toyota论文模板

在“中国工业论坛—汽车工业分论坛”上，贾新光从丰田汽车的召回事件角度分析了我国自主品牌的情况。他分析指出，丰田的汽车召回是一件很突出的事件，从国内对此事的评论来看，他觉得有两个失误，一是有人认为丰田属于战术上的失误，如反应迟缓、态度傲慢等，属于公关上失误的问题；另外一个就是潜规则的问题。最典型的就是最近的海南毒豇豆事件，海南方面责备武汉把这一事件曝光出来，认为这是一种潜规则，就不应该这么直接指出来。应该先私下告诉对方，让对方自己来处理。“如果真是这么认为的话，我认为持有这种潜规则的观点就会把中国汽车工业腐蚀掉，而且这样讨论丰田汽车，也不会得到任何的启示。” 贾新光表示，丰田的召回事件，规模如此大，影响如此严重，因此我国需要重新认识丰田模式。他指出丰田模式不是指丰田生产方式，而是指丰田的发展模式。而且他相信丰田是有属于自己的发展核心的，但传统的丰田的生产方式不是丰田企业总结的，是属于美国人帮忙总结的，因此可以这么去理解：美国人写的丰田生产方式不一定都是正确的，因为大家对真正的丰田生产方式都不能真实的去了理解，真正的丰田生产方式是不会被外界所知道的，也不会告诉别人的。 “现在的问题是为什么我们很崇拜的丰田能走到这一步，原来的被认为很不错的丰田模式已经开始暴露出它的弱点？”贾新光分析丰田模式的核心是追随模仿、追求低成本、追求价格，而恰恰这一模式也是我们汽车工业自主品牌发展的模式。这一模式有一个最大的问题，在于追求模仿，原先它一直跟随着通用走，因此一旦它成为了第一、当了老大之后就不行了，就不知道该怎么发展了，这是最大的问题。在丰田模式之后追随的就是现代，现代之后就是我国的奇瑞、吉利等，“但愿我们不要走到它这一发展模式上。” 贾新光指出，当前我们正走在一个最强的增长时期，这时候更应该清醒，不要重复丰田的错误。之所以这么说，成功的企业有三种，规模的、品牌的、创新的，我认为真正成功的企业还要集这三种于一身。现在来看丰田模式，它事实上就是在追赶通用的规模。如1972年，丰田汽车要建立200万辆汽车的体制，1973年要建立300万的体制，1977年，丰田认为自己是世界第一流的公司。 对于丰田来说，它还有消减成本优势会被原材料成本抵消，如它的成本缩减计划，而这些恰恰也为丰田召回埋下了隐患。而从今天来看，这样的策略已经开始走到头了。如所谓的干毛巾要拧出一把水来，事实上干毛巾可以拧出一滴水来，但要真正拧出一把水那就算是过头了，干毛巾就完了。 从丰田汽车的发展上来看，尽管规模很大，但其品牌却不强。丰田有一年花了近一年的世界来讨论品牌，我当时认为丰田品牌毫无特色，而且其品牌价值也值得去讨论。国内一家调查公司做过一项品牌调查，丰田的品牌动力并不是很好的，品牌特征也不是很好的。再有就是品牌溢价，在国内的高档车上，丰田汽车基本上没有品牌溢价。在品牌认知上，心理占有力、头脑占有力、认知渗透力，丰田也很缺乏心理渗透力。 从美国、欧洲的汽车工业发展来看，这些汽车工业在品牌创新上是非常有优势的，如汽车方面的平台技术、零部件技术等，因此要单一地靠汽车规模是很难有所发展的。从丰田汽车的发展模式来看，因此对中国汽车特别是对自主品牌来说，这些更是值得我们去仔细审视的、需要考虑和讨论的。

JIT(Just In Time)生产方式起源于日本丰田汽车公司，这是一种诞生于日本的低成本，高质量的柔性生产方式。下面是由我整理的丰田jit管理论文，谢谢你的阅读。

