英语文献有关财务管理的论文

Financial management problems researchIn a market economy, the management is to determine the importance of enterprise survival and development. In recent years, due to ideological bias in understanding and some historical reasons, the objective reasons why the number of internal financial management system is not sound financial management to cause confusion, resulting in some lack of internal oversight mechanisms, occurring false accounts or accounts peripherals account. A direct result of confusion in financial management and poor efficiency of enterprises. This is the proof from experience. Therefore, the strengthening of financial management, establish a sound internal financial management system has become a business imperative. First, enterprises should establish a sound system of internal financial management. (A) The establishment of internal financial management system is to adapt to the socialist market economic system, the objective requirements of Enterprises to survive in market competition, and development, we must follow the requirements of market economy norms financial behavior. That must be in accordance with the requirements of market economy financing, use of funds and distribution of benefits, improve production and operations, improve the economic efficiency of enterprises, thereby enhancing their competitiveness in order to achieve economic growth, to change the way companies adapt to market economy objective requirements. (B) Establish a sound internal financial management system is an inherent requirement of enterprise management 1、Financial management is the basis for all management activities, is the central link in enterprise management. Internal financial management of the company's funds management activities and the form of value, mainly based on cost management and capital management as the center, through a form of value management, to physical form of management. Therefore financial management is the basis for all management activities, the central link in enterprise 、Financial management throughout all aspects of production and operation and the entire process. According to its meaning, we can summarize the four main elements of financial management, including fund-raising management, investment management, working capital management and profit distribution management. (C) financial management and business management all have extensive contact In business activities, financial management of the tentacles stretched to every corner of business, each department will be serviced through the use of funds into contact with the financial sector, each sector should in the rational use of funds, to save money and so accept what Department guidance, subject to the constraints of financial systems in order to ensure the improvement of economic efficiency of enterprises. (D) Fast Company's financial management reflects the company's production operations. All production and business activities of enterprises, are ultimately reflected in the financial results up through the accounting, analysis, comparison, you can check the implementation of enterprise production and business activities, and finding problems, find solutions to the problem. In particular financial results reflect the number and circumstances of the authoritative. In business management, regardless of whether the appropriate decision-making level of technology, production and marketing is smooth and other areas can be quickly reflected from the financial indicators. Second, internal financial management system is difficult to establish the main reason (A) Of the market economy on the business impact of internal financial management system As the market economy further, some