爱伦坡美学思想研究论文

十九世纪美国哥特小说的流行 患有精神分裂症的主人公，作案手法诡谲的密室凶杀案，直触人心阴暗面的扭曲想象……无论是鲁迅的《狂人日记》，还是柯南道尔的《福尔摩斯探案集》，亦或是如今吸引大批读者的悬疑作家作品，都不同程度地受到爱伦坡哥特风格小说的影响。埃德加·爱伦·坡（1809-1849），这位被劳伦斯在《美国古典文学研究》中评价为“ 一位深入人类灵魂洞窟的地道冒险家 ”的创作奇才，将美国短篇哥特小说推向巅峰状态，为西方文学史留下浓墨重彩的一笔。 “哥特”一词原指古欧洲的一个蛮族，因十六世纪文艺复兴时期建筑学界讽尖形拱棱状建筑时被引用，从而成为“野蛮、怪诞”的代名词，文学意义的哥特式类同建筑意义哥特式，都含有直指黑暗与诡异的色彩。起源于十七世纪英国的早期哥特风格文学为哥特文学提供了一个非常典型的模版，即在怪诞惊悚的场景设计中，恶棍英雄式人物演绎一系列复仇事件，这为后期美国哥特作品的本土化与再创作提供了灵感土壤。1764年，美国作家贺拉斯·瓦尔蒲尔出版小说《奥特朗托城堡》，并在第二版书名旁增加副标题“一个哥特故事”确定哥特文学的命名，哥特小说作为世界边缘性文学种类之一，在美国城市高速发展时期，迅速得到读者的热情响应，并同样达到一个极速发展。 充满惊悚意味的哥特小说为何会拥有如此高的影响力？英国著名美学家博克在讨论美时，为“恐怖”与“美”的关系做出影射，他认为 人类最强烈的感情是恐惧，将恐惧进行艺术化的处理，可达到壮美之美。 由此可观，哥特小说在十九世纪美国的流行甚至如今中国推理剧或悬疑文学的大热，都可归其原因有二， 一是美学涵义中恐惧情绪对人类美感体验的震撼作用，二是时代涵义中城市发展所酝酿的人文焦虑与道德反思。 因此，美国著名哥特作家爱伦坡的哥特风格小说，除了刺激的情节之外，更有美学与社会含义融入其中。 爱伦·坡与哥特小说创作 埃德加·爱伦·坡是美国十九世纪杰出的诗人、短篇小说家和文学评论家，亦是美国浪漫主义文学运动的先驱之一，其作品尤以风格诡异、精神错乱的惊悚小说与悬念迭起、逻辑缜密的推理小说为名，被认为是推理小说的创始人与科幻小说的催生者。由于爱伦坡的短篇小说多沉郁迷离，充满哥特小说的怪诞风格，又能够突破哥特小说“恶棍英雄主义”的狭隘，因此可以认为，爱伦坡开创了哥特文学在美国发展的新阶段。 主人公形象平凡化、人称视角多元化、剧情结构严谨化、关注方向社会化是爱伦坡对传统哥特文学的四大突破。 前两点多见于爱伦坡惊悚小说，即在爱伦坡哥特惊悚小说中，行使复仇行动的主人公已不再是英雄人物，而是平凡之人，如《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》、《泄密的心》等短篇惊悚小说的主人公均是无特定英雄背景的普通复仇者，增加了作品真实感；人称视角多元化突出表现在爱伦坡叙事时第一人称内外视角的转换，即一篇小说兼有内视角的现在进行时叙述与外视角描写下的回忆性内容叙述。剧情结构与社会关注更多在爱伦坡的推理小说里体现，如《金甲虫》密码解码破案、《莫格街凶杀案》密室破案、《被窃的信件》的“障眼法”模式，以及推理小说常见的报纸报道情况情节等，无一不体现爱伦坡对社会状况的反思与个人书写逻辑的重视。 爱伦坡对传统哥特文学的四点突破强化了哥特小说创作的深度与广度，除此之外，文学研究者们甚至认为爱伦坡哥特风格创作还涉足心理学、印象主义、表现主义、存在主义等现代主义领域，这使坡之后的哥特作家深受其影响，哥特小说不再局囿于单纯封闭的恐怖氛围制造，心理探究、逻辑推理、社会反思等逐渐成为哥特倾向文学作品的重要关注点。 惊悚小说：心理疾病与灾难危机 “如果在我的作品中恐怖一直是主题，那我坚持认为那种恐怖不是日耳曼式的，而是心灵式的。” 爱伦坡曾对自己的惊悚类小说作出“心灵恐怖”的定义。在弗洛伊德精神分析理论尚未诞生的十九世纪四十年代，爱伦坡的惊悚小说就已经具有前瞻性地以第一人称暴露了压抑与抵抗影响下的精神分裂者状态。《泄密的心》、《黑猫》、《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》等短篇哥特小说中，爱伦坡以“我”个人的情感体验进行倾诉，让读者拥有身临其境的体验感，封闭地感受到精神分裂者的妄想情境——对他人眼神的恐惧，被迫害妄想所引起的攻击行为等，看似合乎逻辑却暗藏心理扭曲的诡计。 中国第一部现代白话文小说《狂人日记》就是鲁迅对此类心理疾病诡计叙述法的沿袭——借“狂人”之语，徘徊于吃人与被人吃、窥视与被窥视、他者对自己的特殊行为等妄想中营造恐怖氛围，从而影射社会状态。鲁迅晚年的谈话与书信也曾提到爱伦坡对其创作的影响，对比《狂人日记》与《黑猫》、《泄密的心》的主人公心理状态，不难看出他们具有完全相同的妄想型精神分裂人格特征，而且《狂人日记》更具有明确的社会指向性，把心理内部的恐惧感上升至社会批判。 与内部心理疾病相对的是外部灾难危机，爱伦坡《陷阱与钟摆》、《大漩涡历险记》、《红死魔的面具》等短篇哥特惊悚小说营造的是外部灾难带来的焦虑，如《陷阱与钟摆》的异教徒迫害恐惧、《大漩涡历险记》的自然环境恐惧、《红死魔的面具》的疾病瘟疫恐惧，均运用怪诞夸张的笔法，以某一项灾难为切入点，设立层层悬念兼以象征手法渲染恐怖氛围，放大人类生存的不安，触发绝望感，再由此让读者对生存状况及异化的自我进行反思。被《时代》杂志誉为二十世纪最杰出作家之一的英国女作家安吉拉·卡特曾撰哥特小说《埃德加·爱伦·坡的私室》，即用类似外部悲剧事件的描写解读了爱伦坡的“惊悚人生”。 推理小说：社会观察与逻辑强调 十九世纪上半叶是美国的城市大发展时期，也是美国政治、经济、文化的大动荡时期。城市化进程加剧、大量人口涌向城市、各国移民迁入美国、南北方政治和经济矛盾日益加剧，诸如此类的社会碰撞使人们的思想与精神状态发生了极大的变化，时尚与物质的追求与高犯罪率共同构成了当时美国的城市状态，爱伦坡的推理小说就在这样的大环境下孕育而生。《莫格街凶杀案》、《玛丽罗杰奇案》、《金甲虫》、《失窃的信》四篇被公认为是爱伦坡哥特推理小说的典型代表，悬念、言情、凶杀等哥特小说情节在思维缜密的推理叙述里更彰显其魅力。 德国思想家本雅明把侦探小说的发展归因为十九世纪初市民对都市生活的不安与威胁，从而“在侦探小说中寻找避难所”；德国哲学家阿多诺同样为推理小说这类具有商业属性的文学进行生产解读，他认为推理小说的出现是对充满逻辑规律的社会工业化在文学方面的体现。因此，城市化与工业化影响下诞生的爱伦坡推理小说，相当程度地反映了当时代的社会现状，《玛丽罗杰奇案》等作品的来源甚至也来自于当时报纸所刊登的凶杀案报道。 