JIT管理方式应用研究

摘要：JIT(Just In Time)生产方式起源于日本丰田汽车公司，这是一种诞生于日本的低成本，高质量的柔性生产方式。JIT生产方式的基本理念为：在需要的时间，按需要的量，生产需要的产品。上世纪后半期，制造业迈入一个崭新的时代，以单一品种的大规模生产方式已不能满足新市场的要求，市场需求进入多样化，此阶段迫切需要一种新型的生产方式，即小批量，多品种，低成本，高品质的生产方式。

随着中国经济融入世界经济一体化，中国制造的产品越来越多地进入国际市场，全球化市场经济为企业带来机遇的同时也带来了激烈的市场竞争。为了增强企业竞争力，一味地压低材料成本已经很难实现企业利润最大化，这时，一种新型的生产模式---JIT生产方式的出现为企业创造了新的竞争优势。

关键词：JIT生产方式，JIT采购，供应商，零库存

中图分类号： 文献标识码： A

20世纪80年代以来，随着全球市场需求的多样化，对产品的质量，价格，性能等要求变得更高，产品的开发周期缩短，市场应变更灵活，在此背景下，JIT生产方式的出现大大满足了市场变化的新需求。全球各国，各行各业都对JIT生产经营方式进行探索和研究，并对其实施现场考察，理论联系实践，经过全面提炼 总结 ，得出精益生产方式(Lean Production)。

精益生产，顾名思义，所表达的生产经营理念即为消除浪费，节约资源。将其理论运用于整个供应链过程，即从接受客户订单，安排生产计划，制定原材料采购计划，国内外货物运输，直至货物交付的整个流程。同时，精益生产还运用于企业全面管理。近几年来，我国的汽车工业，电子工业，机械工业，电气工业等生产制造企业中广泛应用JIT管理方式，提高了生产效率，获得了显著效果。JIT生产与管理方式提高了企业的经济效益，企业在降低运营成本的同时，还获得了丰富的生产运营管理 经验 ，JIT生产方式得到了广泛的推广和运用。

1. JIT生产方式的目标

JIT生产方式的最终目标是企业获取最大利润，实现零浪费，任何生产活动不会为企业带来效益即为浪费，具体可以概括为以下几个方面：

零库存

零库存管理是企业供应链管理的关键，就制造业而言，是指在生产过程中，消除原材料，半成品，成品的在库时间;减少无效动作时间，如减少搬运动作、搬运次数，减少如缺料产生的等待时间;按订单生产，有效控制企业产品库存。

零缺陷

企业应以质量为中心，实行全员参与管理。企业全面质量包括产品质量，服务质量，成本质量，质量管理贯穿于生产的全过程，为了提高客户满意度，消除缺陷，减少浪费，企业需建立完善的质量保证体系。生产过程中发生问题需立即停止生产，使问题充分暴露，对问题进行分析，改善，久而久之，生产中存在的问题就不断减少，产品质量不断提高。

2. JIT采购

采购的优点

降低企业原材料库存，提高库存周转率

实行JIT采购可以逐步减少企业原料库存，减少流动资金的占用，加速流动资金的周转，从而降低材料库存成本。同时，JIT采购要求企业对供应商进行全面科学的管理，JIT模式下的采购对供应商要求更严谨，反应更迅速，质量要求更严格，实施JIT采购极大地提高了企业自身和供应商的管理水平。

降低企业质量成本，提高采购物料的质量

企业实施JIT采购可以使所购材料的质量成倍提高，据调查，JIT采购可降低企业质量成本，质量成本是权衡和优化企业质量管理的一种手段，JIT采购要求把质量责任归于供应商，同时，由于所购材料质量的提高以及材料质量成本的降低，为企业节省资源提供了良好的运作环境。

揭露生产过程中存在的问题，提高企业生产效率

JIT采购认为，过高的库存不但增加了企业的库存成本，减缓企业

现金流，而且还掩盖了企业生产管理过程中的种种矛盾，生产中的问题得不到解决，必将阻碍企业的发展，降低企业生产效率。JIT采购方式通过降低原材料库存，不断揭露生产过程中所产生的问题，使其从根源上得到解决，以此提高企业生产效率。

