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【内容提要】现代社会教育与个人就业之间的关系正由过去的确定性走向不确定性。个人对教育的选择、学校办学以及劳动力市场工作搜寻的一系列特征，是这种转变的内在根源。当前应该采取措施，将教育与个人就业关系的不确定性控制在适度、合理的范围内。 【摘 要 题】考试与就业 【英文摘要】The relation beeen the&nb 现代社会教育与个人就业之间的关系正由过去的确定性走向不确定性。当前我国大学毕业生就业时不断遭遇“困难”，正是这种转变的一种反映。社会转型、经济结构调整、技术进步等因素是促使教育与个人就业关系走向不确定的外在根源；而个人对教育的选择、学校办学以及劳动力市场工作搜寻的特征等是其内在根源。限于篇幅，本文只对其内在根源作些分析。 一、个人的教育选择导致的不确定 按照经济学的一般解释，个人进行教育投资的根本动机在于经济利益和效用的最大化，即个人期图通过接受教育，使自己在劳动力市场上处于最佳位置；而社会根据生产需要，期图通过使用教育提供的人才达到社会生产成本最小，利润最大。这样，社会将会把各种熟练劳动力和高级人才的需求信息输入劳动力市场，个人则根据劳动力市场的供求信息，调整自己对教育的选择，与社会对劳动力的需求达到一致，最终实现个人的经济利益和效用的最大化。同时社会生产部门也在一定程度上根据劳动力市场的供求状况，调整需求。亦即个人与社会以劳动力市场为中介，各自不断调整需求，使二者达到基本一致。但是事实并非如此，正是个人对教育进行选择时的一些特征，导致了教育与就业之间的关系的不确定性。 1.个人选择动机的多样性 把个人对教育的选择仅仅看成是他出于理性，追求自身经济利益或效用最大化的行为，无疑将人的行为决策过于简单化了。首先，人的理性是有限的。个人不具有搜集和整理其对教育选择的所有信息的能力，不可能作出使自己接受的教育对将来就业产生最大化收益的决策。因此，西蒙认为个人只能以“满意”的收益或效用作为自己决策的目标。[1]其次，个人的教育选择受教育资源、制度和文化等方面的抑制。无论个人拥有的教育资源，还是社会分配的教育资源，相对于个人的选择而言都是有限的，个人不可能完全出于自己的愿望对教育进行任意选择。第三，真实的个人在进行教育选择时，除了自利的特征以外，还具有其他多种特征。一是容易情绪化。个人不可能是一个刻板的“计算器”，不断地对自己的教育选择进行利益或效用等方面的计算。事实上，个人往往是出于对某种教育的喜好、对自己的自负，甚至是为了躲避恐惧等冲动，而作出对教育的选择。二是受知识的限制。个人在进行教育选择时是以一定的知识为基础的，不同知识背景的人所得出的结论是很不相同的，如对教育成本和将来就业收益的估算与比较等。三是初始条件不对称。个人进行教育选择时在经济条件、风险态度、学习偏好等方面存在差异，即使个人行为是理性的，其行为之间也缺乏可预测性。 现代社会的教育具有多种功能。面对多种教育功能，个人在对教育进行选择的时候，其内部动机往往存在不一致的地方，这构成了内在的矛盾和冲突。一般来说，随着自我意识的增强，对自己认识的不断加深，个人可能需求教育为他的才能的发展提供机会。而现实社会中劳动力市场可能更多地需求应用型人才，迫于现实，个人可能对教育提出更为功利性或实用性的需求。人文的需求与功利的需求在一个人身上难以一致起来，甚至会产生冲突，冲突的结果可能是个人追求教育的功利价值，而放弃对人文价值的需求。但也有可能是相反。这种个人教育需求之间不一致的情况，在我国目前的市场经济社会中也是常见的。这也说明个人在进行教育选择时可能与劳动力市场的需求并不一致，其结果就是个人所接受的教育与将来的就业之间存在什么样的关系，让人无法确知。 社会学研究表明，商品不仅具有使用价值和交换价值，而且具有符号价值，即商品本身显示了与其他商品的不同，具有社会表现力。[2]教育，特别是正规的学校教育更是具有这种符号性，受教育者可以借接受某种教育来表现其个性、品位、社会地位、社会认同和未来价值等。实际上，对某些个人来说，选择接受教育如其说是考虑到教育与将来劳动就业的关系，还不如说就是凡勃伦所言的“炫耀性消费”[3]。 2.个人选择的博弈性 萨缪尔森(Paul )曾经提出“合成推理的谬误”[4]，即对于个人来说是对的，但对于总体或整个社会来说未必总是对的。（注：萨缪尔森以球迷看球为例，球迷为了看得更清楚而站起来看，可是当所有的人都站起来的时候，大家都不能够看得更清楚，认为“由于某一原因而对个体来说是对的，便据此而认为对整体说来也是对的，这就是合成推理的谬误”。）当劳动力市场某一规格或类型的劳动力供不应求时，个人的反应往往就是大量涌向这一专业或类型的教育。个人的这种反应是其理性所为，应该说也是符合劳动力市场需求的，无可厚非。但个人是有限的，他无法知道别人，特别是和他一样年龄和处境的人，会作出什么样的选择，个人也无法在整体上去规划或控制这种选择。这样，当个人接受了某种教育之后，即使劳动力市场的需求不发生变化，也会发现其供求矛盾已经面目全非。