爱伦坡开启了真正意义的推理小说，他颠覆以往追捕凶手的冒险小说，把逻辑推理带入推理小说创作之中。 密室作案、密码破译、心理分析等主要剧情推进手段均着重强调逻辑思维的重要性，使唯美主义偏重“美”的叙述转换到偏重“思维”的探索。 近观如今流行于世的侦探推理作品，大多可溯寻爱伦坡哥特推理风格的影子，柯南道尔《福尔摩斯探案集》里可以通过他人外貌推理职业的福尔摩斯与爱伦坡笔下通过他人表情作推理的杜宾相似，以及爱伦坡笔下侦探杜宾的助手负责充当情节叙述者与《福尔摩斯探案集》的华生医生相似，由此，现今常见的各类推理手段在爱伦坡哥特小说中找到原型亦不足为奇了。“作品的神秘、荒诞和疯狂只是外部的，而其内部一切都是理智的和严肃的。” 爱伦坡在他的哥特小说中创造了极具吸引力的悬念、营造出诡谲暗黑的惊悚氛围，但其内质却充满一个时代的焦虑与时代背景下对自我的关注，所以才能够历久弥新并开启一个哥特创作的新时代。因此，阅读爱伦坡，除了关注满足猎奇心理的表层笔法之外，我们应该更深一步地探究哥特风格文学背后所暗含的社会指向、美学思考与真正的理智严肃态度。

其作品是在任何时代都是“独一无二”的风格。语言和形式精致、优美，内容多样。侦探小说鼻祖、科幻小说先驱之一、恐怖小说大师、象征主义先驱之一，唯美主义者。

英文原文：Helen, thy beauty is to me Like those Nicean barks of yore, That gently, o'er a perfumed sea, The weary, wayworn wanderer bore To his own native shore. On desperate seas long wont to roam, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face, Thy Naiad airs have brought me home To the glory that was Greece And the grandeur that was Rome. Lo! in yon brilliant window-niche How statue-like I see thee stand, The agate lamp within thy hand! Ah, Psyche, from the regions which Are Holy Land! 译文：海伦，你的美在我的眼里， 有如往日尼西亚的三桅船 船行在飘香的海上，悠悠地 把已倦于漂泊的困乏船员 送回他故乡的海岸。 早已习惯于在怒海上飘荡， 你典雅的脸庞，你的鬈发， 你水神般的风姿带我返航， 返回那往时的希腊和罗马， 返回那往时的壮丽和辉煌。 看哪！壁龛似的明亮窗户里， 我看见你站着，多像尊雕像， 一盏玛瑙的灯你拿在手上！ 塞姬女神哪，神圣的土地 才是你家乡！ 作者是是唯美主义者，十九世纪美国诗人、小说家和文学评论家，其作品唯美的主要表现是在语言和形式上的精致、优美

比较早的神秘主义和哥特小说的先驱，其显著元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，不过其风格特征上又有明显的唯美主义倾向，他的小说准确地说应是——心理式哥特小说。其小说内容怪异离奇，充满恐怖气氛，所用的语言文字又甚是优美华丽。 其小说中的科幻、恐怖、侦探、推理、奇幻等元素，对后世的一批艺术家包括柯南·道尔、波德莱尔、罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森、希区柯克、蒂姆·伯顿、江户川乱步等都有一定程度上的影响。

"The Black Cat" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in the August 19, 1843, edition of The Saturday Evening Post. It is a study of the psychology of guilt, often paired in analysis with Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart".[1] In both, a murderer carefully conceals his crime and believes himself unassailable, but eventually breaks down and reveals himself, impelled by a nagging reminder of his guilt. The story is presented as a first-person narrative using an unreliable narrator. The narrator tells us that from an early age he has loved animals. He and his wife have many pets, including a large black cat named Pluto. This cat is especially fond of the narrator and vice versa. Their mutual friendship lasts for several years, until the narrator becomes an alcoholic. One night, after coming home intoxicated, he believes the cat is avoiding him. When he tries to seize it, the panicked cat bites the narrator, and in a fit of rage, he seizes the animal, pulls a pen-knife from his pocket, and deliberately gouges out the cat's that moment onward, the cat flees in terror at his master's