要求供应商准时交货，提高生产的连续性和稳定性

要求供应商准时交货，是JIT采购的又一重要特性。首先，为了

保证交货准时化，供应商需提高自身企业生产的稳定性，不断提高产

品质量，从而避免生产不稳定和产品质量问题造成交货延迟。其次，

企业需持续对供应商生产管理过程进行改善，要求供应商同样采用JIT

管理模式，与客户步伐一致，实现共赢。

采购存在的问题

采购价格问题

JIT采购更多地采取单一供应商供货方式，导致原材料采购成本依

附于供应商，不利于企业管控采购价格，给企业采购成本管理带来了

相应的风险。

质量问题

JIT采购供应源单一，并免去进料检验，供应商直接把原材料送至

生产线，供方产品一旦出现质量问题，企业的产品也会受到影响。

信息泄露

JIT采购涉及与供应商信息分享，企业与供应商合作过程中，供应商会知道一些企业内部的重要信息，如公司产能计划，生产数据，产品技术等，这些信息在与供应商合作过程中存在一定的内部信息泄露风险。

库存问题

无论是企业还是供应商，都会由于异常情况出现生产停线，在JIT采购过程中，如果供应商停产，会导致企业生产缺货;如果企业生产停线，供应商库存以及企业半成品库存都会增加。

供应商合作问题

JIT采购管理将库存成本压力转移给供应商，企业库存成本压力相对较小。供应商在承担成本压力的环境下会逐渐对企业合作失去兴趣，从而使企业处于被动地位，不利于企业与供应商的长期合作。

3. JIT采购与大批量采购的比较

供应商选择

在供应商选择方式上，JIT采购选择较少供应商，甚至是单一供应商，企业与供应商关系稳定，采购物料的质量也相对稳定。传统的大批量采购选择较多的供应商，而且还经常变更供应商，企业与供应商的合作关系不牢固，所采购物料的质量问题也颇多。

供应商交货方式

对于供应商交货方式，JIT采购方式是由供应商自行安排出货，企业采购人员不需要花费大量时间与供应商沟通安排出货，这大大缩短了采购员的工作量，提高了工作效率，并能确保交货的准时性。传统的大批量采购方式是由企业采购人员通知供应商送货，采购员需要花费较多的时间和各家供应商进行沟通来确保供应商送货以满足企业生产需求。

采购批次和物流运输方式

关于采购批次和物流运输方式，JIT采购批次多，数量少，物流运送较为频繁。传统的大批量采购批次少，数量多，物流运输次数相对较少。

库存管理方式

在库存管理方式上，JIT采购要求企业需要什么，何时需要，供应商按照要求直接送货到需求点上，原材料和外购件库存压力在供应商一方。传统大批量采购是面向库存的管理模式，供应商大批量送货，以一定的库存来保证企业生产运作，库存压力在企业一方。

包装要求

对于采购件包装要求，JIT采购采用标准的、特定规格的，并且可循环使用的容器包装，节约产品成本。传统大批量采购采用纸箱等不可重复使用的容器包装，此类包装也无特定要求。

进货检验方式

关于进货检验，由于JIT采购方式对于供应商质量要求严格，所采购的原材料、外购件质量有保证，同时，JIT采购要求供应商在需求点上供货，供应商送货无需进货检验，从而缩短了采购周期，提高了生产效率。传统的大批量采购方式要求供应商每次送货都需安排进货检验。

进入21世纪，由于世界经济发展迅速，市场经济的全球化迫切需要我们采取先进有效的管理方式来保证企业的持续稳定发展，JIT生产管理方式的出现是全球经济发展的产物。JIT先进科学的管理模式广泛应用于国内企业，使企业利润得以最大化，它对于企业融入国际市场，迈向国际化，具有十分重要的意义。JIT生产管理是综合复杂的管理体系，它涉及企业人力资源，技术，研发，生产，销售，物流，供应，质量等各部门，将JIT思想纳入企业整体战略运作，在实践中不断改善和提高，逐渐形成适合企业自身特点的管理模式，减少企业浪费，降低企业成本，实现真正意义上的精益生产。JIT管理模式对我国企业的改革有着借鉴作用，它不但提高了 企业管理 水平，提升企业市场竞争力，而且实现企业效益最大化。JIT所具有的先进性和优越性，在电子商务和信息 网络技术 的支持下，在全球市场上立于不败之地。