units of one-sided emphasis on corporate ownership and management rights, to relax the internal financial management, resulting in varying degrees of accounting based on the work of the weakening, landslides and even chaos. In particular in: 1、According to state regulations, prepare accounts of the financial system does not require the construction, prepare accounts but the accounts Though some confusion; 2、Account or accounts peripheral false accounts, concealing the true financial condition and business economic results; 3、Violation of financial discipline, unauthorized retention, transfer of national income, "little treasuries"; 4、Violation of the financial accounting system, mob unjustified costs, free to write off the cost, reduce profits or increase any loss, severe distortion of accounting information. (B) The overall quality of corporate financial officers is not high enough lead to strong financial management awareness As a corporate financial officer is the drafting of internal financial systems, and also a supervisor and executor. Therefore, the company staff the ability to work, the level of service quality on the establishment of internal financial systems and the implementation of the system plays an important role. But a considerable part of the company's financial staff as subjective and objective factors, difficult to fully undertake the development of internal financial management system functions, mainly: 1、A considerable part of the financial personnel not familiar with the new enterprise financial systems, business is not fine, initiative is not strong, was unable to start with; 2、There is fear of corporate financial officers, afraid of offending the leadership, fear of losing easy work; 3、Position itself is not even one-sided view to establish and improve internal financial management system is a matter of leadership has nothing to do with their own. Third, establish a sound system of internal financial management measures Analysis for the above reasons, establish a sound internal financial systems, available from the following aspects: (A) To strengthen leadership, unity of thinking, to raise awareness Strengthen publicity and education, through advocacy and education to business owners and financial officers, are able to fully understand the importance of financial management within the enterprise, necessity and relevance, to establish a sound system of internal financial management combined with the modern enterprise system, With the deepening of enterprise reform, change their operating mechanism combined. To remove the system more robust, the greater the constraints on business leaders recognize the error, correct thinking, continue to carry forward the fine tradition of hard work and style, and promote the healthy development of this work. (B) To strengthen the corporate financial staff training and enhancing ethics finance staff 1、Through a series of training courses, seminars, courses and conferences and other means to enhance the business training corporate financial officers, financial officers to enhance the learning of the market economic theory in order to improve the level of financial personnel and accounting theory of the business. 