approach. At first, the narrator is remorseful and regrets his cruelty. "But this feeling soon gave place to irritation. And then came, as if to my final and irrevocable overthrow, the spirit of PERVERSENESS." He takes the cat out in the garden one morning and hangs it from a tree, where it dies. That very night, his house mysteriously catches on fire forcing the narrator, his wife and their servant to next day, the narrator returns to the ruins of his home to find, imprinted on the single wall that survived the fire, the figure of a gigantic cat, hanging by its neck from a first, this image terrifies the narrator, but gradually he determines a logical explanation for it, that someone outside had thrown the dead cat into the bedroom to wake him up during the fire, and begins to miss Pluto. Some time later, he finds a similar cat in a tavern. It is the same size and color as the original and is even missing an eye. The only difference is a large white patch on the animal's chest. The narrator takes it home, but soon begins to loathe, even fear the creature. After a time, the white patch of fur begins to take shape and, to the narrator, forms the shape of the , one day when the narrator and his wife are visiting the cellar in their new home, the cat gets under its master's feet and nearly trips him down the stairs. In a fury, the man grabs an axe and tries to kill the cat but is stopped by his wife. Enraged, he kills her with the axe instead. To conceal her body he removes bricks from a protrusion in the wall, places her body there, and repairs the hole. When the police came to investigate, they find nothing and the narrator goes free. The cat, which he intended to kill as well, has gone the last day of the investigation, the narrator accompanies the police into the cellar. There, completely confident in his own safety, the narrator comments on the sturdiness of the building and raps upon the wall he had built around his wife's body. A wailing sound fills the room. The alarmed police tear down the wall and find the wife's corpse, and on her head, to the horror of the narrator, is the screeching black cat. As he words it: "I had walled the monster up within the tomb!" Like the narrator in Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart", the narrator of "The Black Cat" has questionable sanity. Near the beginning of the tale, the narrator says he would be "mad indeed" if he should expect a reader to believe the story, implying that he has already been accused of madness.[2]One of Poe's darkest tales, "The Black Cat" includes his strongest denouncement of alcohol. The narrator's perverse actions are brought on by his alcoholism, a "disease" and "fiend" which also destroys his personality.