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作者:过嘉藻 东南大学经济管理学院工商管理硕士在读就职单位:无锡市欧特姆机械制造厂

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Toyota history Toyota is the world's six major brands of its profit last year more than the United States is the GM and Ford twice the sum of the profit, can not but make people their feelings of deep respect rise. In an island country, Toyota is a step-by-step how to do this? Before production car In fact, Toyota's history can be traced back to 1896. That year, the 29-year-old Sakichi Toyoda invented "Toyota-style steam-driven loom." He invented a loom that Taiwan is not only Japan's first ever human not rely on the automatic loom, but different in the past loom, it is operative worker in textile mill at the same time by a caring 3-4 machines, which have greatly increased productivity. Even then world number one纺织机械厂homes - British Prader companies to Sakichi Toyoda issued at the request of the transfer of the franchise, eventually佐吉in 1929 (Showa four years) to 100,000 pounds (of the then 1 million yen ) selling price of the right to use the patent. Enter the automobile field In 1930, 63-year-old Sakichi Toyoda death. He left the child is a possession of nearly 10,000 employees thriving Cotton Mill. Sakichi Toyoda, the eldest son of Toyota Hi Koizumi of Japan interest in the world outside the full. Hi Koizumi told Europe and the United States were investigated, the Industrial Revolution in Europe and America grandeur that he has been badly shaken, and his car more full-blooded. He held that the vehicle must be the next important means of transport. When Toyota Hi Koizumi started to develop vehicles, the United States General Motors Corporation and Ford Motor Company have already become a world-famous large enterprises. In mass production technology and the operation of the market, the two companies strength sufficient for the rest of the world for all vehicle manufacturers incapable of dealing with, respectively, and their respective vehicle assembly plants open to the Japanese. However, the Toyota Hi Koizumi not to the United States two auto giants move too much in our hearts and minds. He threw himself into a mass production basis for the creation of the domestic automobile industry. Toyota Automatic Loom in the production, a brand new car departments - the Ministry was born. 1937 (Showa 12) August 28, the Ministry of cars from Toyota Automatic Loom declared by the independent production, as a possession 12 million yen capital of the new company, "Toyota cars Industry Co., Ltd." Since then embarked on a their new course. In new factories, aa cars started production, the initial monthly output of only 150. One year later, the Japanese automobile industry holding firm confidence Toyota Hi Koizumi had ignored surrounding an objection, decisively decided to invest 45 million yen huge sums of money per month in 2000 to build a production system, and this huge amount of investment is almost the same company capital four times! Japan is a natural resource-poor countries, Toyota Hi Koizumi that the development of high-power fuel consumption, reliable and durable car for the Japanese auto industry is crucial topic. In 1939, the company set up a battery Institute, initiated the development of electric vehicles. In 1940, Toyota produced about l5000 vehicles, of which 98 percent is客货两用车. Toyota Although the vehicles do not have much experience. But strictly adhere to the credo: to create more than simple imitation, if we can imitate the same time to improve, so much the better. Hi Koizumi and his father's idea of the same strain, he knew it must first production safety, solid, economic, traditional cars, rather than innovative products. So in a very long time, all Toyota cars have such characteristics. War-torn In December 1941, the outbreak of the Pacific War, the August 1945 end of World War II, Japan's industrial production facilities almost completely destroyed, Toyota's factories are also subject to a heavy war damage. The first years after the war, Japan's economy is in a mess, quite backward on the original Japanese auto industry, employees are all deeply concerned about their development prospects. In order to develop the automobile industry as a time of peace as a pillar industry to complete its reconstruction, Toyota in 1945 (Showa 20) September decision truck production in the old system on the basis of the formation of a new small car factory. This decision was made taking into account the United States automobile manufacturers not to produce small cars, expected to be with the United States automobile manufacturers to avoid direct competition. In January 1947, a small car-like vehicle finally Preparation success. According to hydrodynamic theory,这辆-like vehicle used backbone of a