2、Strengthen the financial staff of professional ethics, and vigorously promote the reform and opening up the financial front since the company emerged out of the advanced character and deeds, the majority of financial officers perceived importance of professional ethics training to high professional ethics do their jobs. (C) The financial sector should strengthen guidance and promote the establishment of internal financial system The financial departments should establish and improve internal financial management system and implementation of enterprise autonomy, and promote enterprises to change their operational mechanism, establish a modern enterprise system. Written guidance is necessary tissue samples to help companies promote counseling and guidance to accelerate the popularization. In summary, the objective of financial management of financial activities of the enterprise organization, handling financial relationships to achieve the fundamental purpose, which determines the basic direction of financial management, financial management is the starting point. Enterprise Financial Management reflects the balance between the interests of interest groups, is a comprehensive reflection of the interaction of various factors. Enterprise is the enterprise financial management system for financial management, financial work to develop the enterprise system. According to relevant laws, regulations and financial system, and developed with the specific circumstances of enterprises. In practice, norms and guiding role to play, the sound development of enterprises played an important role.

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由克里斯亨德里克森，土木与环境工程学院，卡内基梅隆大学，匹兹堡，PA部l52l3版权长亨德里克森1998 第1版印刷最初由Prentice Hall，书号0-13-731266-0，1989年与共同作者董金。 第二版编写的2000年世界万维网出版。版本编写的夏季，2008。前言 这本书提供了关于作为对学生的从业人员和社区服务的全球网络。为教育目的而复制允许适当引用。如果你觉得这工作有帮助或有补充或者改正建议，请电邮克里斯亨德里克森：。阿硬导师与解决问题的方法手册是为10美元的费用以支付复制，邮寄和处理。寄支票支付给卡内基梅隆大学帕蒂兰格女士，土木与环境工程学院，卡内基梅隆大学，匹兹堡，PA 15213部。这本书在讨论发展的参与者，过程和建设项目管理技术的具体观点。这种观点是谁的业主，及时，符合成本效益的方式完成项目的愿望。为目标，从这一角度对项目管理的结果有些方法产生深远影响： “生命周期成本和效益，从最初的规划，通过操作和设施的处置”等相关的决策。拥有人关注的是从摇篮到坟墓的项目。建筑费用只能代表一个整体生命周期成本的一部分。 在优化过程中的一个阶段的表现可能不利于整体，如果额外费用或延迟发生的地方。例如，省钱的设计过程将是一种虚假的经济如果结果是过剩的建设成本。 项目管理在不同的专家碎片可能是必要的，但是良好的沟通和参与者之间的协调是必要的，以完成该项目的总体目标。新的信息技术可以有助于这一进程，尤其是互联网和专业外联网。 生产力的不断改进的重要性和价值。因此，引进新材料和自动化的建设过程中始终是可取的，只要是便宜，而且具有理想的表现是一致的。 工作质量和性能是极为重要的一个项目的成功，因为它是谁的业主将要忍受的结果。 从本质上讲，通过业主的角度侧重于设施建设的成本效益，而不是提供服务的竞争对各与会者注意。 虽然本书是专门就某一观点的项目施工管理，它不是仅仅用于业主和他们的直接代表。通过了解整个过程中，所有与会者可以更有效地应对业主的需要，在自己的工作，在推销其服务，并与其他参与者进行沟通。此外，具体的技术和本书中所讨论的工具（如经济评估，调度，管理信息系统等），可以很容易地适用于任何进程的一部分。 作为对整个项目，一种新型的组织方法和技术有效地管理数量而成为焦点的利益。首先是激励代替对抗，以共同的努力，伙伴关系和成就的精神，敌对关系。例如，我们讨论了适当的手段来评估风险和适当的参与者承担与建造的设施的不可避免的风险。调度，数据通信和质量保证的，从业主的角度特别的意义，但对个别参与者的必然。使用电脑为基础的技术和自动化也为在这个过程中提高生产率的机会。提出在一个统一的方式等现代管理办法，是本书的一个主要目标。 在项目管理全过程，这本书的统一的观点不同，几乎所有关于这一问题的其他文献。大多数教科书处理该地区的特殊问题，如成本估算，从特别是与会者的观点，如建筑经理或承包商。这文学反映了不同的组织和队伍建设过程的分裂。即使在一个单一的专业，如土木工程，有相当独特的群体专家在规划，设计，管理，建设和其他次专科。的兴趣和注意不成也存在于几乎所有的教育计划。虽然专业知识可能是至关重要的，特别是完成任务，在这一过程中的参与者也应该明白的背景和特殊任务的作用。 这本书的目的主要是作为高年级本科生文本，开始研究生或专业人士继续在工程设计，施工，建筑或设施管理方面的教育。实例和讨论选择提醒读者，项目管理是一个具有挑战性的，充满活力和令人兴奋的企业，而不仅仅是过去的做法记录。还应该是有用的人才谁愿意一个最新的关于项目管理之参考。 1至3章目前的施工管理和设计过程的概述，应该有兴趣从事项目管理建设任何人。人们不必对此单个任务或这部分技术的详细知识。个人可以阅读和理解这些章节没有进一步阐述的基本原理和原则。 通过14第4章描述了特定的职能和项目管理的工艺技术非常有用。这部分介绍在项目的规划方法和要求，包括风险评估，成本估算，预测和经济评价。正是在这种规划和设计阶段，主要成本的节省可能在最终的建造和运营阶段取得。它还涉及诸如承包和服务，融资招标方案编制和经费问题，组织沟通，保证信息的有效利用。报告还进一步讨论在施工阶段控制时间，成本和质量技术。在工程开始经济学（包括现金流量分析和贴现），计算机，利用概率统计课程，将是有益的。此外，获得一个电子表格或公式解决软件的个人电脑将是有益的尝试，在第4章的一些问题，14个读者。许多软件程序可用于这一目的，包括电子表格和公式解决方案。在某些章节的问题也可以做的任何现有软件套件数量的信息管理和工程调度。然而，个人电脑使用这种方式不需要在以下的文字材料。每个教师可行使遗漏在这些章节中的某些材料，如果他们决定与其他类多余或过于在他或她自己的班级先进。 我们希望学生开始建设的项目管理将准备采取综合办法强调自己的职业生涯在这本书。此外，在各个领域的资深专业人士可能会发现在这本书甚至一些他们并没有预期的惊喜。拥有高水平谁没有直接在项目管理过程中涉及的组织决策者可能会发现，特别是在第1章的基本理念和利益的原则，通过3，业主都必须支付兴建设施，是好还是坏。如果这本书能满足哪怕是一小部分的承诺，影响建设项目管理的未来，我们的努力将得到重奖。 对于版（2003年夏季），一个新的例子，更新和引用的数量已插入整个案文。例如，有精益建筑和绿色建筑新的讨论。但是，基本结构和方法保持不变。项目管理的基本原则对待这里是永恒的。随着本书的第一版和第二版准备了许多个人。我们尤其要感谢布尔库阿肯哲，威廉J馆，保罗克里斯蒂亚诺，史蒂芬Fenves，丹尼尔雷哈克，黛比斯卡帕图拉和雪莉克纳普。亚沃尔科斯托夫，汤米亨德里克森，柯特Yeske和在洙荣在发展本书的网络版工具。这本书也反映了众多学生和工业用谁的问题，我们的挑战和共同多年来他们自己的想法和经验的同事的贡献。我们感谢所有这些人。 在这一些已采取我们所撰写的多篇论文，由美国土木工程师学会出版的书籍材料。材料取自其他来源的脚注，表格或数字承认。我们非常感谢这些人给予，出版商和组织给我们的权限。 描绘了一个在匹兹堡的PPG公司建筑施工各阶段的照片系列，巴勒斯坦权力机构之间插入章节顺序。我们要感谢在提供这些照片的合作PPG工业。 克里斯亨德里克森及东金