女频诸如红袖添香、锦江中文网等。本人所研究的《三生三世，十里桃花》虽然在言情小说中算不上其中的佼佼者，也称不上巨著。然而它独有的写作艺术与文学模式，开创了仙侠言情体裁的一个新境界，为众多女性读者为之痴迷，并称之为“仙侠言情之红楼”，在心中的地位没有其他书可以比拟。因而选此为题。
(2)本选题的意义、重点、难点及创新点
意义：自网络文学兴起以来，虽然大部分读者都为之喜爱，进行书评或者在贴吧论坛抒发意见看法，但是鲜少有人对新兴的网络小说文本进行具体的解读分析论述。因为这些小说没有重要的历史地位也没有诸多作家学者的关注与认可，甚至在茫茫网络文学中一逝而过，但不能否认在数年之后，网络文学也能历经沉淀，出现耀眼的珍珠。因而算是较新的论文选题。
重点：本选题重在研究《三生三世，十里桃花》的语言写作艺术特色，以及“三生三世，十里桃花”的题目意义和在文中的体现，以及小说写作模式与叙述方式的独特性三个方面。
难点：怎样在没有任何研究资料的情况下，依据文学语言分析模式与所学知识进行系统全面而有意义的研究。
创新点：能够脱离传统论文对于文学著作的研究仅限于经典传统或者大众认可的文学文本，关注网络文学，关注新型小说构成。
(3)论文的结构及简要说明
引言(研究背景及原因)
1.《三生三世，十里桃花》的文学意义
2. 《三生三世，十里桃花》的写作艺术研究
《三生三世，十里桃花》语言艺术特色
以诙谐写悲凉以无情衬有情
《三生三世，十里桃花》结构艺术特色
错杂但合理的倒叙
繁复但合情的插叙
三生三世的布局结构
《三生三世，十里桃花》人物塑造特色
有情却无情的白浅
无情却有情的夜华
形象生动的其他角色
3. 《三生三世，十里桃花》亮点与瑕疵
创新点与亮点
瑕疵与局限
4.总结
(4)拟解决的主要问题：
1.《三生三世，十里桃花》写作艺术剖析2.《三生三世，十里桃花》折射出的内涵及意义
(5) 研究的步骤、方法、措施及进度安排：
1、课题研究步骤：
(a)查阅并研读相关资料及参考文献;
(b)撰写开题报告及上交审核;
(c)撰写本课题论文;
(d)修改提交审核。
2、课题研究方法措施：
(1)资料收集方法
除了图书外，数据资料的研究成果和结论对本课题的研究起到重要的参考作用，资料收集的方法主要为上网查寻、借阅图书、查阅报刊杂志等。
(2)资料研究方法
结合图书馆图书与数字资源，搜集。
北极星爱吃鱼
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
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