streamlined body and a frame structure, four-wheel independent suspension of virtually constitute a new mechanism of the body, the maximum speed reached 87 kilometers. Samples from the car after two years after the birth of time, a 1949 Toyota to the cause finally switched to the stable development track. Entering the development period of expansion In 1951, as the Japanese police reserve at that time the Japanese automobile plant tender small SUV, Toyota was launched bj series SUV, body using canvas top, as head through the Liuhe climbing Mount Fuji test proved its off-road and Durability, the car not only be welcomed by the police reserve, and after continuous production and growth, and this is today the world-renowned Land Cruiser Series models. Today it has developed to the lc100 type, and which also isolated from the urban bias on the suv - Land Cruiser Prado. All models cruisers have so far produced nearly 3 million. In addition, taking advantage of the rapidly expanding demand for taxi opportunity to accelerate car production, in 1953 to have monthly 50 about previous output has been raised to produce 250 more. This series of results in a Toyota after the completion of this corporate rehabilitation, out of its predicament in the course of struggle of a turning point. By 1955, Toyota introduced a design sophistication, displacement liters of sedans, and named the crown rs. Two years later the name to toyopet its exports to the United States. However, the available was only three years early because cars are not suited crown in Japan that the United States long-distance high-speed unimaginable traveling course conditions Not long after, the United States eliminated on the market. Enter the United States from that setback for the United States to develop a new generation of road conditions Toyota Corona sedan, re-enter the United States market, has spent the whole time Toyota 6 years! 1958 (Showa 33), Toyota officially set up their own research institutes, and started building the first company specializing in the production of Japanese car factories. Until now, the Crown has developed to the 12th generation, the total output over 5 million, and the forthcoming production factory in China the first 12 generation. In 1962, Toyota started to enter Europe. This year, Toyota output for the first time broke the million mark. 1965 of God Expressway (Nagoya and Kobe) and the opening of the Japanese opened the era of high-speed highway traffic prelude. Experienced war, the gap in the post-war Japanese auto industry can be said to be the time of Japan's most industrial industries do not have the international competitiveness of the field. But Toyota is foreseen that a large-scale international trade and capital liberalization will soon swept Japan, to greet the arrival of the new era, Toyota stepped up development of higher performance on the one hand the new car at the same time enhancing productivity, improving quality standards show great efforts. All of these efforts finally bear rich fruit, Toyota in 1965 was awarded a deming Award. The same year, the Japanese government abolished the tariff on imported cars, from Toyota in both performance and price with foreign auto manufacturers start of the real contest! 1966 listing of the corolla (Corolla) as a domestic sedan car favored by the vast number of consumers, thereby setting off a Volkswagen heat. Later, in 1968, exports also have been successful in North America, led sales soaring. Today Corolla has produced nearly 30 million, almost can say is the world's most popular models of cars. Now, it also has production in China. Economic development as the background, the Japanese automobile market has shown unprecedented growth momentum in 1967 total domestic production reached 3 million, exceeding the then West Germany and it became the world's second largest car producing country. In this case, Toyota will be further expanded according to demand forecasts, continued investments in new plant and equipment investment. Japan's rapidly growing auto industry, stimulated the United States government and the Big Three auto giant requested the urgent capital liberalization mood. 1971 (Showa 46), the Japanese government abolished the government for the management of capital investment, then several car manufacturers in Japan and the United States began the three major car companies cooperation. Toyota is not willing to drift with the tide, however, as in any case to stick to its position of domestic auto manufacturers, on the one hand to lower production costs, while speeding up the annual 2 million production system pace of construction. By the end of 1970, Toyota introduced a small sports car celica (赛Huancavelica), in 04 end of the year before the shutdown, which has produced almost 4 million.