曾经热门火爆的专业，现在却严重供过于求，其中的一个重要原因就在于此。 个人选择教育的专业类型与劳动力市场的劳动力供求之间存在着时差。个人在对教育作出选择时，无法知道将来劳动力市场的需求状况。譬如，现在假定个人面对A、B两个专业，A专业是一个新兴的专业，当前劳动力市场需求旺盛，报酬较高；B专业是一个常规专业，市场对这类劳动力的供求基本保持不变，但报酬一般（如图1）。根据“合成推理的谬误”，个人如果选择A专业，那么他无法确知自己毕业后劳动力市场的供求状况，可能是供求基本平衡，也可能是供过于求。当劳动力市场对这类人才供不应求或供求基本平衡时，其就业收益是4；当劳动力市场供过于求时，其就业收益是1（或更低）。个人如果选择B专业，由于这是一个常规专业，就业收益基本保持在恒定的水平2。这样，个人在进行选择时有两种策略，即选择A专业或B专业，但结果却有四种可能。个人究竟该如何决策，最后教育对其就业收益影响的结果又如何呢？实际上最终的结果无法预先确定。 附图 图1 个人不同专业选择的得益 退一步说，假定个人知道自己选择接受某种专业教育后，在劳动力市场上得到一个报酬较高且自己满意的工作的概率为90%；自己顺利完成学业，拿到教育证书的概率也是90%；而事实也是如此。那么个人往往就会有足够的根据，满怀希望地选择这种教育，因为失败的概率为19%，对个人来讲实在是不高。但对整体而言，却意味着100名受教育者当中就有19名将不能从这种教育中获益，并存在失业的可能，教育与个人就业的关系势必难以确定。 3.个人选择的不可逆性 与其他投资相比，教育投资的不可逆性更为明显。即教育投资在时间上有着严格的先后顺序，是单维度的，个人在进行教育选择时，不能跳跃式前进，也不大可能停滞不前或后退。一方面，个人一旦选择接受了某种教育之后，往往不大可能再来选择退出，转而选择其他类型的教育。例如，“一个学生即使在看到中等教育比较欠有利，他也不可能再返回初等教育并在那里耗费更多的时间”[5]。另一方面，个人的教育选择受制于一定的先后顺序，个人不可能因为知道博士学位具有较高的就业价值，而跳过中等教育去直接攻读博士学位。 假定持有较高教育证书的个人在劳动力市场上才会有较大的优势，个人教育选择的这种不可逆性的直接后果就是，一旦个人在阶梯结构的教育层级之间前进时受阻，即不能升入高一级学校，那么个人先前的教育投入就形成了“沉没成本”（注：经济学认为，如果一笔已经付出的开支，无论个人或组织作出何种选择都不能被收回，这种成本就被称为“沉没成本”。），其先前所接受教育的就业价值就只能是忽略不计了。因此，个人对教育进行选择，就如同进入了迷宫（如图2）。在中考与高考两个节点上，个人都有成功和失败两种可能，结果会有三种，而获得就业收益只是其中的一种。个人无法确知自己将会是什么样的结果。事实上，当个人进了学校的大门，没有人知道结果将会是什么，不可预见性是显然的。 附图 图2 个人教育选择的迷宫 二、学校办学特征导致的不确定 当个人的教育选择无法导引出教育与就业之间的某种确定性的关系时，传统理论往往寄希望于学校教育根据劳动力市场的信息，通过自身的变革，调整教育结构，使劳动力供给在结构上适应经济结构的需求，从而使得教育能够解决人们的就业问题，改善个人的就业状况。然而问题是，学校能够这样去做吗？学校真的愿意这样去做吗？答案是否定的。 1.多元投资的异质性 教育投资的主体主要是 *** 和个人，而 *** 的教育投资与个人的教育投资是存在较大差别的。在物质表现形态上， *** 的教育投资主要表现为学校建筑、教学设备等费用和教职员工的工资；个人的教育投资主要表现为学费以及放弃的收入。在行为动机上， *** 进行教育投资是为了提供教育服务，其目的是为了满足社会对教育的“公共需要”，促进社会公平，弥补个人投资不足，协调政治、经济和社会发展等；个人对自己进行教育投资是为了获得教育服务，其目的在于获得心理上的享受和精神上的满足，以及将来的经济收益。[6][7]不同主体的教育投资，聚集到学校办学上来，构成了教育投资的异质性。 教育投资的这种异质性，使得学校的办学不可能以单一的受教育者将来在劳动力市场上的价值作为终极目标， *** 所委托的政治价值与人文道德价值常常是学校办学的重要宗旨。在更多的情况下，即使学校知道教育规模的扩张，可能导致“教育性失业”，即不利于个人就业问题的解决，但对于社会来说仍然有着正的经济或非经济效益。譬如， *** 可能为了协调社会经济发展，防止出现劳动力市场某种类型的劳动力短缺，而宁愿扩大这种类型的劳动力供给，宁愿接受劳动力市场出现一定数量的人才失业，所以愿意扩大教育规模。有时则相反，对于个人来说，即使不得不承担一定的投资风险，个人也不得不通过接受教育，提高自己的就业收益；而 *** 则可能从整体利益出发，不愿意看到受过教育的人毕业后出现失业的现象，为了防止失业而不主张扩大教育规模。又譬如，假定劳............ :yw66./Article/xueshu/xueshujsj/200707/53729.