[3] The use of the black cat evokes various superstitions, including the idea voiced by the narrator's wife that they are all witches in disguise. The titular cat is named Pluto after the Roman god of the Underworld. Publication history"The Black Cat" was first published in the August 19, 1843 issue of The Saturday Evening Post. At the time, the publication was using the temporary title United States Saturday Post.[4] Readers immediately responded favorably to the story, spawning parodies including Thomas Dunn English's "The Ghost of the Grey Tadpole".[5][edit] Adaptations [edit] In film "The Black Cat" was adapted into a film starring Bela Lugosi and Boris Karloff in 1934 and another with Lugosi and Basil Rathbone in 1941, although neither version bears much resemblance to the original story.[5] Many other adaptations exist but the most faithful to the original is the middle segment of Roger Corman's trilogy film Tales of Terror in 1962.[5] Although the overall film was cast with Vincent Price as the lead, in this segment, he was in a supporting role with Peter Lorre as the main character. The 1934 film Maniac also loosely adapts the story. This version follows a former vaudeville actor who kills a doctor and takes the doctor's place to hide his crime. "The Black Cat" was also adapted into a film of the same name by Italian horror director Lucio Fulci in 1981. Film director Dario Argento presented his own loose adaptation of the story in the 1990 anthology film Two Evil Eyes.[edit] In television "The Black Cat" is the eleventh episode of the second season of Masters of Horror. The plot essentially retells the short story in a semi-autobiographical manner, with Poe himself undergoing a series of events involving a black cat which he used to inspire the story of the same name.[edit] Recordings In 1997, a compilation of Poe's work was released on a double CD entitled Closed on Account of Rabies, with various celebrities lending their voices to the tales. The Black Cat was read by avant-garde performer Diamanda Galás.[edit] References in literary works In 1970, Czech writer Ludvík Vaculík made many references to "A Descent into the Maelstr�0�2m" as well as "The Black Cat" in his novel The Guinea Pigs.[edit] References in art In 1910-11 Futurist artist Gino Severini painted "The Black Cat" in direct reference to Poe's short story. An illustration and description can be found at this site

资料1：他一向主张“为艺术而艺术”。他的艺术主张几乎贯穿于他的所有作品中，包括诗歌、短篇小说和论文。在这些作品中，他声称“一切艺术的目的是娱乐，不是真理。”他认为“在诗歌中只有创造美——超凡绝尘的美才是引起乐趣的正当途径。音乐是诗歌不可缺少的成分，对诗人力求表现超凡绝尘的美尤其重要。而在故事写作方面，艺术家就不妨力图制造惊险、恐怖和强烈情感的效果。而且每篇作品都应该收到一种效果。”资料2：“把滑稽提高到怪诞，把害怕发展到恐惧，把机智扩大成嘲弄，把奇特变化为怪异和神秘。”资料3：曹老师为07年出版的长江文艺出版社译本《爱伦·坡作品精选》写的序《爱伦·坡其人其作新论》第二部分：爱伦·坡的小说。我没有整理，你自己整理一下吧。