是不是要在PPT中播放word文档？1、先把文档整理一下保存。页面文字左右缩进-7或-8让文字布满页面。文字设置28号、加粗。再调整显示比例：视图----显示比例---显示比例----页宽----确定。2、打开PPT-----插入-----对象-----由文件创建-----浏览------插入整理好的word文档----确定-----显示为图标-----确定。3、选中PPT中出现的文档图标------动画-----自定义动画-----添加效果------对象动作------打开（也可选编辑，放映时可以编辑）即可。这样放映PPT时单击图标word文档内容就展示出来，和word中一样用鼠标滚动翻页。word2007

就5000字的论文来说，如果论文中每段字数少，总体页数会多些，还有排版是5号字只是说正文，那标题用一级、二级标题格式来版也会再很大版面，所以这是个综合的问题。要说大概就是5、6页了。

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Higher Touri *** English professional English teaching model to explore scenarios [Abstract] the primary characteristics of vocational education to write papers on behalf of students is to cultivate the ability to integrate theory with practice, this paper discusses the characteristics of touri *** in English and discusses the use of more on the way to - scenes approach, noting that such Method The advantages and problems, and Touri *** English Teaching Problems also included in the scope of discussion. [Key words] Vocational Education Touri *** English teaching methods and problem scenarios First, several characteristics of Touri *** English 1. Practical strong. We often talk about the theory and practice should be a bination of (theory must be integrated with practice), the theory of learning is to better guide the practice, guides the work of one of the characteristics is to practice. Guides, known as civil ambassadors and image ambassador, who in the international exchanges of the role is particularly important, even if they have a solid theoretical knowledge, but it can not be used for practical work, this is not a qualified tour guides. 2. Specialized. There is no doubt that in the touri *** teaching English inevitably involves travel to the deep expertise. The six basic elements of touri *** , food, shelter, transportation, travel purchase, entertainment and touri *** resources, touri *** planning, hotels, travel agencies, tourist attractions such as the various departments of knowledge, requires students to master these basic professional basic knowledge. If the creation of the relevant professional courses on touri *** professionals to learn and understand English will be of great help. 3. Comprehensive and strong. Involved in the touri *** industry knowledge is very plex, politics, history, literature, art, architecture, religion, gardening, such as multi-disciplinary knowledge, I have seen a few of the basic teaching materials are in aordance with the six elements of touri *** know-how into the above into which constitute a whole. Second, touri *** scene in English Teaching As the saying goes, interest is the best teacher, then how to train students interested in teaching has bee one important aspect. Above have already said that guides the work of highly practical, but also in certain scenes ourred, such as tours at the airport shuttle, how weling and farewell speech, to move into the hotel, along the guided tours, attractions and so on , the author based on different scenarios into the training purposes of which have achieved good results, the following I would like to give one example, Unit 11 WaterTour: Lijiang river. 1. BACKGROUND introduced (backgroundinformation) This is paving the way each unit of knowledge and information to add, so that students of the natural resources of water have a total understanding, it can generally be divided into several categories: rivers, lakes, sea, hot springs, waterfalls, each category is a list of the most distinctive examples, such as: the Yangtze River, the West Lake, Jinan's Baotu Spring, Guizhou Huangguoshu waterfall, and then broken down into each, such as: What are the sites of West Lake, and the English translation shown to students, the I have followed each of the modules in this order, descending from a whole to partial, and the use of courseware ppt documents, first introduced after the display picture. Here I want to say is, the traditional template significantly those of very old, very old-fashioned style, teachers can browse the Web in the process of peace will be their favorite picture or interesting for touri *** save the picture of English language teaching, and their ppt documents into standby, the best choice of picture and each unit can be relevant to the subject, of course, need to spend a lot of work, but good value for money, students in the learning process can inspire their interest. 2. Courseware on specific (detailed explanation) The theme of this module is to introduce the world famous Lijiang River in Guilin landscape, the article is mainly to readers as a tourist, took us to visit the scenic甲天下, Castle Peak, Xiushui, Qishi, reflection ..., the article is more inclined to the narrative is a Field guides word. In order to allow students to Lijiang's landscape there is a general understanding, I will introduce into the relevant spots in which, such as the Reed Flute Cave, Cheung Pei Shan, Qixingyan and so on, to the students a whole pattern. 3. Scenarios interpretation (situational presentation) This is the most difficult step in the process of belonging to the output. At the end of each unit after the lecture, I will place the students of this unit have learned the content of drilling can be carried out group work, to enable students through role-playing (role play), so that students feel like, and give full play to their own imagination, and promote active learning students enthusia *** . Another method is to knowledge in their own language to anize themselves, and then they speak out, each class 10 minutes before I do, so can study the effect of book knowledge. However, in the course of the author, Professor, students or the existence of certain problems will arise, if students are too rigidly adhere to teaching materials, as well as the students are short of certain cross-cultural munication of knowledge, in exchange they would often make the phenomenon of culture shock. Such as in teaching to join the cross-cultural munication on the knowledge, you can play with the foreign exchange the role of lubricants to avoid conflict, do not be embarrassed to enable the o sides. Third, the main problems 1. Materials relatively single Most of the touri *** professional teaching English only for the province or a region, there is no nationwide introduction of the overall attraction, and the same theme, introducing a time when almost all of the same language, the lack of reference materials; part of teaching materials to more Touri *** deep expertise in the overall translated into English, which is no touri *** expertise to pave the way for English learners is difficult to understand, but such a career as higher vocational institutions, such as pure things significantly less useful, specific spots should be introduced to include a good word to focus on a good sentence, such as better able to recite in order to achieve the purpose of training. In addition, if the publication of these films all over the scenery of the English version of CD-ROM, coupled with on-site tour guides, students can imitate, or if there is mute function to allow students to e under the shooting scene with their own explanations, so the skills the requirements and further improved, for those who have a higher base and capacity of students. 2. The lack of professional teaching English for Touri *** At present, the majority of teachers are touri *** management professional or graduate English majors, specialized school English teachers very little touri *** , so it is very difficult to teach the process of grasping the curriculum focus, or not grasped, may be the beginning of the semester or students, and gradually bees a monologue students became teachers, Ap Lei like to listen to teaching. I think the teachers can take part in some training activities, continue to aumulate experience, check the length of others make up for our own short, At the same time, teachers can also go to the first line of services for others to experience the pleasure brought about by, to better promote classroom teaching. 3. The lack of school internship training base At present most of the opening of Touri *** English professional school, the teaching and practice are basically out of touch. First of all, to impart theoretical knowledge, and then make use of other practical semester. If we can bine theory and practice so that you can receive good results. However, due to practical needs some practice material support, so most students will need on their own to sum up in practice, so that delayed a lot of valuable time. References: [1]赵宝国,谭晓蓉. The use of the 21st century touri *** English Course [M]. Shanghai: Xue Lin Press, 2005. [2] Lu Po-chi. Guided tours in English [M]. Beijing: Touri *** Education Press, 2003. [3] Min. Teaching scenarios - Touri *** English Teaching effective method [J]. Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commercial Technology Journal, 2003,9 (3). 原文地址： :lwz./jiaoyulunwen/jichujiaoyu/200901/02-4394. 仅供参考，请自借鉴 希望对您有帮助

应注意以下几点： 1.首先确定论文的题目，就也就是需要说明的观点； 2.搜集材料证明观点的论据； 3.确定论文的结构： 1）第一段提出论点； 2）第二段论据证明； 3）结论:论点的正确性 确定三个段落的题目以后，再写内容，词汇要简练，不要拖泥带水，论点要明确。 关键不是论点的正确与否，关键的是用证据证明你的论点是正确的，也就进行论证。

楼主去时事一点通网站看看吧，上面有很多时事评论，楼主可以参考一下别人的观点或者写作思路方法，然后结合自己的观点写一下，而且该网站时事热点新闻也有很多，楼主可以顺便给自己的论文找点素材~

你是大几的？